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EEPOET AND TRANSACTIONS

DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION

THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATUIB,
AND AET.

[PAIGNTON, JULY, 1878.]

VOL X.

PLYMOUTH:
W. BEENDON ft SON, 26, GEOKGE STREET.

1878

All ri0hU

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(RECAP)

The Bditor is requested by the OoonoU to make it known to the Public, that
the ▲nthoTS alone are responsible for the facts and opinions contained in their
reepectiye papers.

It is hoped that Members will be so good as to send to the Editor, the Ber.
W. Haaflbt, Olavhanger Rectory, Tiverton, not later than 16th January, 1879,
a Ust of any erraia they may have detected in l^e present volume.

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CONTENTS.

List of Officers ....
Table showing the Places and Times of Meeting, &c.
Bules .

Bye-laws and Standing Orders
Report .
Balance Sheet
Property

Reeolntions appointing Committees
President's Address
Obituary Notices — John Sparke Amery — Richard Dnrant — Henry

Samnel Ellis— Robert Foale — Hugh Fowler, m.a. — John Hamlyn

— William Kendall— Alexander Moore— Joseph Pullibank — Earl

Russell — James Tetley, m d , p.b.cf. . ...
Third Report of the Committee on the Meteorology of Devonshire.

W. Cf. Lake, m.d., f.m s. . ...

Third Report of the Committee on Scientific Memoranda. W. Pen-

gelly, F.B.8 , p.o.s. . . . ...

Third Report of the Committee on DeTonshire Folk-Lore. R. J.

King, M.A. . . . . ...

Second Report of the Committee on Deyonshire Celebrities. Rev.

Treasurer Hawker, m.a. . . ...

Second Report of the Committee on Dartmoor. W. F. Collier.
Second Report of the Committee on Devonshire Verbal Provincialisms.

F.H. Firth . . . . . . .

First Report of the Committee on Works of Art. R. J. King, m.a. .
The Lit^ture of Kent's Cavern, Part IV. W. PengeUy, p.k.s , p.o.s.
Notes on Torbay. A. R. Hunt, m.a , p.o.s. . . . .

The Qeology of the North-eastern Coast of Paignton. W. Pengelly,

P.B.8., p.o.s. . . . . ...

On the C^lcey of Paignton. W. A. E. XJssher, p.o.s. .

My lee Coverdsle. Rev. ffteasurer Hawker, m.a.

Benjamin Kennicott, d.d. — a Biographical Sketch. E. Windeatt.

First Visit of Charles I. to Devonshire, 1625. P. Q. Karkeek. .

On some ancient Documents relating to Crediton Minster. J. B.

Davidson., m a. . ...

Notes on Slips connected with Devonshire, Part II. W. Pengelly,

P.&.8 , p.o.s. . . . . ...

North and South Devon in Contrast. Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a. .
Notes on the Historical Connections of Devon^iire Place-Names. R.

N Worth, p.o.s. . . . ...

Justices of the Peace for the County of Devon imder Charles I. and

Oliver Cromwell. 4- H. A. Hamilton, m.a.
Extracts from a Memorandum Book belonging to Thomas Roberts and

Family, of Stockleigh Pomeroy, 1621-1644. P. Q. Karkeek.

Pago

5
6
13
17
21
25
26
27
29

108
110

112
134
141
182

196
203
209
215
223

237

255
269

276

309

315

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4 CONTENTS.

The Foaails of the Culm Measure limestonefl around Holcombe Begis.

Eev. W. Bownes. . . ... 830

Aroheeological Diflooyeriee in Ezeter, made during April and May,

1878. Parfitt. . . . ... 336

Ciflteroian Houses of Devon, Part YI., Ford. J. Brooking Rowe,

P.8.A., F.L.8. . . . ... 349

On the Mouth of the RiTer Exe. W. A. £. Ussher, f.o.s. .. . 377

DeTonshire Tokens, Part IV. H. S. Gill. . . . . 384

Notes on a Carved Stone Head found in the Parish of Whitstone. T.

Andrew, f.o.s. . . ... 388

Wreckage, and Lord Devon's Rights to the same on the South Devon

Coast. A. W. Hurrell, b.a. . . ... 392

Collectanea curiosa Devonienda. P. Q. Karkeek. . . . 399

On the Origin of the Ossiferous Deposits in the Oreston Caves. E. N.

Worth, p.o.s. . . . ... 404

Fauna of Devon. Zepidoptera. E. Parfitt. . . . . 411

Silver Regal Monies Coined in Devonshire Mints. H. S. Gill. . . 689
Growth of in Torbay. A. R. Hunt, m.a., p.o.s. . .611
Notes on Recent Notices of the Geology and Paladontology of Devon-
shire. Part V. W. Pengelly, p.b.8., p.o.s. . . . 618

Remains of Whales on the Coast of Devonshire. W. Pengelly, P.&.S.,

p.o.s. . . . . ... 630

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OFFICERS.

1878-79.

IHrtsOient

Sm SAMUEL WHITE BAKER, m.a., p.r.8., f.r.o.8.

J. H. BATTEN, Eso., p.b.o.8.
R. 8. 8. GARY, Esa., j.p.
A. H. DENDY, Esa., m.a.
Ymr. AROHDEAOON EARLE, m.a.
J. T. GK)ODRroGE, Esq., m.b.c.8.
Rbt. PREB. hall, M.A.

R. MALLOOE, Esa.

C. H. PRIDHiMj Esa., f.b cs.

F. H. SPRAG(?R Esa., j.p.

Rhv. T. R. B. eTEBBING,

CAPTAIN SYNGE, b.n.

F. H. TREVITHICK, Esq.

JkmL Primal ZxtMnm,
E. VIVIAN, Esq., m.a., Woo^/leld, Torquay,

RiT. W. HARPLEY, if.A., 7.O.F.B., Clayhanger, Tiverton,

Aon. loral ZttMum,

A. GREGORY, Esa.

Uton. local iSrrrrUfs.
W. EDWARD TUCKER, Esa.

flitOitoYi of flttottntn.
E. APPLETON, Esa., p.s.i.b.a. G. E. HEARDER, Esa.

AHEBY, J. 8.
AMKBY, P. F. a
AKDBBw , T.
AFFLETON, E. A.
ASH, F.

BAKER, Sim aw.

BATE, oTmSSOB
BIBHOF. E.

CAVE, 8.

QHAMFEBNOWWE, A.
ohahteb, j. b.
OHA^BWOOD,Adxl.E.P.

OOLLIEB, 8n B. P.
OOLUEB, W. F.
gOTTOIT B. W.
OOTTOK, W.
DAVIDSON, J. B.
DEVON, EARL OF
DOE, O.
DOWNES, W.
DYMOND, R.

EARLE, AROHDEAOON
EXETER, BISHOF OF
FIRTH, F. H.
FOX, S. B.
OAKLEN, W.
0ERVI8, W. S.
aiLL, H. S.
ORBOORY, A.
HALL, T. M.
HAimiTON, A. H. A.
HARFLET, W.
HAWKER, J. M.
HEINEKSN, N. S.
HINE, J.
HODGSON, W. B.
HUNT, A. R.
HURRELL, J. S.
HURRMiL, A. W.
HX7TOHIN80N, P. O.
JORDAN, W. k H.
KARKEEK, P. Q.
UNO, R. S.
KINODON, A. a
LAKE, W. 0.

LEE, J. E.
LOV^AND, M. R.
MAOKBNZIB, F.
MARTIN, J. ML
ORMEROD, a. W.
PARFTTT, E.
PENGELLY, W.
PHILLIPS, J.
PYOROFT, G.
RISE, J. E.

ROLerroN, g. t.

ROWE, J. B.
800TT, W. B.
8TEBBING, T. R. R.
TUCKER, W. E.
U8SHER, W. A. E.
VARWELL, P.
VIOARY, W.
VIVIAN, E.
WHITLEY, N.
WINDBATT, E.
WORTH, R. N.
WORTHY, C, Juir.

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«3s

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RULES.

1. The Association shall be styled the Devonshire Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science, Literature, and Art

2. The objects of the Association are — To give a stronger
impulse and a more systematic direction to scientific enquiry
in Devonshire ; and to promote the intercourse of those who
cultivate Science, Literature, or Art, in difTerent parts of the
county.

3. The Association shall consist of Members, Honorary
Members, and Corresponding Members.

4. Eveiy candidate for membership, on being nominated
by a member to whom he is personally known, shall be
admitted by the Greneral Secretary, subject to the confirma-
tion of the General Meeting of the Members.

5. Persons of eminence in Literature, Science, or Art,
connected with the West of England, but not resident in
Devonshire, may, at a General Meeting of the Members, be
elected Honorary Members of the Association ; and persons
not resident in the county, who feel an interest in the
Association, may be elected Corresponding Members.

6. Every Mmher shall pay an Annual Contribution of
Half-a-guinea, or a life Composition of Five Guineas.

7. Ladies only shall be admitted as Associates to an Annual
Meeting, and shall pay the sum of Five Shillings each.

8. Every Member shall be entitled gratuitously to a lady's
ticket

9. The Association shall meet annually, at such a time in
July and at such place as shall be decided on at the previous
Annual Meeting.

10. A President, two or more Vice-Presidents, a General
Treasurer, and one or more General Secretaries, shall be
elected at each Annual Meeting.

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RULES.

11. The President shall not be eligible for re-election.

12. Each Annual Meeting shall appoint a local Treasurer
and Secretary, who, with power to add to their number any
Members of the Association, shall be a local Committee to
assist in making such local arrangements as may be desirable.

13. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, the affairs of
the Association shall be managed by a CounciX which shall
consist exclusively of the following Members of the Asso-
ciation, excepting Honorary Members, and Corresponding
Members :

(a) Those who fill, or have filled, or are elected to fill, the
oflSces of President, General and Local Treasurers, General
and Local Secretaries, and Secretaries of Committees ap-
pointed by the Council.

(b) Authors of Papers which have been printed in extenso
in the Transactions of the Association.

14 The Council shall hold a meeting at Exeter in the
month of January or February in each year, on such day as
the General Secretary shall appoint, for the due management
of the affairs of the Association, and the performing the
duties of their office.

15. The General Secretary, or any four members of the
Council, may call extraordinary meetings of their body, to
be held at Exeter, for any purpose requiring their present
determination, by notice under his or their hand or hands,
addressed to every other member of the Council, at least ten
clear days previously, specifying the purpose for which such
extraordinary meeting is convened. No matter not so speci-
fied, and not incident thereto, shall be determined at any
extraordinary meeting.

16. The General Treasurer and Secretary shall enter on
their respective oflBces at the meeting at which they are
elected; but the President, Vice-Presidents, and Local Officers,
not until the Annual Meeting next following.

17. With the exception of the Ex-Presidents only, every
Councillor who has not attended any Meeting, or adjourned
Meeting, of the Council during the period between the close
of any Annual General Meeting of the Members and the
close of the next but two such Annual General Meetings,
shall have forfeited his place as a Councillor, but it shall be
competent for him to recover it by a fresh qualification.

18. The Council shall have power to fill any Official vacancy
which may occur in the intervals of the Annual Meetings.

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RULES.

19. The Annual Contributions shall be payable in advance,
and shall be due in each year on the day of the Annual
Meeting.

20. The Treasurer shall receive all sums of money due to
the Association ; he shall pay all accounts due by the Asso-
ciation after they shall have been examined and approved ;
and he shall report to each meeting of the Council the balance
he has in hand, and the names of such members as shall be
in arrear, with the sums due respectively by each.

21. Whenever a Member shaU have been three months
in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contributions, the
Treasurer shall apply to him for the same.

22. Whenever, at an Annual Meeting, a Member shall be
two years in arrear in the payment of his Annual Contribu-
tions, the Council may, at its discretion, erase his name from
the list of members.

23. The Greneral Secretary shall, at least one month
before each Annual Meeting, inform each member by circular
of the place and date of the Meeting.

24 Members who do not, on or before the day of the
Annual Meeting, give notice, in writing or personally, to
the Greneral Secretary of their intention to withdraw from
the Association, shall be regarded as members for the
ensuing year.

25. The Association shall, within three months after each
Annual Meeting, publish its Transactions, including the
Rules, a Financial Statement, a List of the Members, the
Report of the Council, the President's Address, and such
papers, in abstract or in externa, read at the Annual Meeting,
as shall be decided by the Council.

26. The Association shall have the right at its discretion
of printing in extemo in its Transactions all papers read
at the Annual Meeting. The copyright of a paper read
before any meeting of the Association, and the illustrations
of the same which have been provided at his expense, shall
remain the property of the Author; but he shall not be at
liberty to print it, or allow it to be printed elsewhere, either
in extenso or in abstract amounting to as much as one-half of
the length of the paper, before the first of November next
after the paper is read.

27. The Authors of papers printed in the Transactions
shall, within seven days after the Transactions are published,

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RULES.

receive twenty-five private copies free of expense, and shall
be allowed to have any further number printed at their own
expense. All arrangements as to such extra copies to be
made by the Authors with the printers to the Association.

28. If proofs of papers to be published in the Transactions
be sent to Authors for correction, and are retained by them
beyond four days for each sheet of proof, to be reckoned from
the day marked thereon by the printers, but not including the
time needful for transmission by post, such proofs shall be
assumed to require no further correction.

29. Should the Author's corrections of the press in any
paper published in the Transactions amount to a greater sum
than in the proportion of twenty shillings per sheet, such
excess shall be born by the Author himself and not by the
Association.

30. Every Member shall, within three months after each
Annual Meeting, receive gratuitously a copy of the Transac-
tions.

31. The Accounts of the Association shaU be audited
annually, by Auditors appointed at each Annual Meeting,
but who shall not be ex officio Members of the Council.

BYE-LAWS AND STANDING OEDERS.

1. In the interests of the Association it is desirable that '
the Presidents Address in each year be printed previous to
its delivery.

2. In the event of there being at an Annual Meeting more
Papers than can be disposed of in one day, the reading of the
residue shall be continued the day following.

3. The pagination of the Transactions shall be in Arabic
numerals exclusively, and carried on consecutively, from the
beginning to the end of each volume ; and the Transactions
of each year shall form a distinct and separate volume.

4 The General Secretary shall bring to each Annual
Meeting of the Members a report of the number of copies in
stock of each ' Part ' of the Transactions, with the price per
copy of each * Part ' specified ; and such report shall be
printed in the Transactions next after the Treasurer's financial
statement

5. The General Secretary shall prepare and bring to each
Annual Meeting brief Obituary Notices of Members deceased
during the previous year, and such notices shall be printed
in the Transactions.

6. An amount not less than the sum of the Compositions
of aU existing Life-Members shall be kept at Interest in the
names of the Treasurer and General Secretary.

7. The General Secretary shall, within one month of the
close of each Annual Meeting of the Association, send to
each Member newly elected at the said Meeting a copy of
the following letter : —

Devonshire Association for the Advaficement of Scie^nce^ Literature,
and Art.

Sir, — I have the pleasure of informing you that on the of
July, you were elected a Member of the Association on the

nomination of

VOL. X. h

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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

The copy of the Transactions for the current year, which will be
forwarded to you in due course, will contain the Laws of the Asso-
ciation. Meanwhile I beg to call your attention to the following
statements

(1) Every Member pays an Annual Contribution of Half a Guinea, or
a Life Composition of Fire Guineas.

(2) The Annual Contributions are payable in advance, and are due in
each year on the day of the Annual Meeting.

(3) Members who do not, on or before the day of the Annual Meeting,
give notice in writing or personally to the General Secretary of their
intention to withdraw from the Association are regarded as Members for
the ensuing year.

The Treasurer's address is— Edward Vivian, Esq., Woodfield, Tor-
quay.— I remain. Sir, your faithful Servant,

8. The reading of any Paper shall not exceed twenty
minutes, and in any discussion which may arise, no speaker
shall be allowed to speak more than ten minutes.

9. Papers to be read to the Annual Meetings of the Asso-
ciation must strictly relate to Devonshire, and, as well as all
Reports intended to be printed in the Transactions of the
Association, and prepared by Committees appointed by the
Council, must, together with aU drawings intended to be used
in illustrating them in the said Transactions, reach the
General Secretary's residence not later than the 24th day of
June in each year. The General Secretary shall, not later
than the 7th of the following July, return to the authors all
such Papers as he may decide to be unsuitable to be printed
in the said Transactions, and shall send the residue, together
with the said Reports of Committees, to the Association's
printers, who shall return the same so that they may reach
the General Secretary's residence not later than on the 14th
day of the said July, together with a statement of the
number of pages each of them would occupy if printed in the
said Transactions, as well as an estimate of the extm cost of
the printing of such Tables, of any kind, as may form part of
any of the said Papers and Reports; and the General
Secretary shall lay the whole, as well as an estimate of the
probable number of Annual Members of the Association for
the year commencing on that day, before the first Council
Meeting on the first day of the next ensuing Annual Meeting,
when the Council shall select not a greater number of the
Papers thus laid before them than will, with the other
documents to be printed in the said Transactions, make as
many sheets of printed matter as can be paid for with 60 per
cent, of the subscriptions, for the year, of the said probable

Hon. Sec,

BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

number of Annual Members, exclusive of the extra cost of
the printing of such aforesaid Tables, which have been
approved and accepted by the Council, provided the aggregate
of the said extra cost do not exceed 6 per cent, of the said
subscriptions ; exclusive also of the printers* charge for cor-
rections of the press; and also exclusive of the cost of
printing an Index, a list of Errata, and such Sesolutions
passed at the next Winter meeting of the Council, as may be
directed to be so printed by the said Winter Meeting.

10. Papers communicated by Members for Non-Members,
and accepted by the Council, shall be placed in the Pro-
gramme below those furnished by Members themselves.

11. Papers which have been accepted by the Council
cannot be withdrawn without the consent of the Council.

12. The Council will do their best so to arrange Papers
for reading as to suit the convenience of the authors; but
the place of a Paper cannot be altered after the Programme
has been settled by the Council.

13. Papers which have alrea4y been printed in extenso
cannot be accepted, unless they form part of the literature of
a question on which the Council has requested a Member or
Committee to prepare a report.

14 Every meeting of the Council shall be convened by
Circular, sent by the General Secretary to each Member of
the Council, not less than ten days before the Meeting is held.

15. All Papers read to the Association which the Council
shall decide to print in extenso in the Transactions, shall be
sent to the printers, together with all drawings required in
illustrating them, on the day next following the close of the
Annual Meeting at which they were read.

16. All Papers read to the Association which the Council
shall decide not to print in eoctenso in the Transactions, shall
be returned to the authors not later than the day next follow-
ing the close of the Annual Meeting at which they were
read; and abstracts of such Papers to be printed in the
Transactions shall not exceed one-fourth of the length of the
Paper itself, and must be sent to the General Secretary on or
before the seventh day after the close of the Annual Meeting.

17. The Author of every Paper which the Council at any
Annual Meeting shall decide to print in the Transactions shall
be expected to pay for all such illustrations as in his judg-
ment the said Paper may require ; but the Council may, at

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BYE-LAWS AND STANDING ORDERS.

their discretion, vote towards the expense of such illustrations
any sum not exceeding the balance in band as shown by the
Treasurer's Report to the said Meeting, after deducting all
life Compositions, as well as all Annual Contributions re-
ceived in advance of the year to which the said Report
relates, which may be included in the said balance.

18. The printers shall do their utmost to print the Papers
in the Transactions in the order in which they were read, and

• shall return every Manuscript to the author as soon as it is
in type, biU not before. They shall be returned intact, provided
they are written on loose sheets and on one side of the paper
only.

19. Excepting mere verbal alterations, no Paper which has
been read to the Association shall be added to, without the
written approval and consent of the General Secretary ; and
no additions shall be made except in the form of notes or
postscripts, or both.

20. In the intervals of the Annual Meetings, all Meetings
of the Council shall be held at Exeter, unless some other
place shall have been decided on at the previous Council
Meeting.

21. When the number of copies on hand of any 'Part' of
the Transactions is reduced to twenty, the price per copy
shall be increased 25 per cent. ; and when the number haa
been reduced to ten copies, the price shall be increased 50
per cent, on the original price.

22. The Bye-Laws and Standing Orders shall be printed
after the " Rules " in the Transactions.

23. All resolutions appointing committees for special service
for the Association shall be printed in the Transactions next
before the President's Address.

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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL,

As presmUd to the O^nsral Meeting, Paignton, 1878.

The Sixteenth Annual Meeting of the Association commenced
on Tuesday, July 31st, at Kmgsbridge. Nothing could be
bnghter or more brilliant than tiie weather ; and driving into
the picturesque little township, beneath a cloudless sky and
the triumphal arches that spanned the main street, was an
opening most propitious. The members of the Association
were heartily welcomed to the town by Mr. R Hurrell, at the
Town Hall, at one o'clock ; and the Rev. Treasurer Hawker,
the outgoing President, on behalf of the Association, cordially
reciprocated the good wishes expressed. Everything that
could be done to ensure the success of the meeting had been
done by the Local Reception Committee. The Museum,
which contains some remarkably interesting objects, and the
Reading Room, were thrown open to the Association; the
local officers were indefatigable in their exertions ; and the
Local Secretary, Mr. J. S. Hurrell, succeeded in enlisting a
laiger number of members than had been added at any
previous meeting.

The Greneral Meeting of Members, at which there was an
unusually large attendance, was held in the Town HaU, at
four p.m., and the usual formal business transacted. Li the
evening, at eight p.m., the President for the year, the Vener-
able Archdeacon Earle, delivered his Address, the ex-President
having introduced his successor to the Association, and vacated
the presidential chair in his favour.

On Wednesday, the 1st August, the Association met at
11 a.m., and conmienced the reading and discussion of the
foUowing programme of Papers :

M.A.

Pint Report of Committee on Dartmoor . JF, F, OottUr.

b 2

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22 REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

First Report of Committee on DevonBlure ) » zr ix..4i
Verbal ProTindaliBms . jr.M.j^tth.

^^kMh ^^^'^^"^ Historical j j^^^ ^

A Plea for the Picturesqae in Devonshire ) r ttj^^ - « , « .

Towns ... . J /. F.R.I.B.A.

The Altar Piece of St. Andrew's Chapel, \ -g,^ t v
Plymouth j ^'

Notes on the " Idol " discovered at Kings- ) « j>ar/itt
teignton J • y* •

Notes on Boulders and Scratched Stones in | j>^„^,k. ^ « o ^ c
South Devon *^-<> »-

Sketch of Bishop Prideauz . Eev. Treaturer Sawker^u .A.,

White Ale . . P. Q. Karhfek.

The Saxon Conquest of Devonshire . . J, £, Demdson,

AChapterontheBudleigkSaltertonPebbles IF. A. E, Utaher, f.o.s.

Encroachment of the Sea at Westward Ho ! S. AppUton^ f. a.i.B. a .

On the Attenipted Introduction of the Cul- \

ture of Silk into Devonshire in the > A. E, A. Hamiltony m.a.

Reign of James I. . , . )

Fauna of Devon, Part XV. ReptQes . E. ParJUL
William Brockedon: a Biographical Sketch E. Windeatt.
Puritanism in Devonshire and the Exeter \ » tit txt^** » « «

Assembly ]^'^' ^"^^^^

A Scheme for a History of Devonshire . P. 0. Hutehimon,

On t^Age and Origin of the Watcombe | ^ ^ ^^j^^ ^ ^ ^

Heraldic Discovery in Exeter Cathedral . E, Dymond^ f.s.a.
Fauna of Devon, Part XVI. Mammalia . E, Parfitt,
Sketch of Wolcot (Peter Pindar) . Eev. Treoiurer ffawker, m.a.

Sir Edmund Fortescue and the Siege of ) p ^ Xark$ek

Fort Charles . . . ) ' ^*

Notes on Slips connected with Devonshire W. PengelUf^ f.b.s., f.o.s.

D^k«wS' '^'^ ] ^- ^""^ ^'

A Classification of the Triassic Rocks of | ^ « rr -jl^ , « «
Devon and West Somerset ^W.A.E, Usaher, f.o.s.

On »ome large AplffsuB taken in Torbay in j ^ ^^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^

The Justices of the Peace of the County \

of Devon and the Benevolences of } A, H, A, HamilUm. m.a.
1614 and 1622 )

The Styles and Titles of the Municipal \ p xr nr , « -
Co^rations of Devonshire . . ) -^V. Worth, f.o.s.

Notes on Recent Notices of the Oology \

and Palsdontology of Devonshire, > W, Penaellu, F.a.8., f.o.s.
Part IV )

In the evening the Annual Dinner of the Association was
held at the King's Arms, the President in the chair. The
dinner was an excellent one, the company large, and the pro-
ceedings enjoyable. After dinner the party adjourned to the

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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

lovely Vicarage lawn and gardens, and were entertained at
tea by the Vicar, the Kev. K Kingston, and Mrs. Kingston.

The reading of papers was resumed on Thursday morning
at ten o'clock, and continued without interruption until the
programme was concluded, about 4 p.m. The papers were
varied in interest, and gave rise to some profitable discussions,
pertinent remarks, and valuable suggestions. A General
Meeting was then held, and hearty votes of thanks were
passed to the inhabitants of Kingsbridge, the Local C!om-
mittee, the local officers, and the President. The remainder
of the afternoon and evening was devoted to a most pleasant
trip, through delightful scenery, to Thmrlestone Rock, calling
on the way at Bowringsleigh, and inspecting the interior of
that fine old mansion, kindly thrown open by Mr. W. Hbert.
On arriving at Thurlestone, the party were entertained at tea
by the Vicar, the Eev. P. A. Ilbert, and Mrs. Ilbert ; and on
their return had an early supper provided in a laige tent,
erected on the lawn of West Alviugton Vicarage, by the
President and Mrs. Earle.

On Friday the proceedings of the Kingsbridge meeting
were brought to a dose, with an excursion in the Reindeer
down the Kingsbridge river, and out by the ruins of Fort
Charles and romantic Salcombe into the bay to South Sands
and the Bolt Kead. The weather was fine, and the trip
delightful.

During the Meeting several minor excursions were arranged.
A party of members — early risers — started one morning before
breakfast and visited Leigh, a farmhouse in the parish of
Churchstow, which tradition says belonged to the Abbey of
Buckfast, and which was probably a grange belonging to the
house. The buildings, although very much neglected, are of
great interest. The entrance gateway, with the chamber over,*
is very picturesque ; and the carefully- wrought stone of which
it is constructed gives the whole a handsome appearance.
It is xmfortunate that a place of so much interest should be
allowed to continue in its present state of dilapidation, which
must ere long lead to its final decay, while now a com-
paratively small expenditure would secure for future genera-
tions a most characteristic structure. The place is worthy
of a lengthened description, and of a much more careful
investigation than the members were able to give during
their short visit

The Church of Churchstow, in which parish Kingsbridge
was originally situated, was also visited. It contains no
features of interest Its arobitectiure is for the most part

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REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

Perpendicular ; but there are some slight remains of earlier
work, more especially in the transept.

The old house called Well, or Langwell, in Dodbrooke, was
probably visited by all the members. Unfortunately nothing
new as to its history was discovered.

Mr. T. W. Weymouth was good enough to allow those
visitors who were desirous of doing so to go over his very
interesting house in the High Street, Kingsbridge, and the
admirable specimens of panelling and other carved work
afforded much pleasure. Mr. Weymouth also produced the
ancient deeds relating to the building of the church at
Kingsbridge, which are in his custody, as solicitor to the
feoffees of the town lands. They are fully described in
Hawkins's Kingsbridge and ScUcombe. 1819.

Ornithologists were much pleased with the fine collection
of local birds belonging to Mr. H. Nicholls. Coombe Eoyal
and its gardens were of course visited; and the beautiful
views of the estuary from the Knowle, the residence of E.
Hurrell, Esq., formerly the home of the Devonshire Naturalist,
Col. Montagu, were much appreciated by those who accepted
the owner's kindly invitation to visit his house.

It having been decided that the next meeting should be held
at Paignton, the following were elected oflScers for that occasion :

President : W. Froude, Esq., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., &c. Vice-
Presidents : J. H. Batten, Esq., F.R.G.S. ; R S. S. Gary, Esq.,
j.p. ; A. H. Dendy, Esq., m.a. ; Ven. Archdeacon Earle, M.A. ;
J. T. Goodridge, Esq., M.R.C.S.; Eev. Preb. Hall, ma.; E.
Mallock, Esq. ; C. H. Pridham, Esq., F.R.C.S. ; F. H. Spragge,
Esq., J.P. ; Eev. T. R E. Stebbing, M.A. ; Captain Synge, R.N. ;
F. H. Trevithick, Esq. Hon. Tr^urer : E. Vivian, Esq., ma.,
.Torquay. Hon. Local Treasurer: A Gregory, Esq. Hon.
Secretary : Eev. W. Harpley, M.A., f.c.p.s., Clayhanger, Tiver-
ton. Hon. Local Secretary : W. Edward Tucker, !foq.

The CouncU have published the President's Address, to-
gether with papers read before the Association; also the
Treasurer's Eeport, a list of Members, Committees for special
purposes, and the Eules, Standing Orders, and Bye-Laws.

Copies of the Transactions have been sent to each Member,
and to the following societies : The Eoyal Society, Linnsean
Society, Geological Society, Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland, Eoyal Institution (Albemarle Street),
Devon and Exeter Institution (Exeter), Pljonouth Institu-
tion, Torquay Natural History Society, Barnstaple Literary
and Scientific Institution, Eoyal Institution (Cornwall), and
the Library of the British Muaeum.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROPERTY OF THE ASSOCIATION,
• Jtdy SOth, 1878.

Deposit at Interest in Torquay Bank (Life CompositionB

of thirty-eight Members)

190

Balance in Trea8iirer*s hand*

Arrears of Annual Contributions (valued at)

"Transactions" in Stock, 1862

13 copies at 2s. Od. .

1863 . .

105

2s. Od. .

1864 . .

116

3s. Od. .

1865 ..

112

2s. 6d. .

1866 ..

3s. Od. .

»»

1867 ..

6s. Od. .

1868 ..

6s. 6d. .

>»

1869 . .

12s. Od. .

1870 ..

6s. Od. .

»t

1871 ..

6s. 6d. .

»>

1872 ..

158. Od. .

»>

1873

6s. Od. .

»>

1874 ..

8s. 6d. .

1875 ..

10s. Od. .

187a

12s. Od. .

1877 ..

6s. Od. .

£487

W. HARPLEY,

Hon. Secretary.

« When the number of copies in hand of any part of the ' Transactions '
is reduced to twenty, the price per copy shall be increased 25 per cent. ; and
when the number has been reduced to ten copies, the price shall be increased
50 per cent, on the original price"— Standing OreUr, No. 21.

The ** Transactions " in stock are insured against fire in the sum of £200.

* The balance in the Treasurer's hand (£37 4s. 9d.) is indebted to capital
to the amount of £107 Os. 6d. (—life Compositions, £85 + Prepai(f Annual
Contributions, £22 Os. 6d.)

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RESOLUTIONS APPOINTING COMMITTEES,

Mods by the Council at the Meeting at Paignton,
JULY, 1878.

That Mr. C. Spence Bate, Ven. Aichdeacon Earle, Rev. W. Harpley,
Rev. Treasurer Hawker, Mr. R J. King, and Mr. W. Pengelly be
a Conunittee for the purpose of considering at what place the
Association shall hold its Meeting in 1880, and who shall be
invited to be the Officers at that Meeting ; that Mr. Pengelly be
the Secretary; and that they be requested to report to the next
Winter Meeting of the Council

That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Mr. H. S. Gill, Mr. K E. Clyde,
Dr. W. C. Lake, Mr. K Parfitt, Mr. W. Pengelly, Dr. W. T.
Radford, Rev. T. R. R Stebbing, and Mr. E. Vivian be a Committee
for the purpose of making and obtaining observations on a uniform
system on the Meteorology of Devonshire ; and that Dr. Lake be
the Secretary.

That Mr. Greorge Doe, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. N. S. Heineken,
Mr. H. S. Gill, Mr. R J. King, Mr. E. Parfitt, Mr. W. Pengelly,
and Mr. J. Brooking Rowe be a Committee for the purpose of
noting the discovery.or occurrence of such Facts in any department
of scientific inquiry, and connected with Devonshire, as it may be
desirable to place on permanent record, but which may not be of
sufficient importance in themselves to form the subjects of separate
papers ; and that Mr. Pengelly be the Secretary.

That Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Mr. R Dymond, Rev. W. Harpley,
Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Mr. R J. King, and Mr. J. Brooking Rowe
be a Committee for the purpose of collecting notes on Devonshire
Folk- Lore ; and that Mr. King be the Secretary.
>

That Mr. R Dymond, Rev. Treasurer Hsirker, Mr. P. Q.
Karkeek, Mr. R J. King, and Mr. R N. Worth be a Committee
to prepare memoirs on Devonshire Celebrities ; and that the Rev.
Treasurer Hawker be the Secretary.

That Mr. R Dymond, Rev. Treasurer Hawker, Mr. R J. King,
and Mr. R N. Worth be a Committee to prepare a Report on the
Public and Private Collections of Wodcs of Art in Devonshire;
and that Mr. King be the Secretary.

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RESOLUTIONS APPOINTING COMMITTEES.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. C. Spence Bate, Mr. W. F. Collier,
Mr. J. Divett, Mr. R Dymond, Mr. G. Hirtzel, Rev. W. Harpley,
Rev. Treasurer Hawker, Mr. F. H. Firth, Mr. R J. King, Mr. W.
Lavers, Mr. G. W. Ormerod, Mr. W. Pengelly, Mr. J. Brooking
Rowe, and 'Rev. W. H. Thornton be a Committee for the purpose
of carrying out the recommendations contained in the report of the
Dartmoor Committee submitted to the Association by the Committee
on the 1st of August, 1877 ; and that Mr. W. F. Collier be the
Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. G. Doe, Mr. R. Dymond, Mr. F.
fi. Firth, Mr. P. 0. Hutchinson, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Dr. W. C.
Lake, and Mr. W. Pengelly be a Committee for the purpose of
noting and recording the existing use of any Verbal Provincialisms
in Devonshire, in either written or spoken language, not included
in the lists published in the Transactions of the Association ; and
that Mr. F. H. Firth be the Secretary.

That Mr. J. S. Amery, Mr. J. R Davidson, Mr. G. Doe, Mr. R.
Dymond, Ven. Archdeacon Earle, Rev. W. Harpley, Mr. J. S.
Hurrell, Mr. P. 0. Hutchinson, Mr. R J. King, Mr. J. Brooking
Rowe, and Mr. R K Worth be a Committee for editing and
annotating such parts of Domesday Book as relate to Devonshire ;
and that Mr. J. Brooking Rowe be the Secretary.

That Mr. C. Spence Bate, Mr. G. Doe, Mr. P. 0. Hutchin-
son, Mr. R. J. King, Mr. E. Parfitt, Mr. J. Brooking Rowe, and
Mr. R. N. Worth be a Committee to collect and record facts
relating to Barrows in Devoashire, exclusive of Dartmoor, and to
take steps where possible for their investigation ; and that Mr. R
N. Worth be the Secretary.

That Mr. G. Doe, Mr. R. Dymond, Mr. A. W. Hurrell, Mr.
G. W. Ormerod, Mr. J, Brooking Rowe, and Mr. K Windeatt
be a Committee to obtain information as to the peculiar tenures of
land, and as to customs of Manor Courts in Devonshire (except
Dartmoor); and that Mr. E. Windeatt be the Secretary.

That Mr. Pengelly be requested to continue to collect and edit
the Literature of the Devonshire Caverns.

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PRESIDENT S ADDRESS.

Ladies and Gentlemen, — The greatest of all afflictions has
befallen your learned and much-respected President, Mr.
Wm. Fronde, in the loss of that amiable and highly-gifted
lady his wife. This calamity befell him on Wednesday last,
and we are not only true sympathisers with his sorrows, but
you are indeed sufferers through the loss of a President who
would have charmed and enlightened his hearers.

I am now before you in the unenviable position of a
substitute : as " a ram caught in a thicket," or one " from the
highways, hedges and ditches," who with little warning is
expected to fulfil the duties that would have been so ably
performed by our' regretted friend. Believe me that I have
only been persuaded to accept the honour of this vacant chair
from feelings of deep personal friendship towards Mr. Froude,
to relieve him from a position of embarrassment. At the same
time I must apologize to this Association as a stranger to
its rules and customs should my address extend beyond
Devonian latitudes.

As a recent settler in this beautiful and interesting county,
I have not the presumption to attempt an address upon
Devonshire topics to an audience so thoroughly acquainted
with the locality; but as "knowledge" commands the
attention of the civilized world, and is unfettered by the
narrow boundaries of conventional landmarks, I shall venture
to invite your attention to the general progress of science
and its practical results.

If we reflect upon Biblical Chronology, and accept the
assumption that our crust of Earth has been only fifty-nine
centuries in development, we shall regard with amazement
the vast disproportion of the last half-century in the advance
of scientific discovery, political and religious freedom, and
general civilization, as compared with the former gradual
progress of mankind. This extension of knowledge and

VOL. X. B

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SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

practical science mturks an extraordinaiy epoch in the histoiy
of the human race.

The spirit of progress has moved over the face of the
world, and in order to appreciate the stride of the last fifty
years we must recall the position which we occupied in the
year 1828. At that time England was considered a highly
civilized country, and some optimists imagined that the end
of the world was drawing near, as we heui reached our zenith,
and nothing more remained but that the ripened fruit should
perish. In reality fifty years ago we were in a state of com-
parative scientific darkness; it was a darkness that could
practically be felt by every individual who hurriedly attempted
to procure a light.

I am now referring to that apparently distant past which
may be designated as " the Pre-Lucifer period." There may
be persons now present whose early recollections are asso-
ciated with the almost foigotten tinder-box.

At that stage of slow development the flint and steel were
the ordinary means of procuring fire, and to strike a light
required considerable practice; large and clumsy brimstone
matches were used to obtain a flame when a sparis had
ignited the tinder. The first inventions of self-igniting
matches were exceedingly dangerous, as sulphuric acid was
carried in a small phial, into which the lucifers were dipped
to produce combustion. Various modifications took place
until the safety lucifers were invented : thus some of the
earliest improvements of the half-century were the simple
method of lighting a candle, the introduction of plaited
wicks, and the abolition of snufiFers.

The improvement in domestic life and habits was a very
gradual process. The old hackney coach and the cabriolet
were the public conveyances of London. There were no
omnibuses until 1829, and these were of a most inferior
description, while the proprietor was uncontrolled in fixing
his own fares.

We become so rapidly accustomed to social changes that
we are apt to forget the necessities which caused such reforms.
The police, or "Peelers," were, as is well known, organized
during the administration of Sir Eobeit Peel, and their
appearance was certainly the most important municipal im-
provement of the last half-centiiry. Before the " New Police"
became an institution, the city of London was nominally
protected by a class of watchmen commonly known as
** Charlies:" these were a very inferior body of men, both
morally and physically, and in many instances they were the

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SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

oonfederates of thieves. At that time it was difficult to sleep
throughout Uie night, as the watchmen were compelled to
cry out the hours and half hours in a loud voice, to prove
that they were upon their beat, and not asleep ; the thieves
accordingly profited by hearing the exact position of the
guardians.

With the improvement in police a rapid advance was
effected in prison discipline. Eeformatories were established.
Philanthropists devoted their energies to a much-needed
change throughout the various establishments for the insane.
The horrors of the old madhouse gave way to a system of
kindness and gentle treatment; private asylums were or-
ganized, and the rapid advance of civilization was exhibited
by a general extension of mercy and sympathy. Punishments
for crime had been excessively severe, and executions were
so frequent that life was but lightly valued: a case is reported
of a man being hung for stealing sixpence on the king's high-
way! (This was a hundred years ago.) During our last
half-century the disgusting exhibitions of public executions
have been discontinued, and to us it appears incredible that
such a brutal indecency could have been sanctioned during
our own tima

Although the general education of the lower classes had
been much neglected, a step was taken by the Government
which produced a strong collateral effect in exciting the desire
to write and read : this was the reduction of the rate of postage
to one penny. Formerly the postal charge for a letter varied
according to the distance : ninepence was not an uncommon
tax from London to the Midland Counties. In those days a
letter was a large square sheet of paper, which was folded up
and sealed with wax. Envelopes did not exist.

The reduction of charge, and the introduction of postage
stamps, created an extraordinary increase in social corre-
spondence. This necessitated an improvement in the quality
and quantity of stationery. Few contrasts are more striking
than the comparison of letters written fifty years ago, with
the improved paper of the present day. At that compara-
tively recent date steel pens were not in general use, but all
writing was the work of the goose-quill.

But we must reflect, that as the reduction of our postage
rate increased our social correspondence, so in like manner the
facilities of railway traveUing multiplied travellers. When
Stephenson first invented the locomotive (the original is still
to be seen at Darlington) he considered that it might perhaps
attain a speed of twelve miles an hour with safety.

B 2

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SIK SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

Science is inductive ; and no branch of art has exhibited
this principle in so high a degree as engineering. It is the
engineer who has been the civilizer of the globe.

We may assume that countries which by their geographical
position are excluded from general intercourse with the world,
are those which will remain in a state of non-progression or
barbarism ; it is therefore a logical conclusion that civilization
depends upon general intercourse, and he who facilitates that
intercourse must be the civilizing agent. In tracing the
extraordinary development of the last half-century, we must
direct our attention to tlie science of practical and mechanical
engineering. The change has been rapid, from coaches that
conveyed a few persons at the rate of twelve miles an hour,
to ti^ains which convey multitudes at fifty miles an hour. The
inland mercantile transport was accomplished by vans or by
canals at the rate of three or four miles per hour, and it now
appears to us impossible that the vast affairs of this country
should have found a vent by such slow and contracted means.

The first railway was from Liverpool to Manchester; this
was a new wonder that caused much difference of opinion.
There were few persons at that time who could appreciate
the extraordinary reform which the rail and locomotive would
so rapidly accomplish. The landed gentry were strongly
opposed to the innovation, and the greatest opposition was
offered to the bills in Parliament. It was declared that fox-
hunting would become impossible, as hounds and horses
could not cross the lines of railway ; the high roads would
become impassable, as they would be neglected when the
public traffic should be transferred to the rail ; the innkeepers
would be ruined ; the blacksmiths who shod the coach-horses
would be thrown out of work ; the price of horses would fall
to zero, as all travelling would be done by steam ; the stage
coachmen would starve ; the beauty of an English landscape
would be utterly destroyed, and England would no longer be
fit to live in, when it should be intersected by a network of
railways, with smoking and screaming engines. In spite of
these dismal prophecies the engineering skill of this country
received a prodigious stimulus by the introduction of the
rail and steam. The iron trade was further developed, and
the general industry of the country acknowledged the new
impulse. Continental states followed our example, and English
workmen, plate-layers, navvies, and engine-drivera were im-
ported to carry out the operations, the knowledge of which
was then confined to England.

The improvements in the steam-engine made rapid progress,

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SIR SAMUEL BAKEK'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 33

but although steam vessels (then called steam-boats) had for
a long time been introduced upon our narrow seas, no one
had as yet presumed to venture across the ocean ; it was at
length suggested that an experiment should be made towards
America. In the year 1838 the Great Western was built at
Bristol, a fine vessel of 1400 tona The voyage of Columbus
for the unknown land could hardly have provoked more dis-
cussion than the enterprise of the first ocean steamers.

The Great Western was pronounced by several naval au-
thorities as too long, and liable to break her back upon the
crest of an Atlantic wave ! She falsified the prophets of evil
by arriving in fifteen days, with about 150 tons of coal to
spare. Although in 1802 a steam tug had been built by
Symington to draw barges on a canal in Scotland, there was
no steam-vessel in actual public traffic until 1812, when Mr.
Bell first started the little Comet upon the Clyde ; this vessel
plied regularly, and the river Clyde, now so renowned for
shipbuilding, had the honour of introducing steam navigation
to Great Britain nearly a year and a half before a steamer
floated upon the Thames.

The rapid development of steam vessels will be well exhi-
bited by a reference to dates. The first upon the Clyde in 1812 ;
the ocean steamer Great Western in 1838 — and the largest
vessel at present in the world, the Great Eastern of 19,000
tons, in 1859. In 1836 the screw was adopted as a propeller,
and after a few years it in a great degree superseded the use
of paddles.

In about the year 1839 iron first appeared as a substitute
for wood in shipbuilding. This innovation was scoffed at by
the ignorant, until practice established the superiority of
metal, and from that period iron has held its sway; the
wooden walls of England have been superseded by armour
plates of iron and steel.

The development of ocean steamers has been the means
of uniting the most distant portions of our colonial empire.
It was the boast of England fifty years ago that "the sun
never sets upon our possessions," but this boast expressed
our weakness. The extent and severance of those colonies
were so immense that we had no means of communication,
except by the slow and uncertain vessels which depended
upon the fickleness of winds.

In the days (rf the old East India Company their splendid
sailing vessels were six months on the voyage to China. A
letter addressed to England from Calcutta seldom received a
reply under twelve months.

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34 SIR SAMUEL BAKEK'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

The first step towards the improvement of Eastern steam
communication was the establishment of the Peninsular and
Oriental Company. The Precursor was, I believe, the first
vessel that went to the Suez station md the Cape of Cood
Hope, and the mails which were termed "the Overland"
crossed the Isthmus of Suez from Alexandria.

The arrangements for conveying the mails by the desert
route of Suez were due to the suggestion and practical
ability of lieut. Waghom, R.N., one of the early pioneers of
civilization.

The passengers were then conveyed in vans from Cairo to
Suez, a distance of about eighty miles. Ladies and children
suffered superlative discomfort; while the entire cargo of
merchandise, mails, &c., was transported upon camels. It is
hardly possible to imagine in these days of luxurious travelling
the trouble and inconvenience of the old overland route during
the hot season. At length the railway movement spread
towards the East, and a line was laid down from Alexandria
to Cairo, and thence to Suez. The difficulties of the overland
toute were forgotten, or were related as a tale of barbarous
rimes, until the grand change in Eastern engineering was
accomplished through the untiring energy of Mons. de Lesseps,
and in 1869 the mercantile fleets of the world steamed
through the Suez Canal.

The history of this great work is too important to pass
over in silence, although it would be impossible to enter into
details. The actual digging of a canal to connect the two
seas was not a new idea, but was simply a modification
of the ancient canal of Egypt that was the original work
of King Eameses II. In those remote periods when the
Pharaohs ruled in Egypt, the necessity was acknowledged
that water communication should exist between the Nile
and the Eed Sea. There were no steam-dredgers in those
days ; but the mandate of the despot summoned multitudes
of human beings, who by the sheer force of numbers carried
away the earth and formed a canal. Thus in like maimer as
the Pyramids were erected, so were the other public works
created by the hands of living crowds. The canal of the
Pharaohs left the Nile at Bubastis, not far from the present
freshwater canal which supplies Ismailia in the Suez desert^
and the Suez embouchure was protected by sluice gates,
owing to the difference in the level between that point of
the Nile and the Eed Sea. This great work was subject to
the neglect occasioned by wars and political disturbance;
thus it was frequently abandoned, and became choked with

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am SAMUEL baker's PBBSIDENTIAJi ADDRESS. 35

sand. It was reopened in various reigns; the last time by
the Caliph Omar, but it relapsed into disuse, and for many
centuries had ceased to exist until Hons, de Lesseps under-
took the new work during this half century of progress.

The plan adopted differed from the ancient canal, as it
commenced direct from the Mediterranean at Port Said, thus
entirely avoiding the Nile. The British Government per-
ceived the vast political importance of such a channd of
communication, and certainly the French received no cor-
diality or assistance from England during the progress of
the enterprise. The well-known engineer, the late Sobert
Stephenson, made an adverse report upon the engineering
possibility of the canal, and the French were regarded as
committed to a hopeless undertaking.

The scene has changed; the canal is become not only a
grand established fact^ but the British Government is the
great shareholder, and ^British Interests" are declared and
concentrated in the channel of the Pharaoha

It is a stomge and mysterious revulsion in the history of
nations, that England, which was in the days of Egyptian
greatness an island inhabited by barbarians, naked and
painted with woad, paddling along their barren shores in
frail canoes, should now represent in the land of f^pt the
grand mercantile spirit of the world, exhibited by the cease-
less traffic of her steamers upon the Suez Canal.

The engineering skill of modem times has effected the
most marvellous changes. The engineer is at perpetual war
with the obstacles of nature. We have glanced at the im-
provements in commercial ship-building, and we may trace
even greater results in the varied industries of the main land.
When the railways were commenced, the hills opposed their
level ; these were at once bored through in tunnels ; even the
Alps were pierced after nine years' hard labour at Mont Cenis.
The Saltash Bridge marks the genius of Brunei. The great
bridge of Menai Straits, the underground railway of the
Metropolis, and other works of vast magnitude that would
have confounded the builders of the Pyramids, are now monu-
ments of engineering skill. The extension of public works
has stimulated the energies of the mechanictd engineer and
the metallurgist.

We have attained such marvellous exactness in Whitworth's
instruments and tools that they are recognized throughout the
world : the sewing machine has sprung from the inventive
genius of America } we draw steel tubes from the cold metal
by hydraulic power with the same apparent ease that clay is

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36 SIB SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

formed into a draining pipe. We have endless varieties of
machines for lace-making, hosiery, and manufactures of the
most delicate texture ; and from these we turn towards those
Cyclopean objects — the thundering fifty-ton hammer of Nas-
myth, and the rolling mill that delivers a twenty-four-inch
armour-plate as smooth as dough rolled upon the pasteboard.

In directing our attention to the advance of engineering
skill and the general progress of the last half- century, we
must feel a certain sadness in an allusion to the hundred-ton
guns and the steel armour-plates which mark the question-
able improvement of the period. It appears that the material
progress of society is not accompanied by that moral equi-
librium which optimists have predicted would nullify brute
force. At the same time that we send missionaries to preach
peace in distant lands, the thunder of these enormous cannon
is mocking the name of peace at home. Hand in hand with
the euivance in commercial or civil engineering, the military
engineer is striving towards new methods of wholesale de-
vastation. Our architects devise magnificent structures for
philanthropic objects; we see around us hospitals like
palaces, at the same time we invent the devilish torpedo to
shatter and to founder a ship with a thousand fellow-creatures.
Thus in spite of moral theories, the world retains the material
law of force. It was an iron age, and it is an iron age.

The working in metals is the most ancient trade ; Tubal-
Cain, the blacksmith, is the first historical mechanic, and there
is no country in the world, howsoever savage, which does not
work in iron if the surface ore is present. This is a curious
fact which exhibits one of the principal necessities of man ; he
must have a weapon, a tool, and an agricultural implement.

The savage in every portion of the world uses the same
process — a clay furnace, bellows, charcoal, and sand as a flux;
but he cannot reduce iron ore to a molten state. With
excessive labour he produces a waxy compound of iron,
mingled with vitrified sand, which through repeated heating
and continual hammering he purifies by blows, until he obtains
iron of the highest possible quality. But such iron could not
possibly be supplied in large quantities; it is the result of an
amount of manual labour that would, in a civilised country,
absorb a disproportioned outlay of time and capital.

We find that the increasing demand for machinery through-
out the world has necessitated an increased supply, and
chemistry within the last half- century has come to our
assistance in producing both iron and steel at a cost so
reduced as to meet our immense requirements.

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SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 37

Sir Joseph Whitworth inveDted the process of compressing
iron while in a fluid or molten state by means of hydraulio
power, so as to purify it by absolute pressure. The weight
of many hundred tons upon the square foot completely
expels ail air, which would otherwise form bubbles or defects,
and it materially increases the density of the metal. Thus a
cubic inch of the compressed steel weighs considerably more
than the same volume of similar quality uncompressed.
The metal thus treated gains in strength to so extraordinary
a d^ree that Sir J. Whitworth has tested sections of tubes
by loading them with gunpowder, and afterwards securing
both ends by screw plugs ; the powder was then ignited by
a touch-hole, and instead of bursting the barrel like a shell,
the entire charge burnt itself out by rushing through the
minute vent. The Whitworth shield, composed of this fluid-
compressed steel, has withstood the most crushing fire of
heavy guns, and bids fair to gain the victory in the struggle
between armour and artillery.

Most people are conversant with Sir WiUiam Palliser's
invention of chilled shot, by which process iron is rendered
so hard that it resists the file, and thus enables us to pierce
armour-plates with shot costing £2 10s. each, instead of using
steel shot of the same calibre at a cost of £15.

One of the greatest strides in the manufacture of steel has
been made within a very recent period — 1855. Bessemer, a
German, whose name is now great throughout the world,
invented a process of converting iron into steel by the
apparently simple method of forcing a blast of common air
through the molten metaL Before this invention the
manufacture of steel was a tedious and expensive process,
which entailed the necessity of costly works. Mr. Bessemer
succeeded in converting pig-iron into steel by only one direct
movement. This was accomplished by supplying suiBBcient
oxygen by means of a powerful steam blast of the common
atmosphere forced through the furnace of molten iron. This
supply of oxygen (injected from the bottom) increased the
heat of the metal to an intense degree, and literally consumed
the required amount of carbon and silicon, thus reducing the
iron at once to the condition of steel.

The amount of oxygen could be exactly regulated so as to
produce the various qualities of steel that might be required.
The result of this improvement was a sudden reform in steel
manufiEu^ture, and the price of £12 or £15 now represents
the former cost of £60 or £70.

Such inventors are among the greatest benefactors of the

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38 SIB SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

world. As I have before remarked, science is inductive, and
«ie new discovery becomes the starting-point for ext^ded
improvement llie uses of steel are multiplying in the ratio
of its reduction in cost. The wire ropes for standing rigging
and other numerous purposes are modem invention& The
ribs of umbrellas were formerly of whalebone; these have
been superseded by steeL A few jeaxs ago, when crinolines
were worn, ladies were surrounded by steel hoopa Our
mattresses and sofas are furnished with steel springs; and in
fact it would be endless to enumerate the many and varied
domestic uses of this indispensable metaL

The demand for naval engines of immense size, together
with monster guns and armour-plates capable of resisting
their attack, has given an increased impetus to the manufiBU^-
ture of iron and steel of exquisite quality.

The first armour-plated vessels were suggested by the late
Emperor Napoleon III., and they were used at the attack
upon Kinbum with great success during the Crimean war.
It quickly became evident that iron would vanquish wood,
and by degrees the navies of the whole world underwent an
extraordinary transformation.

An amicable struggle commenced between the artillerist
and the naval constructor. No sooner was an armour-plat^
vessel produced which was declared to be invulnerable, than
an improved gun appeared which penetrated the vain cover-
ing. Again the armour was thickened with the toughest
metaL Steel and iron backed by teak were tried, and once
more were pronounced impregnable; but the Woolwich
Infant of thirty-eight tons was bom, which smashed through
the strongest plating.

The rolling mills of Messrs. Cammell and Co. have now
tumed out plates of twenty-four inches in thickness; but
the eighty and even hundred-ton guns have quickly challenged
the power of protective armour.

It is interesting to compare the artillery and rifles of
the present day with those used in the Crimean war, only
twenty-two years since. At that time the largest guns in
the British service were carried by the Majestic. She
mounted on her

Lower deck
Upper deck

32 guns
8 „

39 „
1 «

68 lbs.
84 lbs.
32 lbs.
68 lbs.

Total force
- of broadside,
2082 Ibe.

SOgima.

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SIB SAMUEL baker's PBESIDENTIAL ADDBESa 39

The Inflexible and her class will now carry four guns of
eighty tons each, while the Italian ships Dandolo and
Duillio will each mount four one hundred- ton Armstrong
guns — these four gujis throwing a weight of shot more than
three times greater than the forty broadside guns of the
Majestic !

The improvements in small arms have kept pace with
those in heavy artillery. The Enfield rifle was first used
generally during the Crimean war, and it was quickly dis-
covered that cavalry could not approach infantry armed with
the new weapons of precisioa Some years later the breech-
loading system was introduced, and almost every country
that adopted this military weapon adhered to a separate and
special pattern. The English preferred the Snider, which
has already been superseded by the Henry-Martini In the
recent struggle between Sussia and Turkey, the destruction
of life has been caused almost wholly by the precision,
rapidity of fire, and extreme range of the modern rifles.

The breech-loading rifle has necessitated a change in the
movements of infantry. Cavalry dare not expose themselves
at the distance of a mile. This is a very extraordinary
instance of rapid improvement since public attention was
directed to the question of military rifles in 1854, as the
destructive power of small arms has created a radical reform
in military evolutions.

Fifty years ago our fathers' sporting guns were flint and
steel, and percussion locks were not in general use until
about 1830 ; thus within half-a-century we have witnessed
the stride in firearms from the old flint and steel Brown
Bess" or smooth-bore musket, and the thirty-two pounder
broadside naval cannon, to the breech-loading long range
rifle, and the hundred ton rifled breech-loading gun !

Philanthropists would hope that civilization may draw us
nearer to each other, but material science simply enables us
to kill each other at longer ranges.

Although improvements in the quality and working of
iron and steel have enabled us to bring weapons of destruction
to fearful perfection, it is strange that no chemical invention
has to the present moment superseded the use of ordinary
gunpowder as the propelling explosive power. The component
parts of gunpowder remain unchanged, but the result of
exhaustive experiments has merely proved that an alteration
in the size of the grain is necessitated by the calibre, length
of bore, and general requirements of the gun; thus the
eighty -ton gun is charged with powder conmionly termed

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40 SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

"pebble," represented by cubes of IJ inch, while the
ordinary rifle is charged with the small grain known as
No. 6, and the shot-gun or fowling-piece is usually loaded
with No. 3.

The new explosives which have been accepted as practical
agents are dynamite and gun-cotton. The former is a
modified form of the more dangerous nitro-glycerine, and the
latter appeared in public about 1848, curiously enough at a
time when a general political explosion occurred throughout
Europe. A similar preparation to that of cotton has been
applied to sawdust, but it is so susceptible to damp that it
will never practically usurp the place of gunpowder.

We will now take leave of all destructive agents, and turn
to those recent inventions and improvements which have
tended to civilize and add to the material happiness of man-
kind. When, upon looking back to the commencement of
the last half-century, we are astonished at the strides we
have advanced, we must reflect upon one of the chief causes
of this grand result. I believe that the original Exhibition
of All Nations in 1851 was the root of the tree of progress.
If we who can remember the preceding years recall the
miserable want of taste displayed in the contents of our
streets before the great International Exhibition, we shall at
once acknowledge the result.

Civilization, the arts, and sciences, depend upon the
general intercourse of mankind. If a nation of islanders
were restricted to the limits of their island, their tastes,
pursuits, and music might be harmonious, but they would be
tarnished by the absence of refinement; their originality
might interest a stranger, but a tinge of barbarism would
mark them in the general exhibition of the world. Thus the
first great International Exhibition of 1851 brought together,
under the crystal roof of Paxton, the manufacturers of all
nations. We were proud of our superiority in gigantic loco-
motives, in steam-engines generally, in great works of forging
iron, but we acknowledged the refined taste of France, the
delicacy of her tints and dies, the beauty of her artistic
designs. Our glass manufacture had stagnated under the
incubus of a repressive tax, and we felt ashamed in our
comparison with France and Bohemisu The ornamental
leather-work of Austria was almost unknown in English
industry. Our china, although well represented by Derby
and Worcester, was inferior in artistic design, and especially
in painting. The printing of Manchester goods was coarse
compared with the delicate patterns upon the French chintzes,

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8IK SAMUEL BAKKK'S PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 41

cretonnes, and muslins; and in fact the productions of our
country were hardly caricatured when described in a pamphlet
by a Russian visitor, who wrote —

" I was impressed while in England with the general ex-
hibition of rude strength which pervades the manufactures
of the country ; their lucifer matches are thick enough for
walking-sticks, and one of their ordinary loaves of bread
would kill two Eussian countesses."

This was the impression of 1851 ; but if we turn to the
Paris Exhibition of 1866 we shall be gratified by the mar-
vellous progress displayed in the department of Great Britain.
Admiring -crowds thronged to the English glass, which sur-
passed all other in brilliancy. This was a main result of the
abolition of the objectionable tax upon the crude material,
which had hampered all experimental improvements.

The porcelain represented by Minton, and the Worcester
collection of Chamberlain, together with some others, was
an admirable proof of the success of competition since the
World's Show of 1851.

Among the many improvements of this pregnant half-
century, there is one which has specially added to the
personal comfort of mankind. India-rubber or Caoutchouc
was used chiefly for rubbing out pencil marks, until iu 1820
Mr. T. Hancock took out the first patent, and endeavoured
to utilise thin strips of the raw material for producing elastic
boots, shoes, braces, garters, glove- wrists, and the various
articles of di^ess. The immense value of the new invention
was immediately recognised by the public, and Mr. Hancock
continued various experiments in liquefying and otherwise
manipulating this refractory material, until in 1825 he be-
came connected with Mr. Macintosh, who had produced a
certain solution at his establishment in Glasgow for rendering
cloth waterproof. Hancock and Mac Intosh having i^gistered
their patents, commenced the trade ; but they were opposed
by the tailors, who pretended that the material could not be
worked up into garments, and it was not until 1826 that
what are now called " macintosh " coats could be procured by
the public, through the exertions of Messrs. Hancock and
Macintosh, who themselves manufactured this invaluable
material into clothing. Up to that time a traveller upon a
stage-coach or in an open carriage was almost helpless if
waterproof, from the enormous weight of what was called a
box-coat, built up of double-milled cloth in a multiplicity of
capes. It is frequently remarked that in the present day we
live to a greater age than our ancestors, and this is attributed

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42 sm SAMUEL baker's presidential address.

to various causes, such as improvements in sanitary regula-
tions, the advance in medical science, Sec; but I think we may
determine that we have become a drier generation, and, that
o\>fing to Messrs. Hancock and Mac Intosh (our benefactors),
we are not so frequently wet through as our fathers were.

The defects of cdl India-rubber manufactures were generally
admitted in the change of the material with varying degrees
of temperature. It was not until 1842 that a means was
discovered almost simultaneously by Mr. Hancock and by an
American, Mr. Groodyear, of preparing India-rubber by an
admixture of sulphur that would render it callous to the
changes of weather. Since that period, vulcanised India-
rubber has taken its position as an absolute necessity, and
considering the innumerable applications of caoutchouc in
the present day, we can hardly imagine how the last genera-
tion existed without such an aid. In 1850 the imports of
India-rubber amounted to 800,000 lbs. They are now counted
by many milUons, and the collateral benefit is conferred upon
semi-savages by affording them an honest employment in the
collection of the material, in countries where such natural
productions had never known an outlet. This is the true
and direct method of civilizing wild tribes, by developing
some article of commerce that will direct their energies to
an industrious occupation.

In the course of this evening's address it is only possible
to touch lightly upon the most prominent points of interest,
and to acknowledge the value of many important objects by
simple enumeration. We have already noticed the improve-
ment in British glass since the oppressive tax was removed
in 1845, and one of the most remarkable results has been
exhibited in the quality of lenses for telescopes and general
optical purposes. The French, even to this day, surpass us in
the production of plate-glass for mirrors, of a whiter colour
and greater brilliancy than the well-known British plate,
and the Germans take the lead in cheap spectacles and opera
glasses, but a first-class English telescope now possesses a
lens of home production, whereas fifty years ago we were
mainly dependent upon foreign manufacture. The import-
ance of this general advance in the high qualities of glass for
telescope lenses is apparent in the increasing astronomical
discoveries. In these days of thirst for knowledge it is hard
to fix a limit upon our acquaintance with the heavens, and
we may yet succeed in producing lenses that will reveal new
and unexpected mysteries.

The American discovery of the tiny satellites of Mars,

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SIR SAHUSL baker's FBESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 43

which are calculated as ten miles only in diameter, is the
most recent prize gained by astronomy. There is no science
which so completely shatters the selfish egotism of man and
proves his ntter insignificance. As every increased diameter
of a lens reveals to us new worlds, and brii^ out from the
brightness of the milky-way faint tiny points which we know
are suns, still we behold behind those newly-discovered stars
a glow of light produced by stars or suns as yet invisible,
and the mind sinks exhausted in the contemplation of such
eternity g£ space in which our own globe is but a grain of
sand. Thus by the apparently simple advance in the purity
of glass and the aid of metallic reflectors, we bring new
telescopic worlds into view from immeasurable distances ; at
the same time, by the minute microscopic lens, we discover
worlds without end even in a few drops of water.

The spectroscope has determined the various gases of the
sun and planets, so that we can almost with certainty declare
their substance; while the microscope has led us into the
mysterious origin of life and dispelled the theory of spon-
taneous generation.

Electro-metallurgy was a science developed by Professor
Daniell, of King's CoU^, in 1839, and the electrotype process
of covering substances with a metallic deposit was shortly
introduced by Elkington, who applied the voltaic battery to
the arts of plating and gilding, since which time the repro-
duction of copies of every kind, including moulds, wood-
block engravings, antique r^pouss^, and other innumerable
uses, have rende^d the electarotype one of the most valuable
inventions of the age.

Among the numerous classes of science chemistry has,
within the last half-century, conferred many blessings upon
society. Fifty years ago we were dependent upon miniatui'e
painters for a portrait, which, unless the work of a first-rate
and expensive artist, was a painful caricature. The poorer
classes were satisfied with outlines of their features and figures
cut firom black paper.

In the year 1839 the various experiments of chemists
resulted in the public introduction of photography. It was
luurdly a new art, as the principle had been already discovered
by Sir Humphry Davy and Mr. Wedgwood (a brother of the
fiamous porcelain manufacturer) in the commencement of the
p^sent century ; but it had never been practically developed
until the investigations of Monsieur Daguerre and Mr.
Fox Talbot enabled them to exhibit it to the public. Like
most inventions in their infancy, the first efforts were only

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44 SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

the foundation of the art; nevertheless the results were so
generally attractive that men of the highest science devoted
themselves to photographic research. The extension of this
art was so rapid that it spread throughout the world ; it was
soon considered absolutely necessary to be photographed;
and this boon to the human race can hardly be appreciated
until we consider its wonderful utility. We now assemble our
relatives and friends in the same crowded volume, as they
literally are, and not as an artist would make them appear to
be. We know intimately the person of every crowned head,
and the various members of the royal families throughout
the civilized world. We are introduced to the magnificent
edifices of distant lands, and in the truth and fidelity of
photography we can study the infinite details of Eastern
architecture, and preserve the inscriptions of thousands of
years gone by. We can revel in the mighty landscape of the
Himalayas while sitting in our own home ; and without the
expense or fatigue of voyaging, we can wander through the
Egyptian temples and decipher every hieroglyphic upon their
walls. Not only are the scenes of foreign countries brought
before us so distinctly that we can study the foliage of every
tree, but the inhabitants of every clime, from the Esquimaux
to the naked warriors of New Guinea, are depicted with the
unquestionable proof of their own reflection. It is beyond
my province to enumerate all the services of photographic
art: the living friends when far distant are brought near;
the dead appear to return to us again. And now another
science has appeared which, although not fully developed, bids
fair to work wonders that seem incredible. The telephone
will enable lis to hear the actual voice, and to reply at a
distance, even by communication beneath the sea ! and the
phonograph and microphone prove that we are now entering
upon the great mysteries of acoustic science.

Before leaving the subject of chemistry, we must ac-
knowledge the great results of the half-century in the dis-
covery of medical products, especially the alkaloids of various
vegetable substances ; among these quinine stands pre-
eminent as a specific in cases of ague and marsh fever. This
preparation of the alkaloid of cinchona (sulphate of quinine)
has been 8m extraordinary agent in the development of geo-
graphical science; it has enabled the explcwrers of modern
times to penetrate the secrets of vast continents hitherto
unknown to the world, as they had been invested with a zone
of malaria which had defied and destroyed all who had
attempted the fatal enterprise. The inhalation of chloroform.

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SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 45

or of chloric ether, has been one of the grand results of
medical science in relieving the agony of surgical operations.
With the advance in chemical knowledge there has been a
corresponding change in general medical treatment. When
we look back to the regime of fifty years ago, we are sur-
prised at the violent remedies (?) that were then considered
necessary. Bleeding was practised so commonly that it was
rare to find an individual who had escaped the operation;
leeches were kept almost in every house to be ready when
needed; in fact, the system of depletion was exactly the
reverse of the practice of the present day. Calomel, antimony,
blue pill, black dose, jalap, scammony, assisted by blisters,
setons, cuppings, and emetics, were in league with the under-
taker.

The system has been changed. Our ancestors paid no
attention to their drains, and swallowed quantities of strong
physic ; we devote attention to our sanitary arrangements, we
refuse to be bled to death, and we take as little medicine as
possible.

Unfortunately, in addition to improvements and new
inventions, we have seen new and powerful enemies, which,
before unknown to England, have during the last half century
attacked both men and vegetables. Asiatic cholera, which
fortunately has not visited the country for some years, first
appeared in 1829, and was then termed the cholera morbus.
The potato disease has been and still remains a serious
aitiiction to the poor. A peculiar disease destroyed the vines
in the island of Madeira. A few years later the vineyards
of France suffered from a similar blight. In the face of
these visitations we are forced to acknowledge the vanity
of our increased knowledge, as our vaunted science appears
utterly helpless in combating the plagues of which we now
complain.

Nevertheless we have improved, and we are still advancing
towards a higher standard; therefore the time may not be far
distant when science will overcome the diflBculties of antago-
nistic nature. Our children have advantages which their
fothers did not possess ; they start from a higher elevation of
scientific knowledge, and this high level is their base of
operations. We began at a time when pictorial illustrations
(the first rudiments of infantile education) were at zero. The
nursery books of the past half century are curiosities of
barbarism ; the rhymes and tales will last for ever, but the
pictures were ill adapted for the development of the childish
mind. Even the toys of a past generation were relics of

VOL. X. c

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46 SIR SAMUEL baker's PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

barbaric times, as represented by the imperisliable ark of
Noah. In that we discover the thoroughly conservative
principle even to the present day, where the butterfly is
larger than the cow, the grasshopper is bigger than the sheep,
and Noah's wife is a head taller than the giraffe. We now
possess the most admirable German toys, which are perfect
specimens of natural history, moulded in papier- mdch^
according to the correct anatomy of the animals. Our
illustrated books for children are artistically designed; the
modem primer is a condensed mental nourishment, and the
mind is now trained from the beginning to an improved
standard of education.

With the progress of Great Britain we may include as
a result the prosperity of our colonial empire. As the
population of our island doubles itself in a half-century,
and the immense amount of emigration assists in peopling
America, Australia, New Zealand, the Cape of Gk)od Hope,
and our Indian possessions, the necessity is proved of a
general education that shall enable the emigrating classes to
fully represent those characteristics of the British race which
have won Great Britain her renown. At the commencement
of the last half-century Australia was comparatively a new
settlement ; it is now almost a new world. The vast wealth
of our colonies is due to the energy and indomitable perse-
verance of our colonists. The gold of Australia was repre-
sented at the Paris Exhibition of 1866 as a huge obelisk.
The wool supplies our markets. This new and untrammelled
field is the breathing-space for the adventurous youth of the
mother-country.

In South Africa the diamond fields of the last few years
have produced fifteen millions sterling. The annexation of
the Transvaal has extended our dominion, and we appear to
be following our destiny in becoming the civilizing agent and
colonizer of the world. In the name of peace and good- will
we nevertheless possess a hiBtory of ceaseless aggression ;
but, unlike the aggressors of a past age, our rule is marked
by justice, and by the prosperity of all classes.

We have explored and sounded the lowest depths of the
ocean, which were before deemed unfathomable, and we have
proved that living organisms exist at those profound depths
where science had believed that life was never known.

We have penetrated into regions that were closed from
pre-historic times ; we have opened the sources of the Nile ;
discovered the fountains of the mighty CJongo; Africa has
been crossed and recrossed from east and west ; and the vast

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SIB SAMUEL baker's pbbsidential addbess. 47

blank central region of old maps has been filled by recent
explorations.

We have in Arctic regions discovered the North -West
Passage; bat we have also proved that everlasting ice is a
barrier to the advance of civilization. We have developed
commerce in countries where l^itimate trade had been
unknown ; we have suppressed the infamous traffic in slaves,
and broken the chains of slavery. Still we have some regrets^
while recounting the benefits conferred upon mankind, in
admitting a certain want of progress in our general com-
mercial integrity. There was a time, some fifty years ago,
when in every distant comer of the globe the manufstctures
of Great Britain found a ready market, because they were
free firom all suspicion. The stamp of an English manufac-
turer upon British goods was a passport of respectability.
Throughout the East, among both civilized and savage, the
name of "English'* was accepted as the guarantee of genuine
quality. Unfortunately this high reputation has departed
from us. An excess of competition has lowered the standard
of commercial morality, and has introduced adulteration to
so enormous an extent that both at home and abroad the
purchaser has become suspicious. The Manchester calicoes
are loaded with Devonshire pipe-clay; reels of cotton thread,
"warranted 100 yards," contain only half the quantity;
prints warranted to wash, certify the assurance by washing
completely out ; black silks at the highest price delude the
purchaser by containing four times their own weight in dye-
stuffs and adulterations; pickles are green through copper;
butter has but a distant connection with the cow; milk grows
pale beneath a deluge of cold water. Even agricultural
seeds aiB adulterated with dead grains to fill up the dealer's
bushel.

I shall now turn towards the consideration of two objects
of immense importance as direct agents of civilization — the
electric telegraph and the &ee press of Great Britain.

In almost every country, whether savage or civilized, there
have existed numerous methods of transmitting signals.
The first necessary signal has in all countries been that of
danger and alarm ; this has been generally Jire upon an
exp^ed elevation, which would be observed by night, or
would attract distant attention by the smoke in daylight.
Among savages we find similar beacons, in addition to
organized beats upon enormous drums, which can be heard
according to the wind for a distance of about eight miles.
Advancing civilization, which increases the necessity of

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communication, must extend the power of signals; we
therefore find a corresponding improvement in the invention
of various systems — some which represent a language by
means of flags, others that transmit intelligence through a
chain of fixed stations by means of a mechanical arrangement
of movable black boards, which correspond with an alphabet
or numerals according to their positions. In 1796 the
Anrnial Register mentions the erection of such a telegraph
above the Admiralty in London, which conveyed information
to Dover in seven minutes ! The French semaphore was an
improvement upon this method, but all ocular arrangements
possessed the great defect of obscurity during fogs, or other
atmospheric derangements.

For many years scientific men had endeavoured to enlist
electricity as a telegraphic agent, but although several clever
inventions had appeared, it was reserved for Professor Oersted
of Copenhagen to discover the action of the galvanic current
upon a magnetic needle. This was the starting-point for the
success of the present day.

The Fi-ench for a time assumed the lead under Ampere
and Alexander in contriving instruments for electric tele-
graphy, but nothing practical appeared before the public
until in 1837 Messrs. Cook and Wheatstone (the late Sir
Charles Wheatstone) took out a patent for their invention.
A small model was exhibited at the rooms in the Lowther
Arcade, which amused the curious, as the toy telephone may
do ill 1878, but few people believed that this principle would
evolve the greatest marvels within a quarter of a century.

The first submarine wire was laid down in 1850 for twenty-
seven miles between Dover and Cape Grisnez ; but the first
long wire of three hundred and ten mUes was laid beneath
the Black Sea, from Balaclava to Varna, in 1855. In 1858
we spanned the breadth and depth of the Atlantic ; thus in
twenty-one years fix)m the day when the toy model of Cook
and Wheatstone was first exhibited in London, we had con-
nected Great Britain with America !

Nothing can exceed the benefit which this wonder of our
half-century has conferred upon mankind. Not only is the
common intelligence called "news" transmitted from every
quarter of the globe by ceaseless streams of the electric
current converging upon the world's great centre (London),
but the cause of humanity is assisted by telegraphic fore-
warning of approaching dangers. In this scientific era we
have discovered the mysteries of hurricanes, and guided by
the laws of storms, we can immediately transmit intelligence

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of the unexpected but inevitable tempest. receive tele-
grams from America " that a storm is raging, and will burst
with violence upon certain shores of Europe upon a given
day." Long before the wind can travel, we are prepared for
the attack; storm warnings are tele^phed around our coasts,
and ships and crews are saved from the destruction.

This great blessing has been deeply felt in Egjrpt. In
former times the river Nile swept down with unexpected
violence fix)m the far interior, carrying death and desolation
in its course through the fertile delta; now the telegraph,
1,400 miles distant in Khartoum, transmits a daily register
of the Nilometer, and warns Lower Egypt of the impending
flood. The stream travelling at four miles an hour requires
three hundred and fifty hours upon its hostile journey ; thus
a fortnight is afiforded to the natives to prepare for the
invasion, and life and property are saved.

The proof of progress in general science is found in the
ubiquity of the educated mind. We cannot rest in the
obscurity of ignorance, but we crave for information, which
is now supplied from every portion of the globe by the
tel^raphic Press of this omniscient age. The Press of
Great Britain is a brilliant example of the practical result
of science in transmitting enlightenment to every class of
society. The advance of education having enabled the lower
orders to read, the power of reading has created a desire for
news ; we therefore find that a vast extension of thought has
been attained by the masses, and people whose fathers
wallowed in obtuse apathy now exhibit an increasing interest
in the general politics of the world.

Thus we observe the collateral effect which science exerts
upon the human mind. The telegraphs, railways, and steam-
vessels of the present day have drawn into close connection
the remotest points of earth, while at the same time the
newspapers, daily furnished with telegraphic news, convey to
the most humble cottage equally with the palace a vast store
of information. The lower orders are thus brought within
the realm of thought, and their minds are expanded by the
consideration of subjects and affairs other than the daily
labour for their bread

Such an expansion of the mind will deal the death-blow
to local superstitions. We have seen that, in proportion to
the remoteness from a centre of civilization, ignorance and
superstition thrive in barbarous rankness; but with the
advance of science the witches disappear, the wise-man is
regarded as an impostor, and the advent of the locomotive

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and railway has dispelled the charms of the sorcerer, even
from the once secluded vales of Devon.

And still we feel how little we really know ! The increase
of our scientific knowledge is but the extended view obtained
by the ascent of a mountain which enlarges our horizon, and
we know that by ascending higher we shall still increase the
vision to an indefinite extent, all of which is new, all un-
known and undiscovered ; thus the more we know, the more
we crave to understand.

Let us hope that the advance of science and general
education will, in a future generation, exhibit a picture free
from the moral blemishes of the present time, and that the
result of a higher standard of knowledge will be exhibited
in the decrease of crime, and the extension of a more exalted
Christian spirit throughout civilized conmaunities of the
human race.

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COMPILED BT THB BBT. W. HAKPLBT, M.A., HON. 8ECRBTABT OF THE ABSOCIATIOK.

(Head at FaSgnton, July, 1878.)

John Spaeke Amert was bom in 1812 at Narramore, in the
parish of Lustleigh, Devon, and at an early age was brought
to reside with his maternal uncle, Mr. F. S. Sparke, a woollen
manufacturer at Ashburton. He was educated at the Gram-
miar School of that town, under the Eev. J. White, for many
years the master. This school is famous as that at which
Dunning, Gififord, and Ireland, Ashburton's three worthies,
were educated. On leaving school Mr. Amery immediately
entered his uncle's business, to which he succeeded in 1844,
on Mr. Sparke's death. In 1838 he married Frances, daughter
of the Eev. T. W. Windeatt, of Totnes. In 1846, the woollen
trade being very much depressed, he retired from business,
and turned his attention to farming, especially to the im-
provement of lately-enclosed common land at Druid, near
Ashburton.

He was placed on the commission of the peace for Devon in
1857, and joined the Association at its Exeter meeting in 1872.

By early family associations and religious views he was a
stanch Nonconformist^ and for many years filled the office
of deacon of the Independent Church at Ashburton, with
which his ancestors had been for generations connected.

A liberal in politics, he took an active part in the great
fights following the Reform Bill, and proposed the last
member returned by Ashburton, which was disfranchised by
the Act of 1868. Although not himself a literary or scientific
man, he was always ready to assist any movement which had
for its object the advancement of knowledge in his own
neighbourhood, and he took a very warm interest in the
meeting of this Association held at Ashburton in 1876, but
was prevented by failing health from attending the meetings
on that occasion.

He died at his residence, Druid House, Ashburton, on 7th
January, 1878.

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II.

EiCHAKD DURANT was bom at Exeter, January 11th, 1791.
The tomb of his parents may be seen in Bartholomew Yard,
in that city. He was educated in the school at Tucker's Hill,
then conducted by Philip Goye, a poet, whom he afterwards
pensioned. As head of the firm of Durant and Co., silk
merchants, having amassed an enormous fortune, he pur-
chased the lovely Sharpham estate, upon the banks of the
Dart, near Totnes, about the year 1840, at the cost of
£110,000, where he settled down, but retained until a recent
period his connection with the firm.

Mr. Durant was an active county magistrate, and a deputy-
lieutenant for the county of Devon. He had also for several
years occupied a seat in the Town Council of Totnes, having
on more than one occasion been nominated by both political
parties. He served the office of High Sheriff of the county
in 1851. He was a liberal subscriber to the volunteer force,
and at all the schools at Totnes he paid for the boys being
drilled by the volunteer drill-sergeant. He was not prominent
in political matters; but he helped forward many social
reforms in the district.

Mr. Durant became a member of the Association in 1866,
and for some years manifested a lively interest in its pro-
ceedings, offering hospitality on the occasion of its meeting at
Dartmouth. He died July 17th, 1878, at the advanced age
of nearly eighty-eight, at Sharpham, and his remains were
interred in t£e family vault in the churchyard at Ashprington.

Henrt Samuel Ellis, of Fair Park, Exeter, was one of
the founders of the Association, and filled the ofi&ce of local
secretary at its first meeting. In the following year, on the
resignation of Mr. Spence Bate, he was elected one of the
general secretaries, and for five years devoted himself to the
duties of his office with all the zeal and energy for which he
was so much distinguished, until increasing demands upon
his time by other affairs, both private and public, compelled
him to relinquish his post. His interest in the Association
however did not cease with his retirement from office, but
he afterwards frequently attended the meetings, and exerted
himself to promote its welfare and prosperity. He con-
tributed several papers, which were printed in the earlier
volumes of the Transactiom.

Mr. Ellis was a member of a family well known and long
established in Exeter. Early in life he developed a taste for

OBITUARY NOTIOEa

scientific pursuits, devoting himself especially to the study
of astronomy. He was elected a fellow of the Eoyal Astro-
nomical Society, and on one occasion accompanied an expe-
dition to Spain in one of her Majesty's ships for the purpose
of making observations of a solar eclipse. He was instru-
mental in a great measure in procuring the alteration of time
in Exeter, and in the West of England irom Bath westward,
from local to Greenwich time. He took some interest in
botany, and also produced some fine examples in electrotype.

Mr. Ellis was an active member of the local committee in
connection with the Great Exhibition in 1851. He was one
of the founders of the School of Art in Exeter, and for a
brief period one of its secretaries. He was also a member
of the Exeter Diocesan Architectural Society, and as such
was greatly conducive in bringing the members of the
Archseological Association to Exeter during the mayoralty of
Frederick Franklin, Esq. When the Science School was
founded in Exeter, he was one among the first to give it
earnest support; and he rendei-ed his fellow-citizens signal
service by the efforts he made in the establishment of the
Free Library and Albert Memorial Museum, the movement for
which was set on foot during the mayoralty of the late Mr. W.
Kendall, whose lamented death took place only a few weeks
since. He was one of the four secretaries of the Albert Museum,
and in that post he laboured most abundantly and successfully.

Mr. Ellis was elected to the highest civic dignity with the
acclamation of political antagonists in 1869, and his mayoralty
will be memorable for the visit to Exeter of the British
Association, to the members of which he extended cordial
hospitality, and sustained the ofl&ce of chief magistrate with
dignity and credit. It is worthy of note that the Free
Library and Museum Act was adopted during his mayoralty,
and that the noble building, erected as a memorial to the Prince
Consort, became the property of the Town Council about the
same time. On his retirement from the mayor's seat, Mr.
Ellis was made an alderman; but circumstances connected
with the railway work which he about this time took in
hand, induced him to sever his connection^ with the Corpora-
tion. This connection was renewed, however, no longer ago
than November last, when he was elected to one of the
additional aldermanic seats created by the St. Leonard's
Annexation Act.

Mr. Ellis was a Charity Trustee. He was also one of the new
governors of the Grammar School, and one of the trustees
of the Western Provident Association. In obtaining funds

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OBITUARY NOTICES.

for the restoration of Exeter Cathedral he took a very active
part, travelling as a deputation throughout the diocese.

Mr. Ellis*8 exertions extended beyond the city. He became
the prime mover, if not the originator, of the Eailway Share-
holders' Association. He was brought forward as the share-
holders' candidate for a seat on the Board of Directors of
the South Devon Bailway. In this contest he was defeated.
Shortly after this defeat he was elected a member of the
Board of Directors of the Bristol and Exeter fiailway, and
continued on this board until its amalgamation with the
Great Western. He took a prominent part in promoting
several useful extensions, of which the Culm Valley Bailway
— the pioneer of light lines in the West of England — may
be mentioned as an exemnple. At the time of his death Mr.
Ellis held the position of Chairman of the Culm Valley
Company, and he was also chairman of the Brixham line, a
property which owes to his exertions the greatly improved
condition of its prospects; for up to the time when Mr.
Ellis took the management it had never paid a farthing
dividend to its shareholders. He was director of many other
lines, one in Wales.

On the 27th of April in the present year Mr. Ellis arrived
at the residence of a Mend, J. J. Barrow, Esq., of Holmwood,
Tunbridge Wells ; on the following morning he was taken
seriously ill. The symptoms were of so alarming a character
that Mrs. Ellis was at once telegraphed for, and the services
of eminent medical men both from Tunbridge Wells and
from London were obtained; but the malady was beyond
their skill to arrest, and Mr. Ellis expired on the 13th May,
after a fortnight's Ulness, at the comparatively early age of
fifty-two years.

In politics Mr. ElUs was a Conservative, but never a
violent partisan ; and he was ever ready to help in any good
work, and to relieve distress wherever he found it. His
public life was an example of unostentatious labour for the
good of the community, rewarded by universal respect ; and
his private life was such as to endear him to all who had the
opportunity of associating with him.

IV.

BoBERT FoALE was bom at Kingsbridge in the year 1800,
and for many years carried on the business of* a carrier to
various parts of the county. He was a man of considerable
enterprise, and during the latter part of his life he was joint
proprietor of the coaches running between Kingsbridge and

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OBTTUAJir Monosa

Plymoath, and Kingsbridge and Eingsbiidge-road Station.
He was proprietor and host of the King's Arms Hotel,
Kingsbridge, at which hostelry the Association dinner was
held last year. He died in February, 1878, having been a
member of the Association only a few montha

Hugh Fowler, m.a., was bom at Torrington on February
28th, 1816. He was the eldest son of Thomas Fowler, on
whose life and inventions he read a paper before the meeting
of the Association at Torrington in 1875. {Vide Transactions^
voL vii p. 170.) He was educated at Blundell^s School,
Tiverton, and from there, having gained a scholarship, he
proceeded to Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. He gradu*
ated in 1838 in double honours, and was subsequently made
a fellow of his college. For some time he was second master
of Blundell's School, and afterwards head master of Helston
Grammar SchooL He was next appointed head master of
Bideford School, and later (in 1854) head master of the
King's School, Gloueester, which post he held until 1871,
when he was presented by the Dean and Chapter of
Gloucester Cathedral to the living of Bamwood, near
Gloucester. This living he held until his death, and the
results of his work for the few years he held it remain as
standing proofs of the energy and activity which he threw
into everything that he undertook.

Mr. Fowler was a keen lover of nature, and a great pro-
moter of all that tended to the advancement of science and
art He was an ex-President of the Gloucester Literary
and Scientific Association, and a member of the Cotswold
Naturalists' Field Club. Geology was his favourite science,
but the incessant work connected with his parish prevented
him firom studying it deeply. He died very suddenly of
heart disease on August the 7th, 1877.

John Hahltn was senior partner in the well-known
firm of Messrs. Hamlyn Brothers, woollen manufacturers,
Buckfastleigh. Over half a century ago his father carried
on the business of a tanner at Buck&stleigh ; and as his sons
grew up, he brought tJlem into the business. After a time
the eldest son started the business of a woolcomber and
manufacturer, and founded the present establishment of
Hamlyn Brothers. Nine years later John became associated
with the firm, which commencing with four men^ gradually

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OBITUABY NOTICES.

increased to sixty ; and subsequently, by the aid of modern
machinery, to five hundred and upwanis. Mr. John Hamlyn
was possessed of more than ordinary business abilities, and in
all his dealings he was noted as an upright, straightforward man
of business. In private life he was esteemed for his kindness
of heart and genial nature ; and amoug his poorer neighbours
he was ever known as a man of open-handed liberality. In
the performance of public duty he bore his fuU share, being
a Guardian of the Poor, Chairman of the Buckfastleigh
School Board, Commissioner of the Dart, and Chairman
of the Board of Directors of the Buckfastleigh and Totnes
Railway Company. By his energy and industry Mr. Hamlyn
amassed large means ; and not long since he built himself a
prettily-situated house, overlookiug the town of Buckfastleigh,
and found a source of amusement and enjoyment in his leisure
hours in the arrangement of FuUaford and its grounds.

Though he possessed an apparently robust constitution,
yet it was not strong enough to resist the sharp attack of
disease. Early on the morning of the 21st of June, 1878,
after cm illness of little more than three hours, he expired at
FuUaford, at the age of sixty-one.

VII.

William Kendall was a native of Pjulstow ; but came to
Exeter, and entered the employment of the firm of Shepherd
and Gains, woollen drapers, of High Street. After a time,
however, he left the woollen trade, and took off the linen-
drapery business carried on at that time by Messrs. Presswell
and Please, at the comer of Queen Street. In 1834 he gave
up this business, and returned to the old woollen trade in
which he was engaged when he first came to Exeter, and for
many years was a partner in the firm of Shepherd, Kendall,
and Tucker. As a man of business, Mr. Kendall was highly
valued in commercial circles; and among his employ^ he
was held in great affection. Having amassed a considerable
fortune, he a few years ago retired absolutely from business.

In 1862 he became mayor of Exeter; and during his
mayoralty the Albert Memonisd Museum was originated. Li the
buUdingof the Museum his munificence was almost unbounded,
and but for his aid the city would not be possessed of the
fine and handsome building that now stands in Queen Street
In the same year this Association held its first annual
meeting at Exeter ; and Mr. Kendall not only welcomed the
Association to the city in his official capacity, but was one
of the vice-presidents on that occasioa

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Mr. Kendall was a constant and liberal subscriber to most
of the charitable and other institutions of the city; and
having a warm heart and generous disposition, no charitable
institution in want of assistance ever appealed to him in
vain. He was mainly instrumental in bringing about the
erection of the present buildings of the Wonford Asylum.
He laid the foundation-stone, and on the portals of the
institution his name is engraved.

In person Mr. Kendall was above the ordinary height, with
handsome features, and hair of extraordinary whiteness ; and
his well-known figure was generally to be seen on Sunday
mornings at the cathedral, where he had a stall, and was a
regular attendant. Until three or four years ago he was an
alderman, and at the time of his death a justice of the peace.

He died at his residence. Higher Summerlands, Iketer,
on the morning of Friday, the 29th of March, 1878, in the
seventy-fifth year of his age. On the previous Monday, while
descending the stairs, he fell over the balustrade, a distance
of five or six feet, in a state of giddiness, and besides breaking
his thigh, sustained a severe shock to his nervous system.
When the servants came to his assistance they found him in
a state of insensibility ; and thus he remained, with a lucid
interval only now and then, until his death. The following
interesting particulars, gleaned firom his will, made the day
before his death, may be adduced as proofs that his well-
known generosity was active to his last moment To the
National Life-boat Institution he leaves £1,000, on condition
that within two years of his death the society establish a
life-boat to be named the " Exeter," and to be placed on some
portion of the coast of Devon or Cornwall, or the Scilly
Isles ; to the West of England Deaf and Dumb Institution,
to the Devon and Exeter Hospital, and to the Eye Infirmary,
he leaves £500; and to St. Martha's Orphanage, in St
Sidwell's, and the Servants' Home, Exeter, £50. He also
bequeaths £500 to the Albert Memorial Museum, on con-
dition that within five years of his death additional buildings,
suitable to the purposes of the Museum, are erected at the
back of the present structure.

vin.

Alexakder Moorb was for the last thirteen years of his
life Chief Constructor of the Devonport Dockyard — the title
was until recently "Master Shipwright" — and it is worthy
of note that he had mainly by his own energy and abilities
raised himself from the position of shipwright's apprentice

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OBITUAEY NOTICES.

in the Devonport Dockyard to the highest ofl5ce in his own
branch in the establishment He joined the Association on
the occasion of its visit to Devonport in 1870, acting as one
of the vice-presidents ; and as a member of the lo^ com-
mittee was mainly instrumental in securing access to the
training-ship Cambridge, where so many interesting experi-
ments in gim and torpedo practice were witnessed by the
members of the Association.

Mr. Moore hcd for some months before his decease been
suffering from a complication of diseases ; but no danger was
apprehended until bronchitis set in, when fatal results
speedily ensued. He died at his residence, at the Dockyard
Terrace, on the evening of the 1st of April, 1878, at the age
of sixty-nine years, leaving a widow and numerous family —
six sons and two daughters, one of the former being a surgeon,
who attended his father during his last illness.

Joseph PULLIBANK was bom at Aveton6iflford,in this county,
on August 9th, 1807. He settled at Kingsbridge, where for
many years he carried on successfully the business of a
builder, and took an important part in all matters affecting
the weU-being of the place. He was a good speaker, and, as
one of the leading members of the Literary and Scientific
Institution in Kingsbridge, he did good work in advocating
the employment of a high class of lectures for that Institution.
On the occasion of the visit of the Association to Kingsbridge
last year, although then in failing health, Mr. PuUibank be-
came a member, and took an active part in the arrangements,
rendering much assistance to the local committee. He died
in November, 1877.

Earl Russell came of a house historically famous and
pre-eminently among the "ruling families." Antiquarian
tradition carries the ancestry of the Russele, or Rozell, family
back to Olaf, King of Reril^ who lived in the sixth century,
and who, like his successors, was so remarkable for his shrewd-
ness that he was called the "Sharp-eyed." A more trust-
worthy record states that one "John Russell" paid fifty marks
to King John for "license to marry a great man's daughter."
It was in the time of Henry VII. that the house established
itself so firmly, that civil wars and revolutions have but
seemed to give it additional strength.

John, Earl Russell, the subject of the present notice, was
the third son of the sixth Duke of Bedford, by the Hon.

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Greoigiana Elizabeth^ the second daughter of the fourth
Viscount Torrington. Lord John was bom in London on
the 18th August, 1792. He may be said to have been
destined to politics as a profession from infancy, and all
his training was directed to that end. His after-life bore
testimony to the judiciousness of the course pursued. After
spending some time at a private school at Sunbury, and
having completed his boyish studies at Westminster, he was
sent to Edinburgh, and placed under the special care of
Professor Dugald Stewart, then the fashionable tutor for the
young Whigs of distinction, and so many of whose pupils
afterwards attained eminence. In 1809 he started on a
foreign tour; and as the whole Continent was then a sealed
land to Englishmen, except so much of it as the British army
was able to keep for them, it was natural that he should
direct his steps to Spain and Portugal, and he landed at
Lisbon, which Wellington had lately rescued from the grasp
of the invaders. In 1813 he returned to England ; and in
July of the same year, while still wanting a month to be of
age, he was returned for the family borough of Tavistock.
Having early gained a seat in the House, he early made
himself heard in it, and in the following session he made
his first recorded speech, against the treaty which rewarded
Bemjdotte's defection and punished the vcw3illation of Den-
mark by uniting the crowns of Norway and Sweden.

To enumerate all the great questions with which the name
of Lord Eussell is associated is to epitomize our domestic
politics for a period of fifty years ; and to trace the various
steps by which, through cdtemating victories and reverses,
he achieved his fame in the field of politics would carry
ns far beyond the limits of a notice such as is suitable to
these pages. Sufl&ce it to record but the barest summary of
his chief works. In 1819 he introduced his first Reform Bill.
In 1868 he made his last important contribution to public
afiairs, in the shape of a pamphlet on the Church of Ii^land.
During this long interval his mind was actively engaged on a
wide range of ecclesiastical questions, embracing the Test and
Corporation Acts, the Jewish Disabilities, the Secularisation
of Irish Church Property, the establishment of a Romish
Hierarchy in England, the Commutation of Tithes, and the
abolition of Church Rates. In politics he was connected first
and foremost with Parliamentary Reform, having proposed in
his lifetime no less than eight Reform Bills of his own, and
having led the attack which proved fatal to the Conservative
Reform Bill in 1859. Of the Municipal Corporations Act, a

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measure more pr^ant with consequences than even the
Eeform Bill, he took charge in the House of Commons, and
when the House of Lords showed a disposition to carry their
resistance to extremes, it was Lord John Bussell who arranged
the necessary compromise. Among social questions he took
a deep interest in education, and was long regarded as the
leader of the unsectarian party in all schemes of educational
reform. To his exertions in 1839 the appointment of the
Committee of Privy Council is due; and the Marriage Bill
of 1836 was the work of the same hand. Few men, indeed,
have ever been the centre of so many great interests, or have
led the van of battle in so many momentous controversies.

Entering upon office more than a generation ago, he occu-
pied more important posts than any other minister of his
day. Since the time when he entered official life as Pay-
master of the Forces in 1830, he held three Secretaryships of
State, having ruled at the Home Office, governed our colonies,
and administered our foreign mlations. He was twice Presi-
dent of the Council, Plenipotentiary Extraordinary, and twice
Prime Minister. He sat for Tavistock from ISiS to 1832;
he then was elected one of the representatives of South Devon,
and retained his seat for that constituency till 1835, when,
being rejected, he migrated to Stroud, and represented that
borough until 1840; after this he represented the city of
London until he was raised to to the peerage in 1861.

Through the greater portion of his life. Lord John Russell
had only a younger brother's portion. A large portion of his
manhood, no doubt, was spent in office, and in the enjoyments
of the emoluments of office; but he has himself put it on
record, in his evidence given before a committee on salaries,
that he never got into debt except when he was in office.
His father, it is believed, left him a legacy of £1,000 a year.
The late lady Holland, as a testimony of her esteem for one
who had been her and her husband's most trusted friend, left
him, for his own life, the rents accruing from her extensive
and valuable ground-rents in Brixton. The Queen, as a mark
of her royal favour, gave him during Ms Premiership, and for
the term of his natural life, the use of Pembroke Lodge, in
Richmond Park, as a country house. This accumulation of
gifts, no doubt, rendered him easy in his circumstances, but
could hardly be reckoned sufficient groundwork on which to
support a peerage and found a new famUy in the aristocracy.
But in the course of 1861 his elder brother, the Duke of
Bedford, died. Between the brothers there had always existed
a strong bond of mutual affection. The Duke supported Lord

Digitized by Google

OBITUABY NOTICES.

John with all his influence, and Lord John took no step of
importance at any time without first consulting the Duke.
The next heir, the late Duke, was the only child of his father ;
he was not married, and not likely to marry. The heir next
in succession was a nephew, the son of a brother older than
Lord John, who had died several years before. To him the
title, and the estates that gave solidity and support to the title,
would of right descend. But there was a handsome Irish
estate that might be conveniently subtracted firom the rest
without in any way impoverishing the dukedom; so the
Amberley estates were handed over at once, and Lord John
became an extensive landowner in his own right. The obstacle
that stood in the way of his accepting a peerage was now
removed ; he was created Earl Russell and Viscount Amberley,
and took his seat in the House of Peers.

To the visit of Lord Russell to Spain, which was mentioned
above, we may perhaps attribute his lordship's choice of a
Spanish subject for one of his early efforts in literature — ^his
tragedy of Don Carlos — a work of no great merit, and one
which he himself was soon willing should be forgotten. He
wrote some other volumes, and edited more, but he would
hardly take rank as an author. Among his literary efforts
may be mentioned his life of his ancestor. Lord Russell ; his
Historical Disquisition on the British Constitution; and his
Memoirs of Emope from the Peace of Utrecht. He edited a
collection of letters from the archives of his own family,
a Life and Diary of Moore, and a Idfe of Fox; and in the
autumn of 1874 he published, under the name of Recollections
and Suggestions^ a running conmientary on his own career.
In 1866 he presided at the meeting of the Devonshire
Association at Tavistock, and delivered an interesting address
to a large and appreciative audience.

The last years of his life were saddened by a grief beyond
healing — the premature loss of his eldest son. But for this
calamity it might be said that the career of Earl Russell was
sunned by fortune to its ending ; its shadows were light and
passing; its steady and sober radiance was suited to the
tastes and traditions of the English people, for whom its
forces were spent, and through whom they did their work.
At the age of eighty-six, after having enjoyed such a share
of power and consideration as rarely falls to the lot of man,
and after long service having openly abandoned the militant
toils of the arena, Earl Russell passed peacefully away, at
Pembroke Lodge, at eleven o'clock on the night of Tuesday,
the 28th of May, 1878.

VOL. X. D

Digitized by

OBITUABY NOTICES.

Lord Bussell was twice married. By his first wife, widow
of Lord Kibblesdale, he had two daughters, one of whom
married Mr. Archibald Peel, and the other the Hod. and
Kev. H. Montagu VOliers. By his second marriage, with
Lady Frances Elliot, daughter of the second Earl of Minto,
he had three sons and a daughter. His eldest son, the late
Viscount Amberley, married the daughter of the second
Lord Stanley of Alderley. Their son, John Francis Stanley,
now Earl Russell, is thirteen years of age.

A wish was expressed by the Prime Minister, on behalf of
the Cabinet, that the remains of the late Earl should be
interred in Westminster Abbey, and that the funeral should
partake of a public character befitting the eminent services
he had rendered to the State ; but in consequence of instruc-
tions the Earl had given previous to his decease, this was not
acceded to, and the remains were privately consigned to the
family vault at Chenies, Hertfordshire.

James Tetley, m.d., f.r.c.p., was bom at Bradford, in
Yorkshire, July 11th, 1810. He was educated at the Uni-
versity of Edinburgh, where he graduated in 1834. His
health failing, he was ordered to the south of England ; and
coming to Torquay, so far recovered as to be able to com-
mence practice about the year 1838, and continued the
duties of his profession till within the last two years of his
life. By his skill as a physician, by his kindly and gentle
manner, he soon won for himself the respect and esteem of
all with whom he was brought into contact, and for many
years occupied a leading position as a consultant.

Though not taking an active part in public affairs, he was
a liberal contri1;^utor to many charities; he was consulting
physician to the Torbay Infirmary, the Western Hospital for
Consumption, and to Erith House, and rendered valuable ser-
vices in promoting the welfare of these charitable institutions.

Dr. Tetley became a member of the Torquay Natural
History Society immediately after it was founded, in 1844,
and retained his connection with it till within a short time
of his death. He joined the Association in 1864, and three
years later became one of its life members.

He died at his residence, Belmont, Torre, on September
18th, 1877, and was interred in the churchyard of Tor,
Torquay, hia funeral being very largely attended by men of
all grades of society, including almost every one of his local
medical brethren.

XI.

THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE
METEOROLOGY OF DEVONSHIRE.

Third Report of the Committee— Mr. P, F. S. Amery, Mr.
H, 8. GiU, Mr. E. E. Qlyde, Dr. W, C. Lake, Mr. E.
Parfitt, Mr. W. Pengelly, Br. W. T. Radford, and Mr.
E. Vivian— for tJie purpose of making and obtaining
observations on a tmiform system on the Meteorology of
Devonshire.

Edited by W. C. Lakb, m.d., p.m.8., Honoraiy Secretary.
(Bead at Fatgnton, July, 1878.)

In presenting their third report to the Council of the Devon-
shire Association, the Committee for recording Observations
on the Meteorology of Devonshire have to report the dis-
continuance, after March, 1877, of the observations made by
the Rev. T. R R. Stebbing at Tor Crest Hall, Torquay, that
gentleman having left the county, and the accession to the
fist of observers of Mr. Hearder, of Rocomb, Torquay, a
locality closely approximate to Tor Crest Hall ; of Mr. Glyde,
of Babbacombe; and of Mr. 6. Fox, of Kingsbridge. The
observations of the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, Mr. Hearder, and Mr.
Fox not having been continuous through the year, have not
however been recorded in the tables attached to this report,
nor for the same reason the temperature observations of Mr.
Cktmlen, of Brampford Speke.

The localities will therefore stand as follows :

D 2

Digitized by

THIBD REPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE

Height
above

Obserratioiis taki

m of

Name of Station.

Name of Obsexrer.

Ther-
mo-
meter.

Searlerel.

Baro-
meter.

mldity

lalL

feet

1400

Princetown, Dart-

moor . . .

Dr. Power . . .

650

Holne Yicarage^ear

Rev. J. Gill . .

Ashburton . .

570

Druid, Ashburton .

F. Amery. Esq. . .

200

Lamoma, Torquay

W. Pengelly, Esq. .
E. Glyde, Esq. . .

Babbacombe . .

*45, 70,
& 140

TGicmmoiitK

4.
1

Brookbauky Teign-

mouth . . .

G.W. Ormerod, Esq.

190

Sidmount, Sid-

mouth . . .

Dr. Radford . .

140

Brampford Speke .
Exe Villa, Tiverton
Langtree Wick, near

W. H. Gamlen, Esq.

230

H. S. Gill, Esq. . .

451

Miss Nimes and Miss

Torrington . .

Bazeley . . .

The Committee have to report with regret the death of one
of their number, H. S. Ellis, Esq., of Fair Park House, Exeter.

The most marked features of the meteorology of 1877 were
the mildness of the early months of the year, the coldness of
its spring, its cool ungenial summer, and the mildness of its
falL

The Committee believe that observations such as those
recorded in their reports, derive their chief value from their
affording the means of comparing with some exactness the
meteorological conditions of the various localities, in regard
both to their features of contrast and of similitude. They
lament therefore the small number of the localities from
which they have obtained observations ; but they would point
out the following comparisons as worthy of being made even
amongst the few stations from which they have b^n recorded.

The station at Princetown stands by itself, yet the obser-
vations taken there may be compared with interest with those
taken near Ashburton, in the sub-Dartmoor district, and the
next highest locality; and again with the stations on the
coast. Those taken at Druid, Ashburton, may be compared
with those taken on the coast, some of which are at an
altitude not much inferior. The coast stations may also be
compared amongst themselves, with their varying altitude

• Observations at Teignmouth, by Dr. Lake: Barometer at West Cliff
Terrace ; rainfall at Lower Reservoir ; other instruments at Bitton.

Digitized by Google

ON THE METEOROLOGY OF DEVONSHIRE. 65

and situation; those at Babbacombe, high up on the lime-
stone cliffs, with that at Teignmouth, at no great elevation
at the mouth of an estuary, and on the New Bed Sandstone
conglomerate, and both with those at Sidmouth. The two
stations on the course of the Exe — Brampford Speke and
Tiverton — may be thus compared, and both of them with
Langtree Wick. The attempt at such a compariBon only
shows, though, the richness of the field that might be culti-
vated, and the small number of the labourers as yet engaged
in it The Committee trust that as the Association meets
each year in some different part of the county volunteers
may gradually come forward to fill up the gaps thus so pain-
fully revealed. The tables recording the observations made
at the various localities will enable the members of the
Association to make the comparisons suggested, or any others
for themselves ; but a short sketch of the results of some of
these comparisons may be interesting now.

l. 'As to Dartmoor.

Mean barometric pressure, corrected for height as well as
for temperature, was during each month, except April, higher
at Princetown than at Babbacombe and Teignmouth, these
being the only stations from which barometric means are
recorded.

The mean maximum temperature was lower at Princetown
than at any of the other stations for each month, except for
October, when it was lower at Langtree Wick than at Prince-
town. The actually highest temperature reached in any
month was also lower at Princetown than at any other
station, except in May, when it was lower at Sidmouth ; in
June, when it was lower at Sidmouth ; and in July, when it
was lower at Sidmouth and Langtree Wick.

The mean minimum temperature was, as a rule, lower at
Princetown than at the other stations ; but for July, August^
and September this was lower at Tiverton ; for October, lower
at Tiverton and Langtree Wick; and for December, lower at
Tiverton. The lowest minimum temperature actually reached
during any month was in January, March, April, May, June,
July, and September, lower at Tiverton than at Princetown ;
in October, lower at Babbacombe, Teignmouth, and Tiverton ;
and in November and December, lower at Tiverton ; while in
August this element was higher at Princetown than at any
other station, except Druid, Ashburton.

The mean dry bulb temperature was however for each
month decidedly lower at Princetown than at any other

Digitized by

THIRD KKPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE

station. Mean humidity was aJso greater at Princetown than
at any other station for each month, except in September,
when it was greater at Druid, and in November, when it was
greater at Druid and at Teignmouth.

2. Comparing together the coast stations.
Notwithstanding the difference of altitude, there was a

considerable agreement between the observations at Babba-
combe and at Teignmouth. The temperature at Sidmount,
Sidmouth, was usually lower during the summer months,
while the shade minimum did not differ materially, nor the
shade maximum in winter. The mean minimum temperature
at Sidmouth for October was decidedly higher than at the
other two coast stations. At these stations the mean maxi-
mum shade temperature was highest for each month at
Teignmouth; the mean minimum shade temperature was
lowest for Janujupy. at Babbacombe ; for February, at Babba-
combe and Sidmouth ; for March and April, at Babbacombe ;
for May and June, at Sidmouth; for July and August, at
Babbacombe ; for September, at Sidmouth ; and for October,
November, and December, at Babbacombe. In regard to
mean humidity at these four stations, the air was driest in
Januaory at Sidmouth ; in February, at Teignmouth and Sid-
mouth ; in March and April, at Babbacombe and Sidmouth ;
in May, at Babbacombe ; in June, at Babbacombe and Sid-
mouth ; in July, at Teignmouth ; in August, at Babbacombe
and Sidmouth; in September, at Sidmouth; in October, at
Babbacombe and Sidmouth ; and in November and December,
at Sidmouth.

3. With r^ard to the other stations.

The excess of maximum shade temperature, both mean and
actual, at Exe Villa, Tiverton, from June to October inclusive,
ia worthy of note, as well as the general lowness of its shade
minimum temperature. The same character did not obtain
at Langtree Wick, the latter station exhibiting on the whole
perhaps less amount of variation of temperature than any
other.

Worthy of observation also is the contrast between the
temperature at Princetown and that at Druid, Ashburton, in
the upland country just below Dartmoor, and the approxi-
mation on the whole of the temperature at Druid to that at
the stations on the coast. The air at Druid was drier than
at any of the coast stations in May; decidedly moister in
June, July, August, September, and October.

Digitized by Google

ON THE METEOROLOGY OP DEVONSHIRE. 67

4. The total rainfall at each locality for the entire year,
the number of days on which *01 inch or more fell, and the
greatest rainfall on one day, were as follows :

Namo of Station.

RainftOI.

Number
of

Wot Dayt.

Qreotest
FfeUin
One Day.

IndMt.

Inehac

Princetown, Dartmoor . ...
Holne Yicaiage, near Ashbroton . . .

106.82

91.18

3.16

Druid, Ashbarton . ...

67.98

210

2.27

Lamoma, Torquay . ...

42.25

224

1.84

Babbacombe . ...

43.15

216

1.94

Teignmouth . ...

43.59

,.78

Brookbank, Teignmouth . ...

42.59

202

2.16

Sidmount, SidmouHi . ...

35.85

202

Biampford Speke . ...
Exe Villa, Tiverton

39.51

225

1.29

46.85

222

2.09

Langtree Wick . ...

55.66

233

1.24

Signed) . W. C. Lake, Hon. Sec. of the Committee.
^Signed) Edwakd Pabfitt, ChaiMian (pro tern.)

Digitized by Google

THIRD REPORT OP THE COMMITTEE

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ON THE METEOROLOGY OF DEVONSHIRE.

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THIED REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.

Third Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr. 0, Doe,
Rev. W. HarpUy, Mr. N. S. ffeineken, Mr. H. S. QUI,
Mr. R. J. King, Mr. E. Parfitt, Mr. W. Pengelly, Mr. J.
B. Rawe—for the purpose of noting the discovery or occur-
rence of such facts, in any departmmt of scientific inqmry,
. . and connected with Devonshire, as it may he desirable to
place on permanent record, hit Tnay not be of sufficient

. . importance in themselves to form the subjects of separate
papers.

Edited by W. Pbmobllt, F.&.8., f.o.s., &c, Hon. Secretary of the Committee.
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

This Report includes Memoranda of facts discovered or
observed up to the end of May, 1878.

The portions of the Report which are not placed within
inverted commas are editorial The sources whence all the
other portions have befen derived are either fully stated, or
are indicated by initials, the full import of which is as
follows : —

P. F. S. A. = Mr. P. F. S. Amery, Druid, Ashburton.
W. B. = Mr. W. Ball, jun., Torquay.

H. S. G. = Mr. H. S. Gill, Exe Villa, Tiverton.
W. G. = Mr. W. Gasking, Babbacombe.

A. C. L. G. G. = Dr. A. C. L. G. Gunther, British Museum.
N*. S. H. = Mr. N: S. Heineken, Sidmouth.
. J. S. J. . = Mr. J.. S, James, Plymouth.
W. C. L. = Dr. W. C. Lake, West Cliflf Terrace, Teign-
mouth.

W. P. = Mr. W. Pengelly, Lamoma, Torquay.

J. S. = Mr. John Stiggins, Babbacombe.

T. T. = Torquay Times (Torquay Newspaper).

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ON SCIENTIFIG MEMORANDA.

W. M. N. = Western Morning Nem (Plymouth News-
paper).

W. T. = Western Times (Exeter Newspaper).

G. P. W. = Mr. G. P. Wilson, Strand, Torquay.

R R W. = Eev. Preb. Wolfe, Arthington, Torquay. .

The Memoranda have been arranged under separate Heads^
in alphabetical order, and preceded by Roman numerals.
Where necessary each Head has been divided into Sub-heads,
numbered in Arabic numerals; these have, in some cases,
been subdivided into Topics, each preceded by a Roman
capital letter; and, finally, certain Topics have been sub-
divided into Memoranda, each preceded by a small italic
letter.

It must be needless to say that each of the writers is alone
responsible for the statements he makes ; and that the object
of the Committee in their Reports is to record facts, not to
speculate on their explanations, or bearings, or connections.

I. ARCHiKOLOGICAL.

(1) "A thumb flint, or scraper, was found in Cottington
Garden, Sidmouth, in 1878. (N. S. H.)"

(2) "A flint flake, blanched, was found by Mr. H. Ede, on
Sidmouth beach, in January, 1878. (N. S. H.)"

(3) "An implement of grey flint or chert was fouud by
Mr. H. Ede, on the surface of the ground of the New Ceme-
tery, Sidmouth, on 30th May, 1878, and is now the property
of Mr. P. 0. Hutchinson. (N. S. H.)"

Mr. Hutchinson has been so good as to favour me with
charmingly executed sketches of two aspects of this fine tool,
which leave little or no doubt of its being a Palaeolithic tooL
The sketches indicate an implement 5*2 inches long, and 2*4
inches in greatest breadth.

(4) "On 16th July, 1877, a Torquay cab driver, named
Clark, brought me an antique razor, stating that he bought
it, a few days before, of a labouring man, working near
Smoky House, in the parish of Marldon, South Devon, who
found it, as he stated, a few days before whilst at work in an
adjacent field. The soil in the grooves of the handle, and
the marks of recent friction on the blade, are precisely as
when I received the razor from Clark.

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THIRD RBPOET OF THE COMMITTEE

"Mr. A. W. Franks, keeper of the British and Mediaeval
Antiquities, and of the Ethnographical Collections at the
British Museum, to whom I forwarded it, says * It seems to
belong to the first half of the 18th century. Is it a farmer's
razor?'

" The article belongs to my private collection. (W. P.) "

(5) " On 26th January, 1878, Edward Soper, foreman of the
excavators employed on the Torquay Sewerage Works, near
Torre Abbey, brought me a dagger handle, stating that it was
found 8 feet below the surface, lying on, not in, the bed of
peat which, as is well known, underlies the soil in, at least,
the greater part of that low-lying district ; and that it was met
with in 1877, near the * Spanish Bam,' about 1 foot from a
large bone.

" Mr. A. W. Franks says, ' The dagger handle looks old from
the pattern on it, but is probably of the 14th century.'

" The specimen, as well as the bone found near it, belongs
to my private collection. (W. P.) "

(6) See IV. D.

XL ICHTHYOLOGICAL.

(1) A Dmyaskire PompUvs: — In June, 1877, Mr. William
Gasking, of Babbacombe, near Torquay, presented to the
Torquay Natural History Society a specimen of Pompilus =
Blackfish = C(yryphoena ponynltts, Lin., and gave me the
following statement respecting it : — " The fish was taken by
William Gasking, of the Gary Arms, Babbacombe, on 14th
June, 1877, in a seine, about a stone's throw from the Gary
Arms, with about 900 mackerel and a fine specimen of the
Lesser Sun-Fish = Tetraodon mola, Lin. It has been sub-
mitted to Mr. P. H. Gosse, F.R.S., by whom it was identified.
(W. G.)"

So far as I am aware there is no record of the species
having been previously taken on the coasts of this county,
nor is it included in Mr. Parfitt's IcMKyic Fauna of Devon.
(See Tram. Dev&n. Assoc,, vol. vii. pp. 106-149, 1875.)
Nevertheless, it is not quite a stranger to British waters.
(See Couch's History of the Fishes of the British Islands, vol ii
pp. 123-6.)

The Babbacombe specimen, now in the Museum of the
Torquay Natural History Society, is shorter than any of those
described by Mr. CoucL

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ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.

77.

(2) Hermaphrodite Herrings : — On Saturday, 3rd February,
1878, Mr. John Stiggins, of Babbacombe, took to the rooms
of the Torquay Natural History Society a large portion of a
herring ( = Clupea harenguSy lin.), which had been cooked
and partially eaten; and he gave me the following infor-
mation respecting it: — "On Saturday, 26th January, 1878,
Mr. Thomas Stiggins, my brother, fisherman of Babbacombe,
took, in a moored or anchored net in Babbacombe Bay, about
200 herrings, all meshed. One of them, on being cooked on
the following Monday, was found by the person who was
eating it to have two roes — one hard, the other soft. Before
it was taken to the Museum it was shown to Mr. P. H. Gosse,
the well-known marine zoologist. (J. S.) "

Mr. A. C. L. G. Gunther, F.R.S., &c.. Keeper of the Zoological
Collections in the British Museum, writing me on the subject,
on 4th February, 1878, says "Hermaphrodite herrings are
not common ; yet they cannot be called uncommon, as nearly
every year an instance is recorded. (A. C. L G. G.) "

The specimen is now in the collection of the Torquay
Natural History Society.

(3) FifteenrSpined Stickleback On 11th February, 1878,
Mr. William Ball, jun., of Torquay, took to the rooms of the
Torquay Natural History Society a specimen of the Fifteen-
Spined Stickleback = Sea Adder = AciUeatus marinm major,
Jonston, carefully preserved in spirits, and with it the follow-
ing memorandum : — " The specimen was found in a badly-
caulked butt in the ship Lizzy Fox, of Torquay. The ship
had been leaking for five or six days previously, but after
lying one day in Torquay harbour the leak stopped. On
examining the vessel at low water, on 4th February, it was
found that the hole in her side had been effectually filled by
this fish, which had probably passed within a short distance
of the hole, and been drawn into it by the suction. (W. B.) "

The specimen now forms part of the Torquay Natural
History Society's collection.

The species is well known to belong to our Devonshire
ichthyic fauna, and is included in Mr. Parfitt's list. {Trans.
Devon. Assoc, vol. vii, p. 136.)

Without commenting on Mr. Ball's hypothesis of the
specimen having been drawn into the hole by " suction," it
may not be out of place to remark that Mr. Couch says of
the species, "It has drawn to itself special notice from its
having been discovered to be in the habit of forming a nest
for the securing of its young. . . . The places selected for

VOL. X. E

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THIRD REPORT 0F THE CX)MMITTEE

these nests are usually in harbours or some recess near the
open sea, where, with the presence of the pure water of the
ocean, there is shelter from the open violence of the waves."
{History of the Fishes of the British Islands. By Jonathan
Couch, F.L.S. Vol. i, pp. 180-1.)

la MAMMAUAK.

(1) Go/nine: —

The Western Morning News for 511st January, 1878, fur-
nished the following cutting: — "A Scotch collie, belonging
to Mr. James, coal merchant, of the Great Western Docks
[Plymouth], was taken on a voyage to the North in a collier
several months ago, and accidentdly lost at Sunderland.
One day this week the dog quietly walked into Mr. James's
ofBce, and, without recognizing any of the clerks, lay down
before the fire. When Mr. James returned he was amazed
to see his old and faithful friend, and calling the animal by
name was immediately overwhelmed by caresses. How it
has found its way back from so far North no one seems to
have any idea. ( W. M. N.)"

Mr. James, who was so good as to write me on the subject
on 30th January, 1878, says, "The dog was lost, by the
captain of one of my vessels, in Sunderland, about twenty
months ago ; and on the 14th of this month she walked into
my office, where she is now lying before the fira This is all
I know about the case at present (J. S. J.)"

(2) Eqrdne: —

The following paragraph appeared in the Western Times of
22nd January, 1878 :—

"-4 Real Hunter,— On Monday [21st January] Mr. William
Turner's harriers were out in the neighbourhood of Westward
Ho! and pursued a hare across the Burrows to the Sand
Hills. Being cruelly pressed puss took to the water just off
the Lifeboat-house. Mr. James Chappie being close on to
the hare at the time, jumped off his horse hoping to catch it,
but not wishing to go far into the water, desisted. Not so
the pony he was riding, which plunged gallantly in and for a
while kept in sight of the hare. It will give those who know
the coast an idea of what the pony did when we inform them
she was ultimately captured by the Preventive men in one
of their boats abreast of the Fairway or Bell Buoy, and was
towed into Braunton Sands very little, if anjrthing, the worse
for its swim. {W. T.)"

Mr. Chappie, to whom I wrote on the question, has been

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ON SCIENTIFIO MEMORANDA.

SO good as to inform me that the statement is perfectly
correct, that the pony was 1 hour and 20 minutes in the
water, and that his swim was about 3 miles.

IV. METEOROLOGICAL.

(1) Tempest of l^hr-15th October, 1877 :— On the night of
Sunday-Monday, 14th-15th October, 1877, a storm visited
Devonshire, and, at least, the south-western counties generally,
of so violent and destructive a character as to entitle it, per-
haps, to a place amongst these memoranda. According to
the Western Morning News of 16th October, throughout the
whole of Saturday, the 13th, the barometer at Plymouth had
a downward tendency, and on the following day the descent
was very rapid. On Sunday afternoon there was high wind
from S.S.K, which steadily increased as night came on, and
veered round to S.S.W., then to S.W. ; and between these two
latter points, from about 11 p.m. to after 3 on Monday
morning, it blew with a force that it is believed has not been
equalled within the last quarter of a century.

According to reports in the same paper the direction of
the wind was not quite the same on the northern coasts of
the county. At Ufracombe it was from the south on Sunday
afternoon ; about 9 p.m. it shifted to S.W., and increased in
force until midnight, when it chopped round to N.W., and
blew a furious gale.

No part of the county appears to have escaped unharmed,
as the following list of damages sustained will show.

(A) OenercU destructive effects of the storm : —

(a) *' Appledoi'e : — Two vessels were driven from their
moorings on to the Sprat Kidge Sands. {W, M. N.) "

Q>) " Ashburton: — After the gale the town looked much as
if it had been laid siege to with heavy artillery. Along the
Dart great numbers of trees had fallen. ( W. M. N.) "

(6') Ml-. P. F. S. Amery, writing me on 28th October, 1877,
said, " Such damage was done here [Ashburton] by the storm
the other day that a farmer told me that in one night more
thatch was blown off in Widecombe parish tl^an Ashburton,
Buckland, and Widecombe could produce in one season.
(P.F. S. A.)''

(c) "Axminster: — Thatched houses fared the worst, and
many of them were stripped ; hay and com ricks shared the
same fate; and several trees were uprooted. (TF. 7.)"

E 2

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THIRD REPOKT OF THB COMMITTEE

(d) ''Barnstaple: — A wooden shed was blown down at one
of the railway stations, and the zinc covering over the plat-
form of one of them was torn oft Two fine trees were
prostrated in the North Walk ; and an immense amount of
damage has been done to the roofs of houses. ( W. M. N,) "

(e) ''Bide/ord: — At the Globe Inn a high chinmey fell,
crashing through the roof and floor; numerous houses in
Meddon Street were completely stripped ; and in the Hart-
land Road large trees were rooted up. ( W, M, N.) "

(/) "Bigbury Bay: — The Spanish schooner Teves, No. 2,
was wrecked at Ghallaboro. All hands were saved except
the captain. (W.M.N,)''

(g) " Blackawton : — ^Nearly every roof suffered ; the people
were afraid to remain in their houses; and a large bam
belonging to Mr. Foale was demolished. (W. M. N) "

Qi) *' Bovey Tracey : — Trees were rooted up com ricks and
chimney pots gave way ; and sheds in exposed situations were
entirely stripped. {W, M, N.y

{%) " Bricham : — Almost every house suffered loss of some
kind; one or two were unroofed, and one lost the stack of
chimneys. Lower Brixham Church sustained considerable
damaga The William Bwmandy a sloop, broke adrift in the
harbour, and ran ashore at the back of King's Quay. Numer-
ous trees were uprooted, one farmer lost seven elms and five
apple trees. {W.M.N.y

U) "Crediton: — Labourers' cottages were in many in-
stances unroofed ; a great many apple trees were blown up
or snapped off at their stools ; and a large elm in a hedge
adjoining the People's Park was tom up bodily. The grounds
of Greedy, Downes, Newcombes Park, and Crass, lost many
fine trees ; the hmh of an elm fell on a bullock at Cheriton
Fitzpaine, and killed it; and traffic on the tumpike road
from Crediton to Newton St. Cyres was impeded several
hours by fallen trees. ( W. M. N.) "

(k) " Cullompton : — A chimney at the Devon and Comwall
Bfimk fell through the roof; and a large number of trees
were uprooted, one of which fell on a horse and lolled it

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ON SCIENTIFIC MEMORANDA.

(I) "Dartmouth: — The steamer Newcomin drifted from her
inoorings, and was stranded in the Ballast Cove; much
damage was done to houses, especially in the south part of
the town, where scarcely one escaped injury; ricks of com
were completely hlown away in the neighbourhood, and
numerous trees were prostrated. {W, M. N.) "

(m) '^Daiolish: — Trees were blown down, and several
houses sustained damage. (W. M. JV.)"

(n) "Devanport: — Houses were injured in all parts of the
town, and great damage was done to numerous roofs in the
Docl^ard. The Dock No. 3, which was being enlarged by
Mr. Pethick, was so much damaged that the loss is estimated
at £5,000. The iron drill-shed at Trevol, erected but two
years since, was entirely blown away, entailing a loss of
£1,000. In the Gun Wharf two trees were blown down. A
chimney at 47, George Street, fell with the roof, and buried
an inmate, but without causing fatal injuries. The Ullage,
yacht, 39 tons, was driven against the Dock No. 2, and sank
at once. The Tamur, schooner, 77 tons, drifted against the
sea wall at Keyham Yard, where she sank. The Oeneral
Peel broke from her moorings and drifted ashore at New
Passage, taking the ground on the chains by which the steam
ferry * bridge ' pl3dng to Torpoint is worked, so that the traffic
had to be carried on by means of boats. {W, M, N) "

(o) *^ Exeter: — Long pieces of wall were blown down; a
chimney fell on an adjacent house in High Street, but did
no farther damage than breaking through the slates and
plastering ; and several other chimneys fell in various parts
of the city. At Pinhoe, about 2*5 miles N.E. from Exeter, a
rather tall chimney fell through the roof of a house and
killed Miss Ann Bambury, one of the inmates. (TT. M, N.) "

{o') "Great Elms were uprooted or snapped in two; at
West View Terrace, at the end of Bartholomew Yard, a
back tenement was blown clean away; in Centre Street the
chimney of a bakery fell on the roof of an adjoining house
and smashed it in; the t^nts erected at the back of the
Hospital for the shelter of the patients when out for exercise,
were destroyed ; a falling tree cut off the end of the house
known as The Shrubbery, Barnfield, and, by the shock, broke
every pane of glass in the house; several roofs of houses
were blown off, and the inmates had to seek shelter else-
where ; a wall at the back of a nursery was blown down, as

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THIKD REPOBT OF THE (COMMITTEE

was another at the bottom of Summerland Crescent; the
roof of a house in Bellair Place, Mount Radford, was lifted
from its bearings, and the ceiling of one of the bedrooms
was so smashed as partly to bury the occupants; and a
laige stack of chinmeys at 6, Park Place, fell into the garden.
At Alphington nearly all the thatched roofs were blown
away, some haystacks were overturned, and the walls at the
back of two new houses near the Alphington Boad were
blown down. (W. T.y

(p) ^'Exmmth: — An end wall and a stack of chimneys
nearly 60 feet high, part of a house recently erected in Morton
Crescent, were completely blown down ; a chimney from the
Assembly Room was blown over on the adjoining house, and
went right through to the ground floor ; another chimney fell
through the roof of a house in Waterloo Place ; a wall at the
end of the Parade was blown down ; and almost every house
in the town sufTered somewhat considerably. ( W, if. N) "

{p') "The roads were blocked with fallen trees, and four
boats were sunk {W. T) "

(j) Rorrabridge : — In the neighbourhood of Horrabridge,
Maristow, and Meavy several immense trees were uprooted
and hurled a considerable distance ; several roofs and chim-
neys were blown away; and many bams were completely
demolished. {W. M. K)"

(r) ''nfracombe : — Trees were blown down, and stacks of
hay and com were scattered broadcast. {W. M, N,) "

(f) "About half the roof of the Railway Station was blown
off ; and a chimney which fell on a tobacconist's roof went
right through into the shop. (W. T.) "

(s) ^'Ivyhridge : — Much damage was done to roofs of houses;
hay and com ricks were entirely swept away; and numer-
ous trees, including a very large beech, were blown down.
(W.M.Ny*

(t) Kingsbridge : — There was scarcely a house in the town
that had not its roof injured; and throughout the district
com stacks were blown down and scattered in all directions.

(u) ''Loddi8mll:—SuSGTed severely. (IT. M. N.) "

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(v) "Zydford: — Houses were unroofed; chimney-tops were
blown about ; stacks of bay and com were overturned ; and
large trees were rooted up. ( W. M. N.) "

(w) '^Marlborough: — Several houses were partiaUy unroofed.

(x) "Afodbury: — The gale was felt severely; trees were
uprooted; roofs were blown off; and windows with their
shutters were broken. (W. M, N.)"

(y) "Newton Abbot: — Great damage was done to house
property in Queen Street The lead was stripped off one
roof, carried across the street and over houses on the opposite
side. (W.M.N,)''

(y) •* In the South Devon Cricket Ground, two large trees
were blown down, and another snapped in two ; the adjacent
villfi^ of High week suffered considerably — houses being
partially unroofed, chimneys blown down, and trees uprooted
in all directions ; and the trees at Bradley and at Sandford
Orleigh shared a similar fate. The neighbouring villages of
Kingsteignton, Denbury, Ogwell, KingskerswUl, and Teign-
grace were also roughly visited. ( JV. T.) "

{z) " Newton St. Cyres : — A large tree fell on a house, and,
after smashing the roof, entered a bedroom. ( W. T) "

(a*) North Tawton: — Eicks were overturned; a couple
of trees fell and smashed the Sectory garden wall ; and the
farmers have suffered very severely. ( W. T) "

(6*) Paignton: — Slates and chimney pots flew in all
directions ; the old part of the town — which is for the most
part thatched — suffered most; and many trees were uprooted,
including some fine ones near the Old Palace Tower. At
Blagdon, four ricks of com were carried off. {W. M. N) "

(c*) " Plymouth : — In every street, terrace, alley, and lane,
slates, chimneys, wooden and zinc shutters, signboards, and
trees were hurled in all directions; several houses were
almost entirely unroofed ; the roof of a store in Higher Street
was blown completely off ; a large number of trees in Green
Lane and Lipson Teri^ace were broken down ; and there was
a great destmction of trees at Houndisconibe House, North
Road. On the borders of Dartmoor, the greatest damage was

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done in the valleys rather than upon the open hills. Farm
houses and cottages suflFered badly; wheat stacks were un-
roofed; and great havoc was occasioned among trees and
shrubs.

"A considerable amount of damage was done to shipping :
The Mabel, yacht, 12 tons, and the Victory, yacht, sank at
their moorings, in Catwater ; the Sea-gull, yacht, 7 tons, sank
similarly under the Hoe; the Lady Selbome, three-masted
brigantine, 210 tons, the Agnes, schooner. 111 tons, the Lady
Avenel, schooner, 152 tons, and the Emma, yawl, yacht, 19
tons, were driven ashore at Deadman*s Bay; the Czarowitz,
brig, 120 tons, and the Whisper, pilot cutter, 35 tons, were
driven ashore at Bear's Head; the Jarid and Jane, schooner,
42 tons, was driven ashore at Queen Anne's Battery; the
Albion, schooner, 59 tons, was driven ashore under the Hoe;
the Dagmar, barque, 1,178 tons, and a German barque were
driven ashore in Stonehouse Pool ; the Rothesay, iron steam
ship, 217 tons, was driven ashore near the Mewstone; the
Sans Souci, French brigantine, was driven from her anchors,
but, her foremast having been cut away, she was taken into
Catwater without further damage; the Joseph and Mary,
schooner, came into collision with the Malta, yacht, and
each was damaged ; the 2>r. Petermann, Grerman barque, was
damaged by coming into collision with H.M.S. Himalaya,
troopship; and a Norwegian brigantine was injured at her
moorings by several vessels drifting on her.

" The barque B, H. Jones, of Newport, Monmouthshire, was
proceeding down Channel and had got near Falmouth, but
was compelled to run for Plymouth, when, instead of securing
the shelter of that harbour, she ran on the breakwater, about
100 yards east of the lighthouse. With the exception of one
man only, the entire crew of 18 officers and men, as well as
the captain's wife and child, were drowned. The sole survivor,
Alfred Richard Blom, a German seaman, stated that in the
tremendous surf he managed to get hold of a spar, and he
believed that some others of the crew also got on parts of the
wreck. He was carried inside the breakwater, but knew not
how, nor could he say how long he remained in his perilous
position. Within the breakwater, the Turquoise, corvette,
Capt. George Robinson, under orders for the Pacific, was
lying at anchor; and Blom's cries being heard on board,
Frederick Barnes, captain's coxswain, spmng overboard with
a line, swam to the spot whence the cries proceeded, and
returned with Blom.

" It was found at low water that a large vessel had sunk

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inside the breakwater, across which her chain cables trailed.
This was at first supposed to be the It, H, Jones, but a diferent
opinion appeared to have prevailed subsequently, and there
seemed reason to fear that beyond the bare facts that a ship
had in the storm been driven over the breakwater and sunk
on the inside, nothing whatever was known about her. The
R. H, J(mes was probably broken to pieces. ( W, M. K) "

(d*) " Plympton : — Hundreds of trees were blown down ;
farm buildings were unroofed; and the inmates of some
houses had to be removed in the middle of the night.
(JT.if.iV.)"

(e*) "Bohorough Down: — The stables belonging to the
Eock Hotel were dismantled ; a large tree at the rear of the
house was blown down; some houses were injured ; and hay-
ricks, as well as several large trees in the neighbourhood,
sustained damage. ( W, M. N.) "

(/•) ''Saicombe : — Boats of all sizes that had broken adrift
were thrown together under the Snapes shore ; barges filled
at their anchors ; and many roads were blocked up by large
trees falling across them. At Rickham Sands, a little to the
eastward, a foreign vessel was wrecked during the night, and
all hands must have perished. She is supposed to have been
a French vessel in ballast ( W. if. K) "

(g*) ^'Sidmouth: — A large brick chimney fell ; lead copings
were blown down ; and trees were prostrated. The Sarah of
Yarmouth, a small schooner, went ashore about a mile east
of thetowa (W.M.K)"

{g*') "Scarcely a house escaped, and some people had to
leave their dwellings. ( W. T) "

(A*) " SouthTnolton : — Eoofe in many places were shattered
to pieces ; and an ash tree; supposed to be 200 years old, was
blown down. (W. T.)"

(i*) "Starcross : — A falling chimney carried in the roof of
a house, and the whole fell across two beds, where six children
were asleep, but no serious injury was sustained. (JV, M. N.) "

(J*) "Stoke Canon : — Half a dozen elms were blown down,
as were about a dozen other trees, between the Weir and the
Water-works at Pynes. (fT. T.)

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(ft*) StoneJumse : — The iron roof of the Commissariat
Stores, near the AdmiraFs Hard, was completely blown away;
part of it fell on a house in Cremyll Street, and crushed it
entirely ; whilst a second portion of it broke in the roof of
another house in the same street The roof of still another
house in Cremyll Street was so injured that the inmates
escaped with difficulty. ( W. M. K) "

(I*) *' Tavistock : — Huge trees were ripped up ; houses were
unroofed ; the engine-shed at the Eailway Station was blown
down ; some of the coal-sheds were demolished ; and the new
church was damaged. ( W. M. N.) "

(tti*) " Teignmouth : — The Life Boat saved 10 fishermen
who could not get over the bar ; great damage was done to
house property; trees were blown across the roads; and
many of the boats in the harbour were sunk or damaged."

(n*) '^Torqtuiy: — Houses were much damaged; the Oimara,
a large yacht, broke from her moorings in the outer harbour,
and was driven ashore near the Torbay Hotel. (W, M, N,) "

(n*") " Numerous fine trees, some of them of considerable
age, were uprooted, or otherwise greatly injured, in the Tor
Abbey avenues, the public roads and walks throughout the
neighbourhood, and the grounds belonging to the villas.
(T.T.y

(o*) " Tam7igton:— In South Street, Well Street^ and Calf
Street immense damage was done. A chimney stack in a
tanyard fell ; an immense ash tree, which has stood for ages
on Barley Grove, was destroyed ; and much damage was done
to com ricks at several places in the vicinity. (W. T) "

{p*) **Totne8: — Chimney pots were blown down; some
houses were partially unroofed ; and an incredible number of
trees were uprooted, of which 17 were near the Eailway
Station, and about 20 at Follaton. Several large ones fell
at Bridgetown Cemetery and broke tombstones. ( W, M, N) "

(B) Effect of the Storm on Vegetation: —

(a) In a letter dated "Exeter, Oct 29, 1877," which
appeared in the Western Times, Mr. Parfitt directed special
attention to the eflfect the storm produced on vegetation,

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remarMng "that nearly all trees, shrubs, and flowers, that
were exposed to the ftiry of the storm, presented the next
morning the appearance of having been scorched. The leaves
were turned brown and shrivelled up, as if they had been
subjected to the action of fire. Several sallow bushes had
their leaves on the west side torn into shreds, split from the
edge to the mid-rib, presenting a curious appearance, but not
having turned so brown as those of the ash, elm, apple, elder,
white-thorn, privet, oak, and Spanish chestnut, all of which,
on the west side, were completely withered up and of a deep
brown colour, whilst the other sides of the trees remained
green as before the storm. The coriaceous-leaved plants, such
as common laurels, were not so much hurt eis the softer-leaved
plants ; the young leaves and shoots of the laurel, however,
were wither^ A thin-leaved variety of the common laurel,
growing in Mr. Sclater's Nursery, was so affected that nearly
all the leaves on the west side had the appearance of being
burnt on their edges. The ivy and holly seem almost the
only trees that escaped. The leaves of the wild rose, quite
green before the storm, were after it crisped and withered up.
. . . Various suggestions have been made as to the cause of
this withering of the leaves exposed to the full fury of the
gale, for it is only those that were so exposed that have been
thus afTected. Some have attributed it to the salt that the
wind took up in its passage over the waves of the sea. . . .
Another suggestion is that the velocity of the wind dried up
the sap in the leaves, and so they withered after they were
exhausted of moisture. Again, it has been said that it was
a hot wind, something irffcer the character of a sirocco.

{E. p.y

Mr. Parfitt is sceptical about the salt hypothesis. In a
manuscript communication with which he favoured me on
the subject, he states that Mr. Gamlen had observed that the
flowers and plants about Taunton had suffered just in the
same way as at Exeter.

(&) Early last May, Mr. Parfitt favoured me with Some
fwrther Notes on the Effects of the Oale, in which he says,
"On Friday, 19th April, 1878, a friend and I made an excur-
sion along the crest of the high ground from Exmouth to
Budleigh Salterton; and, where the vegetation is fully ex-
posed, I was greatly struck by the appearance of the black-
thorn and furze; all the small shoots and branches fully
exposed to the west (the direction from which the gale blew)
were kUled. This was very conspicuous at the time of our

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visit, as the parts not so exposed were either in flower or in
leaf. Some of the larger exposed branches indicated that life
was not quite extinct, as they were putting forth a few buds,
though otherwise withered and dried up. Wherever a hillock
or rise in the land broke the force of the gale, we found the
bushes thus protected either in leaf or in flower, and thus
contrasting strongly with those which, through exposure,
were dried and withered.

"Bushes exposed to sea breezes, and occasionally severe
gales laden with salt spray, from the east, showed nothing,
on that aspect, of the withered or dried-up appearance which
their other side exhibited.

" On one hedgebank the furze had quite a bleached appear-
ance, relieved by only a few buds breaking out of the older
wood; whilst the bushes not so exposed were in full
blossom.

" Two bay trees, at Budleigh Salterton, though trimmed and
shaved, showed that they had been very much cut and
withered on the west side, contrasting strongly with the
opposite side, which was entirely unaffected and of the
natural green colour. (E. P.)"

(c) Dr. Lake was so good as to send me, on 17th May, 1878,
the following Memorandum of his observations of the effect
of the same storm on vegetation at Teignmouth : —

"There was a singular parched condition of vegetation
wherever it had come within the influence of the storm, the
like of which I had never seen. Dry leaves and twigs were
strewed about in some places ankle deep, while the leaves
remaining on the trees were sere and blasted. In the garden
the geraniums were withered; the stems and leaves of the
sweet-scented verbena torn, faded, dried up, and stiffened;
the rose bushes in the same condition, with the flower buds
and blooms cut off, in some cases, as sharply as if with a
knife. Everything that had caught the force of the wind
looked as if the breath of a furnace had passed over it.
Considering the freshness and beauty of the gardens on the
day before, the words of Joel seemed hardly inappropriate :
* The land is as the garden of Eden before them, and behind
them a desolate wilderness.' [ii. 3.] All vegetation also and
all the doors and window-ledges of the houses were covered
with fine sand, while the streets looked furrowed and bare as
after impetuous rain.

" The maximum and minimum temperatures of the days
from Oct 11th to 16th inclusive were as follow : —

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October 11th

Max. 60^-0

Min. 45«-2

12th
13th
14th
16th
16th

63°-4
62°-5
65°-6

66°0

46°-9

62°-2

57^-2
410-4

42°-7

" On the 14th, though the wind was high, yet the air all
through the day felt warm, and the maximum temperature of
that day was the highest for the month. The amount of
rainfall too, from the first of the month to that measured on
the morning of the 15th was only -06 inch, of which -02 was
measured on the 11th, -03 on the 13th, and only -01 on the
morning after the storm. Very high winds are usually
accompanied by heavy rain, but with this storm such was
not the casa It may be remarked also that the wind blew
along the estuary of the Teign and from the land, and not
across the sand of the sea shore. (W. C. L.) "

(d) I may add that within a fortnight after the gale, I had
occasion to go to Monmouthshire, and noted that there, ajs
well as throughout the journey, trees and shrubs were affected
precisely as Mr. Parfitt and Dr. Lake describe ; and it may
be added that not only was the injury restricted to the
windward side of each plant, but that plants having a house
or any other comparatively lofty object between them and
the south-western horizon escaped with little or no injury,
whilst such as stood at, or a little beyond, the leeward end
of a narrow opening between such objects suffered severely.

"It may not be out of place to mention that a similar
change was produced on evergreens by a north-easterly gale
early in 1870, and that I noted its occurrence in various
parts of Devon, Somerset, and Dorset. A fine specimen of
the cedar of Goa = Cupresms lusitanicus, WUl., in my
garden, was much injured on the north-eastern side on that
occasion, and though perfectly healthy, it still retains distinct
evidence of the effect of the gale.

" It may be further added that Mr. J. 0. Bellamy directed
attention to, and discussed, phenomena of the same kind in
his Natural History ofSoiUh Devon (1839), pp. 179, 180, and
182.

" The subject occupied much attention at Torquay on the
occurrence of the injury caused by the storm of 1870,
already mentioned ; and two or three papers on it were read
to the Natural History Society of that town. One of these,
which I had the pleasure of preparing and printing, con-
cluded with the following general statements : —

THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

"'Ist. — That winds from the west and south, as well as
from the east and north-east, are capable of producing the
same blighting effect.

" ' 2nd. — ^That the effect is most marked on the windward
side of the injured plant.

" * 3rd. — ^That it is not restricted to any particular part of
the year, since it has occurred in February, May or June,
July, and October.

"*4th. — That it is not due to low temperature, for Mr.
Bellamy expressly states that it occurs simultaneously with
a rise of temperature, and gives instances of its occurrence
in the summer.

" ' 5th. — That it occurs with wet winds, and in wet seasons,
as frequently at least as in dry ones.

" ' 6th. — That in every recorded instance it has been pre-
ceded by a very high wind.

" * 7th. — That plants sheltered by hedges, &c., are at most
but little injured.

" ' 8th. — ^That the laurel is extremely liable to be affected
by the blighting agent.' (W. P.) "

Mr. Parfitt writes that information reached him, that, " with
the exception of the horses, all the animals on a farm near
Barnstaple made the most dismal cries during the storm. The
cows, pigs, sheep, and dogs kept up continuous mournful cries,
which, with the howling and roaring of the wind, made an
impression on the hearer never to be forgotten. (E. P.)"

(D) The Tor Abbey Elm:—

"Amongst the numerous trees uprooted in the Torquay
district by the tempest of 14th-15th October, 1877, was a
magnificent elm, which had stood in front of Ehrenberg
Hall, near Tor Abbey. Between its roots was a considerable
quantity of rubbish, placed beneath the tree, it may be
presumed, when it was planted, and consisting of bones —
including those of horse, ox, sheep, and dog— oyster shells,
and pieces of roofing slate. The object of this memorandum
is to direct attention to the presence of the last, for it
cannot be doubted that they afford evidence that, in the
Torquay district, slate was used for roofing as long ago
as the date when the tree was planted; and the great size
of the elm has suggested that that date was probably some
centuries ago. It happened that after its fall the stem was
sawn across at what would be about three feet above the
ground before the prostration. The horizontal section proved

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to be somewhat elliptical, and measured 5 feet 3*5 inches in
greatest diameter by 4 feet 10 inches in least, thus giving a
mean diameter of rather over 5 feet, and a circumference of
nearly 16 feet I carefuUy counted the rings of "annual
growth " and found them 144, but, whilst I have no doubt of
tiiG correctness of this nimiber, it should be stated that one of
the workmen — H. Grute — had previously made them 131,
and another— W. Gidley— 138.

" Though the tree was quite vigorous in all its branches, and
was without indications of decay, it had been feared that it
was not perfectly secured in the soil, and, as a precautionary
measure, props had been applied to it two or three years
before its overthrow. Nor did the sections made through the
trunk after its fall disclose the least trace of loss of vitality ;
it was perfectly sound from bark to centre, and the rings,
completely continuous around the entire periphery, presented
no peculiarity beyond that of being thickest on the southern
or warmest side.

*• It having been suggested that trees may, perhaps, continue
to live long after they have ceased to grow, and that, in such
a case, the rings would show the duration, not of life, but of
growth merely, I submitted the case to one of the most emi-
nent botanists of the present day, who, in his reply, dated
9th November, 1877, stated that old trees, in an imperfect
condition, may still continue to live, and form wood on one
side only, when it would not be possible to arrive at more
than an approximate idea of the length of the period subse-
quent to the formation of the perfect rings. He added that
popular tradition often greatly exaggerated the age of large
trees ; that in his opinion the tree under notice was not more
than 144 years old ; and that the elm, being a fast-growing
tree, would become of great size in that time under favourable
conditions.

" The tree, therefore, may be said to have disclosed nothing
more than the fiact that as early as the year 1733 slate was
occasionally used for roofing on the shores of Torbay. I may
add that, from its characters, the slate, represented by the
fragments found under the tree, was probably derived from
Devonshire. (W. P.)"

(2) Meteor of Snd December, 1877 : — A brilliant meteor was
noted at Torquay on the evening of 2nd December, 1877, and
two observers— the Rev. Prebendary Wolfe, mjl, Torquay, and
Mr. G. P. Wilson, Torquay — have been so good as to send me
the following memoranda respecting it : —

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(A) "I was standing very near the gate of *The Elms/ at
Torre, at about half-past 8 p.m., on 2nd December, 1877,
when a meteor appeared due south-west from where I stood.
It shot across the sky in a downward direction towards west-
south- west, and was visible about 5 or 6 seconds. It seemed
quite globular, and about as large as a moderator lamp — say
six inches in diameter. It was intensely luminous, rendering
every object quite visible. Its light, in character and quality,
was most like magnesium light. I looked at it steadily from
its first appearance to its obscuration without feeling any
unpleasant sensation in the eye. Its first appearance was a
burst of white light. It moved with great rapidity, leaving
a train of bright sparks behind. At the end of one-third of
its flight it flashed more brilliantly, and was instantly fol-
lowed by a bright red tail of flaming fire. The length of this
tail was about five times the diameter of the globe ; and the
tail itself was as distinctly flames, the product of fire— -
irregular, waving, lambent — as any flame from materials in a
state of combustion I ever saw. Its colour was red, like
ordinary flames, for its whole length, but the nucleus con-
tinued of the same intense white brilliancy from first to last.
No sparks were emitted after it burst into flame. The first
burst into flame was precisely as if a fire-balloon carrying a
magnesium light had caught fire. Indeed, I thought at the
moment it was a fire-balloon on fire. (R. R W.) "

(B) "As I had an excellent opportunity of seeing the
meteor on Sunday night, the 2nd December, a note on its
appearance may not prove uninteresting. Looking across
Torbay from a point on the road under Warren Hill, from
Torquay to the Railway Station, and about midway between
Cumper's Hotel and Abbey Crescent, at 8*20 p.m., a meteor
burst suddenly into view in a direction — from my position —
a few degrees west of south, i.e. between S.S.W. isind S., and,
speaking approximately, at an elevation of 35°. It had the
appearance of a ball of white fire, lighting up the country
like a fine star from a sky-rocket, and having an apparent
diameter of about 2 inches. In its downward and dextro-
oblique {i.e. nearly westerly) course it left a momentary but
distinct red streak behind it along its track. The meteor
finally disappeared when at an elevation of about 10°. When
it had run about two-thirds of the entire length of its course,
the meteor disappeared for a moment — the red streak, however,
still remained visible — and then, reappearing as brilliant as
before, continued its course for about half its previous dis-

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tance ; the final disappearance being sudden, and unattended
by any visible or audible explosion.

"Unless caused by a cloud, the disappearance and re-
appearance seems certainly remarkable. The sky was per-
fectly cloudless, and, looking afterwards in the direction in
which the meteor had appeared, not the slightest trace of a
cloud could be discerned, while, from the brilliancy of the
ball and the short space during which it momentarily dis-
appeared, it would have required a narrow and very dense
cloud to have caused the obscuration, but in this case the
streak would probably have been obscured too. (G. P. W.) "

There are one or two points in the foi'egoing memoranda
deserving a brief remark :

The observers were educated men, not unaccustomed to
make and record observations, yet when speaking of the
apparent diameter of the meteor, whilst one estimates.it at
6 inches, the other sets it down at 2 inches. This cannot be
ascribed to a difference in the distances of the meteor from
them, as, speaking practically, the distances must have been
the same. In all probability even 2 inches was too liberal an
estimate.

Again, the observers were at the extremities of a line from
1'5 to 1*75 mile 'long, having a north-west and south-east
direction, and they were both looking towards the same part
of the sky. If, as he states, the observer at the north-western
end saw the meteor due south-west, the other ought to have
seen it, of course, in a more westerly direction ; but instead
of doing so, he saw it, he says, between S.S.W. and S.

(3) Storm of 28-29^A March, 1878 :— A violent storm
occurred on the 28-29th March, 1878, which, whilst it did a
great amount of damage in various parts of Devonshire, was
chiefly noteworthy on account of. its being attended by a
fall of snow unusually heavy for this county. The following
summary heis been compiled from reports in the Western
Morning News of the 30th of the month : —

(A) "The wind blew principally from K and RKE. At
Kingsbridge Eoad Station, on the South Devon EaUway, the
snow was so deep that trains could not pass. The up trains
leaving Plymouth at 8 35, 9*35, 10 35, and 2-15 were all con-
gregated together at Ivybridge, whilst the down trains from
Newton were detained at Totnes, and, as if to add to the
mischance, all telegraphic communication with Plymouth

VOL. X. F

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had been destroyed by the stonn. Notwithstanding the
efforts of the authorities, the first train did not pass until
about 3 p.m. An auctioneer who endeavoured to ride from
Ivybridge to near Modbury, where he was engaged to hold a
sale, had to abandon the attempt ; and he returned with the
report of * the snow being up to his horse's neck.' ( W, M.N,) *'

(B) The Kingsbridge correspondent wrote: "The coach
wlucli left here this morning at seven o'clock for the Kings-
bridge Road Station was obliged to return, as about three
miles from the station the road was completely blocked with
snow. The Earl of Devon, in a carriage with a pair of
horses, bound to the station, was also obliged to return to
Kingsbridge. A man wajs sent on horseback with the north
mail bags, which are generally conveyed by coach, but he has
been obliged to return, the road being quite blocked up with
snow. {JV.M.Ny

(C) The Exeter correspondent had to tell a similar tale.
"Information," he says, "reached Exeter in the course of
yesterday morning that the Barnstaple and Ilfracombe,
London and South- Western (Exeter and Devonport), South
Devon, and Culm Valley lines had been blocked by the snow.
It was reported that the destruction [? detention] on the
narrow gauge to Devonport took place at a point midway
between Lidford and Bridestowe stations, part of the first up
train having been thrown off the metals by running into a
drift in a deep cutting. A train was got through to Exeter
by a quarter to six o'clock. {W. M. N.) "

(D) " In the neighbourhood of Lydford," according to the
same paper, " the snowfall began about half-past ten o'clock
on Thursday night [28th March], and continued with almost
unabated violence until yesterday [29th March] at noon.
The drift was very great, and in some places was from twelve
to fourteen feet deep. The 7*20 a.m. train from Devonport
was entirely blocked in a cutting about half a mile from
Bridestowe. In some parts of the cutting the drift was as
high as the carriages, and in other parts the line was covered
to the extent of four and five feet. (W. M. N.) "

(E) A Tavistock correspondent states, that " Around Bride-
stowe and Lydford the snow drifted in some places to a depth of
thirty feet ; " and that " Mr. Chilworth, a butcher attending the
Tavistock market, had his cart of meat snowed up on Heath-
field, and it was not dug out until the evening. {W. M. N.y*

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V. NUMISMATICAL.

(1) " On 17th August, 1877, there was found in the ground
excavated for making a drain at Sidmouth, a silver penny,
Elizabeth. Eoea sine spina visible, fieverse. Arms of France
and England quarterly. Legend Lon : visible. (N. S. H.)"

(2) "A silver penny (? James), Mint mark wor., was
found on Sidmouth beach in October, 1877,. and is in Mr.
Hutchinson's collection, (ff. S. H.)"

(3) "A copper token — a Lyme Regis fartliing, 1669 — was
found on the margin of the river Sid, in October, 1877, and
is in Mr. Hutchinson's collection. (N. S. H.)"

(4) ''An Elizabeth shilling was found in the 'black sand'
on Sidmouth beach, in November, 1877, by Mr. J. Bond, to
whom it now belongs, (ff. S. H.)"

(6) " A Rhilling of William III., a sixpence of Greoiige II.,
and three small silver coins, nearly obliterated, were found in
the sands in front of the Esplanade, Sidmouth, in November,
1877, by a person named Willey. (N. S. H.)" •

(6) "A third brass of Valerianus is said to have been
found near the Submerged Forest on Sidmouth beach, by
Mr. E. Bartlett, on 1st April, 1878. (N. S. H.)"

(7) An Abbey piece, or Nuremberg token, was found in
Russd Street, Sidmouth, in April, 1878. (N. S. H.)"

(8) "A Sherborne token — Obverse, a Bishop's mitre.
Reverse, 'Sherborne farthing for the poor, 1669' — ^was found
on Sidmouth beach, by Mr. Hutchinson, to whom it now
belongs, in April, 1878. (N. S. H.)"

9. "A silver penny of Geoj^ III., Maundy Money, was
found on Sidmouth beach, in May, 1878, by Mr. W. Drewe,
to whom it now belongs. (N. S. H./'

(10) " Nwmnherg Jettons, or ComUers: — In the course of
the autumn of 1877, two Nuremberg tokens, which I bought
afterwards, were found separately in gardens at Tiverton.

" They are of thin brass, and are respectively '875 inch and
1 inch in diameter. The smaller one is of a type very often

F 2

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THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

found, not only in Devon, but in all parts of England. It
has on the Obverse, a rose in the centre of the field, and
around it, 3 crowns alternate with 3 fleurs-de-lis, Eeverse,
a globe surmounted with a Greek cross, enclosed by a tressure
of 3 curved and .3 angular sides. The legends are between
2 beaded circles,

"Ob. 'WOLF . LAVFER . RECH[en] PFEN[in]G . MACH '(er)

(Wolf Laufer, reckoning-penny maker,)

" Rev. * DAS . GLVCK . VND . GLAS . WIE . BALD . BRICT,'

(or, literally. The good luck and glass as soon break.)

" This legend is more uncommon than many others in my
collection, which have on the Rev. a proverb, or a short
sentence (in old German) of a moral, or religious character.
I have several, reading thus : * Gottes . segen . macht . reich '
(= God*s blessing maketh rich) ; * Das . wort . Gotes . bleibt
ewick * (= God*s word abides for ever) ; * Hevt . rodt . mor-
gen . todt' (= To-day ruddy (or alive), to-morrow dead);
* Gott . allein . die . ehre . sei * (=To God alone be the glory).
The above were all found, with several others, in Devon.

"The chief makers of these tokens were the members of
two Nuremberg families; viz, Laufer and Krauwinckel;
Hans, or Hanns (= the German John) Krauwinckel, being
the most numerous. There must have been a very extensive
series of them throughout the 17th century, as about 40,000
varieties are described in a work published in Prague, by
Jos. Neumann, in 6 vols, oct., 1870.

" The larger coin has on the Obverse, a full-faced bust of an
infantile boy, with a decorated robe, a laurel wreath on his
head, and the legend ' galucus delphinus.* On the Reverse
is a representation of a dolphin, which, it is said, had the
honour of giving its name as a title, from 1349 to 1830, to
the eldest son of the king of France, and heir of the crown.

" Legend, in an outer circle,

" Rev. ' CONRAD . LAVFFER . RECH : PFEN : MACH : IN . NVRNB '

[erg]. In an inner circle, ' j'aime et svis aime.'

" This singular token may be called a numismatic curiosity,
in having three languages upon it; viz., Latin, German, and
French, which I never saw upon any other coin. The loving
and beloved Dauphin became, I believe, * Le grand Monarque,'
whose armies so often met in battle our English forces under ^
the great Duke of Marlborough. He (Louis XIV.) was only
five years old when his father died, in 1643, and this fact
will determine the age of the token, which was probably
struck just before that event.

"Jettons (spelt jeton in the French language, derived from

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OK SCIENTIFIC M£MOBAin)A.

jeUr, to cast) were used formerly in reckoning numbers of
articles; and when 20 was counted one of the jettons was
cast aside, and this process was repeated till all were counted.
(H. S. G.)"

VL OKNITHOLOGY.

(1) White Swallow The following Note was cut from
the Western Morning News of 7th September, 1877 : —

"Sib, — In company with three other persons I watched for
some time this morning, from a garden in Bridgetown, a perfectly
white swallow on the wing. I believe such a variety to be very
rare. — Yours truly, Goonhilly,

"Totnes, September 5th, 1877. {W. M. N.)"

Bellamy, speaking of the Swallow, says, "White speci-
mens of this and the next species [The Martin, Hirundo
urbica] have been seen with us." — Natural History of South
Devon, 1839, p. 208.

(2) Dotterel and Cockle: — The following paragraph appeared
in the Western Times of 11th September, 1877 :—

"Bird Caught by a CooKLa — Mr. F. T. Eyre, writing from
Little HiU, Instow, to Land and Water^ says : A curious instance
of a bird (a dotterel) being caught by a cockle occurred here last
week. The bird was seen to rise and drop in the water, as if
overpowered, and on examination it was found that a cockle had
tight hold of the upper beak. My friend opened the cockle with
his knife, and the bird flew away. Doubtless the bird saw the
cockle's hole in the sand, took it for a worm-hole, and so got caught.

(W, T,y

Mr. Eyre, to whom I at once wrote on the subject, was so
good as to inform me, on the 13th of the same month, that
the statement was quite correct, and that, as far as he could
remember, the event occurred on Sunday, August 26, 1877.

Vll. REPTILIAN.

(1) The Oreen Lizard = Lacertia viridis, Aldrov.: — "On
Tuesday, 9th October, 1877, between 11 a.m. and noon, the
day being very fine, and the sun shining brightly, several
members of my family saw a specimen of the Green Lizard,
near the eastern end of the Eock Walk, Torquay, attached
to a naked vertical stone wall, having a ^outh aspect, fully
exposed to the sun, and having no vegetation within several
feet in every direction. The Lizard remained perfectly
stationaiy about six feet above the ground, so that the party

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ON 8Gl£NTinO M^OEAKDA.

had the oppurluuity of obsming it closely. Its colour was
a very vivid green.

" A few years ago — certainly not more than five— a specimen
of the same species was brought to my house by a working
man, who had taken it near the same spot It was seen by
several members of my family, and as I was from home at
the time> it was put under a hand glass on the grass in my
garden ; but on my return it had escaped, so that I was not
so fortunate as to see it.

Being aware that for some years previously Oreen lizards
had been occasionally seen near the spot where the specimen
was observed on 9th October, 1877, and being under the
impression that I had been told that in the first instance,
and about thirty years ago, they were brought there fipom
some locality beyond Britain, I wrote Dr. Battersby, formerly
resident at Torquay, and familiar with the natural history of
the district, requesting such information on the question as
he could give. In his reply, dated 6th November, 1877, he
stated that he, too, understood that some one had placed
specimens of the Green Lizard on Waldon Hill, Torquay,
that they had been brought from Jersey, that it was done
not earlier than 1842, that one of them had been killed by
some boys, and that at least one had been seen subsequently.

(W. p.y

(Signed) Wm. Pengelly, Hon. Sec. Com.
(Signed) Eichard John King, Chairman, pro tern,

gut June, 1878.

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THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON
DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE

Third Report of the Committee—Mr, P. F. 8. Amery, Mr.
R. Dyrnond, Bev. W. Harpley, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Mr.
R. J. King, and Mr. J. Brooking Rofwe—for the pu/rpose of
collecting notes on DevonsfUre FoUo-lAtre.

Edited by R. J. Kino, Hon. Secretary of the Oommittee.
(BMd at Paignton, July, 1878.)

The notices of Devonshire Folk-Lore, received since the meet-
ing of the Association at Kingsbridge in 1877, have been
arranged, so far as possible, under the distinct heads of
Stories and Traditions; Charms or Medical Superstitions;
Witchcraft; General Folk-Lore; and Popular Beliefs and
Sayings. The name of the contributor is appended to each
note, Richard John King.

L STORIES AND TRADITIONS.

Htnnock Folk-Lore (As told by Robert Coombes, Oct. 31,
1877). — "Parson Harris, who was parson at Hennock a good
bit ago, was a wonderful man. He knew a thing or two
more than other people. While he lived there was some
one to go to if anything was stolen. One of the parishioners
lost a turkey, and he went straight to the parson. The man
that stole it had plucked it and put it down to roast ; but the
spell did its work. The thief could do no other but snatch
it up, carry it on the spit to ita rightful owner, and give it up
to him. Then a man named Joseph Loveys lost his mallard
[i.e. his drake], and ' in course * he went and told the parson.
* Never mind,' said Parson Harris, * only you come to church
without fail next Sunday afternoon, and you shall see who
took your mallard.' So in the course of his sermon Parson
Harris said, ' I have one more thing to mention — the man who
stole Joseph Loveys' mallard has a feather of it sticking to

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THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

his nose.' Up went the hand of one man to his nose, while
all the others were staring about * That's the thief/ said
Parson Harris, pointing to him.

''Parson Harris's housemaid had a young man, and he
deserted her and went oflf to North Devon. She cried all the
week, and on Saturday evening told her master all about it
' There ; don't cry, my girl,' said he, ' the young man will be
glad enough to come back to you jK)-morrow before the day is
over.' But he did not come back that day, and good reason
too. The young man put his Common Prayer Book in his
pocket when he dressed in the morning ready for church, and
so the spell did not work. But when he took ofif his coat and
waistcoat at night to go to bed then the spell took effect.
He ran out of the house and started for Hennock ; and early
on Monday morning what should the girl see but her young
man at the back-door, panting and out of breath in his shirt-
sleeves, after walking elU night to come to her."

Parson Harris, whose tombstone remains in Hennock church-
yard, died about 1776.

Contributed by William Henderson, Ashford Courts Lud-
low.

John Cannes Rocks. — About a mile from Hennock Church,
between Bottor and Sharptor, stands a less conspicuous group
of rocks called John Cann's rocks. Thirty years ago the
name was thus accounted for in the neighbourhood.

John Cann was a wealthy Boyalist, who fought on the king's
side in the civil wars. But when the cause became hopeless,
and a price was set on his own head, he withdrew with such
of his treasures as he could carry off, and concealed himself
and them among these rocks, then much overgrown by trees.
One cavern was John Cann's parlour, another John Cann's
kitchen ; and at night he stole out to walk in an stdjoining
thicket, still called " Little John's Wood." After some time,
however, bloodhounds were used, and the fugitive was dis-
covered, carried off, and executed ; but the treasure is thought
still to remain undiscovered. W. Henderson.

The « Twisty Tree '* of Ide.— Close to the village of Ide, by
the side of the rocd, stands a " twisty tree," the bark of which
goes round it in a corkscrew fashion. This peculiarity is or
was thus accounted for.

The place was in old times haunted by a troublesome
spright, who turned the milk and the beer sour, kept butter
from coming and dough from rising, frightened maidens in

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101

the dark and set neighbours quarrelling, so that Ide was
aknost uninhabitable. An Oidbrd scholar was applied to,
and he laid the ghost in this tree. Every discomfort was at
once at an end ; but the spirit hates his prison, and never
ceases turning round and round within it, hence the twisti-
ness " of the tree. W. Henderson.

U. CHARMS, OR MEDICAL SUPERSTITIONS.

Charm for Bad Eyes. — My daughter went to-day to visit
an old woman in the village of Berry Narbor, who is ill She
said, " My grandchild had bad eyes, and we were told that
he could be cured only by a woman who had never seen her
father, blowing into his eyes through a hole in a nettle-leaf,
before she had put her hand to anything for the day.' His
father took him every morning for nine days following to
such a person at Ilfracombe, and his eyes got quite welL
For a girl it must be a man who had never seen his mother.

J. Manley Hawker.

VARIOUS CURES.

A servant girl, about 22 years of age, a native of Hather-
leigh, but now resident at Torquay, has given me the following
information respecting processes supposed, in her native village,
to be curative. W. Pengelly.

1. Cwre for "Girding** = Shingles** = Herpes zoster : —
The patient must be taken in the morning to " running water,"
where the attendant must pick seven rushes growing hy, but
not in the stream, and lay them on, and draw them a^oss the
afifected part, which must be divested of all clothing at the
time. As soon as they have been used, the rushes must be
thrown into the stream, in order " that the disease may be
washed away." The process must be repeated " three morn-
ings running," on each, of which fresh rushes must be gathered
and used.

2. Cure for any affection in the Eyes of a Child. — ^The
child must be taken in its ordinary clothing, and laid in a
newly-made grave, any time before the corpse is put in. It
is not necessary to repeat the act a second time. It is deemed
prudent to wrap a shawl about the child, in order that it may
not be chilled. My informant's cousin underwent the treat-
ment ; but, though she is now seventeen years of age, she has
never been benefited by it, as her eyes are still affected.

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102 THIBD BEPOET OF THE GOHMITTEE

3. Cvo'efor Fits.-^A person of the sex opposite that of the
patient must steal lead from the window of a church, during
divine service in the said church. The lead, bent into three
bead^like bodies and strung on a thread, must be worn rotmd
the neck by the patient. My informant took lead from the
window of Hatherleigh Church, strictly attending to the
prescribed ritual, for the purpose of curing her step-father,
who was afflicted with fits. He appeared to be quite cured
for some months, but the malady returned subsequently, and
afflicted him during the remainder of his life.

4 Cure for Warts, — My informant, whilst living at Hather-
leigh, had warts on her hands, and got rid of them by the
following remedy. She took a living snail — which, by cross-
examination, I found to be a slug — and impaled it on a thorn.
In two days the warts had all disappeared, and they have
never reappeared.

Warts may also be removed, she says, by stealing a piece
of meat — no matter from whom, or whether it be fresh or
salt — and burjring it in the ground. As the flesh rots, the
warts will disappear. Her grandfather told her that he, to
get rid of his warts, had stolen a bit of bacon from his aunt
and buried it, and that he soon lost his warts.

Cure for the Bite of an Adder.— On the 13th May, 1878, a
member of my family, living with me at Cator Court, in the
parish of Widecombe, in the course of conversation with his
farm servant, was told of the following specific for the bite
of an adder :

On the horses coming up from grass this morning, one
of them, a young chestnut mare, was found to have been
bitten on the back (by an adder we supposed) during the
night, and the place was much inflamed. Ammonia was
ordered and rubbed in ; but the hind, not believing in doctor's
stuff, made the following suggestion to his master, who was
standing by :

" Suppose, sir, two or three of us lies wait for the varmint
all night, and when we catch un fry un in a pan, and strike
the place. I mind Mat White two or three years 'gone was
stung blind, and they thought he'd 'a died, but they lied wait
and got un and fried un, and Mat got weU."

"But,** said his master, "suppose you don't get the real
varmint ? "

•* Then," answered the man, ** it won't be no good."

F. H. Firth.

ON DKVONSHIHE FOLK-LOBE.

103

WHITE WITCH.

In July, 1877, an inquest was held at Bishopsn^pton on
the body of a woman who died there under peculiar circum-
stances. She had been ill from rheumatic fever, and was
suffering from the usual debility incidental to the disease.
She had been treated by her ususd medical attendant, in
company with another who had been called in consultation.
The line of treatment not appearing to satisfy her relatives,
the white witch of the neighbourhood was called in, and this
worthy, after ascertaining the name, age, and day of birth of
the patient, consulted the planets, and then proceeded to go
through some sort of hocus pocus, with what one of the
witnesses described as " trincklements."

"He had some iron rods in anothw old tin box, seven or
eight in number, and other ' trincklemente.' There might
have been something on the top of the rods, banging on. I
think I saw one of the rods in my missus's hand. He talked
a good deal, but what he said I don't know. He told her she
might get better, and she mightn't He might have told her
to strike the iron rod on a piece of stuff — which looked to
me like iron — which he put on the table by the bedside."

The white witch was paid 25s. for this ceremony, but^
strange to say, the woman died, and an unappreciative bench
of magistrates condemned this professor of the healing art
to some weeks' imprisonment Fortunately for him there
was an informality in the proceedings, and the conviction
was quashed on appeal at the assizea

Paul G. Karkeek.

m. WITCHCRAFT.

Bewitched Figs. — If a pig dies through witchcraft the
witch may be discovered by the following process : Take the
heart of the dead pig, stick it fuU of needles and pins, and
roast it at the fire of the family to whom the pig belonged,
all the members of which miist be seated round the fire
watching the operations. During the process the witch
will enter the house. In other words, the fiiBt person who
enters the house whilst the heart is being roasted is the
witch.

In a case well known to my informant, the first person
who entered was believed by every member of the family to
be a very true and dear fiiend, and utterly incapable of
witchcraft

A person at Hatherleigh, who had lost several pigs in

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THIRD REPORT OF THE COMMITTEB

succession through witchcrafib, bought another, and, as a
precaution, placed a Bible over the door of the pig's house.
That pig lived, and "gooded." W. Pengelly.

IV. general folk-lore.

GvMing the Rainbow. — ^As I pewsed through the village of
Exwick, August 28th, 1877, a misty rain had just ceased, and
a continuous or perfect rainbow was depicted on a bank of
cloud. Two children were playing in the road, when one
said to the other, " Oh, there *s a rainbow ! Let *s cut it.*'
She then sought for and found two straws, which she placed
crosswise on the roeuL One of the straws was placed in the
direction of the expanded bow, and the other at right angles
to it, thus cutting the bow asunder. Hearing what the child
said, I turned round to observe the bow, and the process of
cutting it. Asking the child what it was for, or why she did
that^ she was very shy ; but at last I understood her to say
that it was to stop the rain. E. Parfitt.

Feathers and Dying. — A retired gardener, eighty-six years
of age, bom in Yorkshire, but resident in Torquay since 1846,
observing, on 24th January, 1878, a servant plucking a pigeon,
cautioned her not to put the feathers into a pillow. On being
asked "Why not ?" he replied, "You can't die upon pigeon's
feathers."— 24th January, 1878. W. Penqelly.

Thirteen sitting at Table together. — The servant mentioned
above said to a member of the family with whom she was
living at Torquay, "You know. Miss, there'll be thirteen
sitting at table this evening, so one of you'd better take
the kitten on your lap, to keep the bad luck." She added
that the kitten being simply in the room would not suffice ;
it must be sitting at table ; and that this would be the fact
if it were kept quietly on the lap of one of the party.

W. Pengelly.

De Rebus dbstetrids. — The very high value placed by seamen
on the child's caul is well known, and advertisements of this
infallible preservative from drowning being for sale may
occasionally be seen in the London papers now. The origin
of this myth is difficult to discover; but it may be that
because the child floats in utero, in the fluid contained on the
amnia, that therefore this amnia ought to enable its possessor
to float in after life. I am not aware if these interesting

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105

relics have ever been used in the manufacture of swimming
belts, but a curious adjunct to this belief has lately come to
my knowledge. A very old sage femme in Torquay, of im-
mense experience, recently told me that the placenta should
always be placed in a perfectly dry vessel, because if it con-
tain^ any fluid whatever the child would at some time
earlier or later in life surely die by drowning. She impressed
this on me very strongly, and I am sure from her manner
that she constantly acted up to it herself.

Paul Q. Ka^rkeek.

The Sun Shining on Christmas-day, — There is a superstition
prevalent amongst the farmers and country people, that
should the day be fine, and the sun shine on the apple trees
on Christmas-day, there will be good crops. If the sun does
not shine on this day, the forebodings are gloomy.

E. Parfitt.

V. POPULAR BELIEFS AND SAYINGS.
All the notts under thie head are contributed by Mr, PengeUy,

A servant girl, about nineteen years of age, bom at Torquay,
where she still resides, has enabled me to make the following
memoranda: —

Noses and Strangers. — " I know," said the girl, " there *s a
stranger coming, 'cause my nose is itching." On being
questioned, she expressed her belief in the " sign," and added
that itching only on the right side of the nose foretold a
stranger woman, and on the left a man.

14th February, 1878. W. P.

Cats and Strangei^s. — The coming of a stranger may be
expected if a cat, when washing her face, puts her paw above
either of her ears. 14th February, 1878. W. P.

Ear-burning. — If your right ear burn, your mother is
thinking of you; if your l^t ear, you are occupying your
lover's thoughts. 21st February, 1878. W. P.

Cutting Nails. — If you cut your nails before breakfast on
a Monday, you '11 receive a present during that week.

21st February, 1878. W. P.

Sneezing. — *' Sneeze on a Monday, sneeze for danger.

Sneeze on a Tuesday, see a stranger.

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106 THIRD BEPORT OP THE COMMITTEE

Sneeze on a Wednesday^ sneeze for a letter.

Sneeze on a Thursday, something better.

Sneeze on a Friday, sneeze for sorrow.

Sneeze on a Satorday^ see your sweetheart to-morrow.**

21st February, 1878. W. P.

Sweethearts and Fires, — Having succeeded in lighting a
fire without trouble to-day, the girl remarked, "My young
man 's in a good temper and, on being questioned, replied,
" Tis always a saying when a fire burns up quick"

22nd February, 1878. W. P.

Pillows and Marrying, — A bed maker who forgets to put
the pillows in their places will not be married during the
year of the occurrence. 27th February, 1878. W. P.

Knees and Churches. — A person whose knee itches will
shortly kneel in a strange church.

27th Febniaiy, 1878. W. P.

A "Sty" and a Cafs Tail.— A "sty" on the eye may be
cured by "striking" it at any time with the tip of a cat's
taiL The process need not be repeated.

9th March, 1878. W. P.

A ''Sty** and a Widaufs Bing. — ^A "sty" on the eye may
be cured by a widow "striking" it with her wedding ring,
especially & she pray silently at the time that a cure may
be effected. 9th March, 1878. W. P.

Changing the Name hut not the Letter. — If a lady's surname
after marriage begin with the same letter as her maiden
surname she will be very unlucky ; for

" Change the name, but not the letter,
Change for the worse, and not the better.**

20th May, 1878. W. P.

PiTW and Marrying. — As many pins as a dressmaker runs
unintentionally into the under clothing of a lady when she
"tries on a new dress," so many years will the said lady
remain unmarried. 20th May, 1878. W. P.

Boots and Marrying. — Whoever puts a pair of any person's
boots on a table will never be married.

20th May, 1878. W. P.

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ON DEVONSHIRE FOLK-LORE.

107

Gais and Babies, — If a cat be kept in a house where there
is a baby, one of them, probably the baby, will dia

The following fact has lately come to my knowledge:
There was a kitten in the house of a Torquay tradesman
when his second child was bom. In a short time both the
baby and the kitten were iU, when the nursemaid, to save
the child, killed the kitten. The child recovered, and is
quite well 27th May, 1878. W. P.

Ihicks and Debts, — Unless you have duck for dinner on
Easter-day, you 11 never pay your debts.

27th May, 1878. W. P.

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SECOND EEPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON
DEVONSHIRE CELEBRITIES.

Second Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr, it Dymxmd,
Rev, Treamrer Hawkery Mr. P, Q, Karkeek, Mr, B, J, King,
and Mr, R, N, Worth—to prepare Memmra on Devonshire
Celebrities.

Edited by Bev. Treasurer Hawkbs, i(.a., Hon. Seo. of the Committee.
(Read at Paignton, July, 1878.)

Your Committee desire to add to the existing list of De-
vonshire Celebrities ''Davy, John'^ 6. at Creedy Bridge,
near Crediton, about 1750; d. 1824; chorister of Exeter
Cathedral; author of the song, "Just like Love is yonder
Rose," &c., and probably of " The Bay of Biscay " (?). Also,
after " Prideaux, John, Bishop of Worcester," to add *' TraTis.
Devon, Assoc, 1877. J. M. Hawker." Also to insert after
"Robsart, Amy," "said to have been. Pamphlet by P. Q.
Karkeek, Esq." It has been suggested to your Committee,
by H. Studdy, Esq., Waddeton Court, that it would add to
the interest of the list if the names of the volunteers at the
time of the Peninsular War were inscribed, and he has
forwarded to the secretary those enrolled for the defence of
Dartmouth, &c., in 1798. This appears to your Committee
to be a valuable suggestion, and one to be adopted as far as
possible for the county at large. The Committee desire to
add to their number Mr. Edward Windeatt and Sir J. H.
Kennaway.

J. M. Hawker, Hon. Sec.
Robert Dymond, Chairman.

nth June, 1878.

A Muster Roll of the Persons Enrolled and serving in the
Dartmouth Independent Volunteer Field Artillery, Com-
manded by Henry Studdy. —

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ON DEVONSHIRB CELEBRITIES.

109

Heniy Studdy, John Teage, Nicholas Brooking, junr., Eichard
Eeed, Joseph Gloyn, Cholwil Adams, Benjamin March, John Paige,
Thomas James, William Cholwich, John Snell, Thomas Egg, Wm.
Gloyn, Benjamin March, junr,, John Coggins, William Bartlett,
Williajn Burgess, Rohert Buigoin, Abraham Brimage, Samuel
Cholwich, Eichard Chasty, John Dimond, Wm. Eales, Samuel Ear],
William Egg, William Efford, Isaac Fooks, John Ford, Eichard
Gripe, Thomas Harding, Eobert Harris, John Head, William Heath,
Eichfljd Hannaford, Eobert Hardy, Wm. Jifiard, Samuel Kelland,
William Langmead, Edward Light, Arthur Lee, Samuel Lidstone,
James Mardon, Henry Martin, William Mitchelmore, John Mitchel-
more, Eobert Nanamore, Joseph Norman, Samuel Nott, John Nott,
Eobert Peek, junr., Nathaniel Pike, Nicholas Parinton, John Pillar,
Henry Eowe, Eobert Eoads, Peter Eogers, Eichard Stevens, John
Skedgil, William Sanders, James Issiel, Isaac Taylor, William
Thomas, Edward Towl, John Wills, Eichard Wootten.

A list of Officers and Men of the Dartmouth Associated
Corps for the Defence of the Town and to conduct Provisions
or Prisoners one stage, if required, Commanded by William
Newman, Esq. Enrolled in 1798. —

William Newman, Captain; Eobert Sparke, First Lieutenant,
George Bridgipan, Second-lieutenant ; Allen Perring, First Ensign,
William Burgoin, Second-Ensign; Eobert Hyne, Serjeant, Eobert
Cranford, Serjeant, Joseph Pearce, Serjeant, John Luke, Serjeant;
Thomas Way, Corporal, William Pentecost, Corporal, John Penny,
junr.. Corporal, James Traies, Corporal; Arthur Perry, Surgeon;
and the following Privates — Eoope Harris Eoope, Lydstone New-
man, Eichard Newman, William Wilson, John Alpross, Henry
White, John Hele, George Sparke, junr., Samuel Sharman, George
Cranford, Stephen Jarvis, Joseph Eowe, George Spark, senr.,
Thomas Lee, John Simmons, Timothy Norris, Thomas Shapley,
Eichard Walters, Eobert Mortimore, John Quick, John Phillips,
Eobert Edwards, James Clowter, William Terry Ffford, Thomas
Cawley, Bartholomew Port, Jarvis Veale, Thomas Fox, Eichard
Chastey, Henry Ferris, William Libby, William Lee, Francis
Graham, Jacob Howe, junr., William Petherbridge, Eobert Peeke,
Abraham Eline, John Bryant, John Harvey, juu., Thomas Kemp,
Thomas Lock, Joseph Ford, William Manning, John Harvey, senr.,
William Lang Paige, William Adams, Eichard Cove, Arthur Lee,
Thomas Lee, Thomas Lake, junr., William Beer, John Norman,
John O. Bridgman, WiQiam Newman, junr., William Egg, Joseph
Hamlyn, James Fox, John Stevens, Peter Ougier, junr., Eobert
Newman, John Luke, junr., Henry Newman, William Eoope,
William Petherbridge, George Banfill, Eichard Lee, Thomas Way,
Samuel linnington, George Goodridge, Nicholas Mortimore.

VOL. X. G

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SECOND REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON DARTMOOR

Second Report of the Committee — consisting of Mr. J, S.
Amery, Mr, 0. Sp&nce Bate, Mr. W. F. Collier, Mr. J.
DiveU, Mr. B. Dymondi Mr. 0. Hirtzel, Bev. W. Hai^ley,
Rev. Treamrer Hawker, Mr. F. H. Firth, Mr. B. J. King,
Mr. W. Lavers, Mr. 0. W. Ormerod, Mr. W. Pengclly, Mr.
J. Brooking Rom, and Rev. W. H. Thomian—for the pur-
pose of influencing pvhlic opinion in favour of preserving
the peculiarities and antiquities of Dartmoor,

Edited by W. F. Ck>LLiBB, Hon. Seoretaiy of the Committee.
(Read at Paignton, July, 1878.)

The Dartmoor Committee beg leave to report :

1. That Mr. Robert Dymond has been engaged during the
past year in carefully preparing, for the use of the Association,
a map of the Dartmoor District, including the parishes adjoin-
ing, in which he has made considerable progress. The map
is on a scale of six inches to the mile, and in it minute details
have been included, taken from the various parish maps made
for the use of the Tithe Commissioners.

This valuable service to the Association, contributed by
Mr. Dymond, will constitute a lasting record of the principal
characteristics of Dartmoor as it now exists. It will be a
record of the natural features of the Moor — of the rivers, the
water-courses, and the tors — and also of the roads, the rights
of way, and of the enclosures. It will also be an assistance
to the parishioners of any parish in case their rights on the
Moor should ever become a subject of dispute. The map is
so constructed that additions may be made to it at any time,
either of curious remains of by-gone times, or of any other
detail of interest to the public.

The Committee recommend that the thanks of the Associa-
tion be accorded to Mr. Dymond, for the laborious woA of
great utility which he has thus performed, and proposes to
complete.

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SECOND REPOET OF COMMITTEE ON DAETMOOB. Ill

2. That a line of railway has been projected on Dartmoor,
from the Great Western Eailway Company's line at Yelverton
to Prince Town, and that the Bill authorizing the construc-
tion of this line, having passed the Committee of the House
of Commons, will probably become law.

This railway, if constructed, will be an encroachment on
the public rights on Dartmoor, claimed by this Association,
to which the public, as it will be l^alized by Act of Parlia-
ment, must submit

3. That a company has been formed to convert the peat
beds on a portion of the north-western part of the moor into
compressed fuel, to which company, it is alleged, extensive
rights of cutting peat have been granted by the Duchy of
Cornwall. As the right of cutting peat belongs to the
Venville Conmioners, the Dartmoor Committee doubt the
power of the Duchy of Cornwall to grant rights of this
nature to parties who are not commoners. They therefore
consider it necessary to report the circumstance.

The Committee in reporting that a railway has been
projected to the heart of Dartmoor, and that a company has
been formed to remove large quantities of peat from the peat
beds, take the opportunity thus afforded to call the attention
of the Devonshire Association to the water supply of the
county of Devon, largely dependent as it is on the quantity
of rain caught and retained on Dartmoor for distribution,
south, west, easti and north, by means of the rivers which
take their rise in the bogs of the moor. The destruction or
removal of the peat beds will cut off the supply of water at
its very source. The population of Prince Town, especially
if it is much increased in consequence of the advent of a
railway, must inevitably, at so high a level, pollute the water
to an incalculable extent. It is not too much to state, in the
light of modem science, that typhoid fever at Prince Town
would be distributed with the water throughout the whole of
the south of Devon lying between the Tamar and the Dart,
and by the agency of the water supply to shipping throughout
the fleets of the royal navy and the merchjmt service.

The Dartmoor Committee recommend that they be re-
appointed, in order that the important questions of public
interest which are arising from the exercise of disputed
private rights on the waste lands of Dartmoor may not be
n^lected.

W. F. Collier, Secretary.

J. Manley Hawkeb, Chairman.

G 2

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SECOND EEPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON DEVON-
SHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS.

Second Report of tht Committee — consisting of Mr. J. S.
Ameryy Mr, 0. Doe, Mr. R. Dymond, Mr. F. H. Firth,
Mr. P. 0. Hutchinson, Mr. P. Q. Karkeek, Dr. W. C.
Lake, and Mr, W. Pengelly—for the purpose of noting and
recording the existing use of any Verbal Provincialisms
in Devonshire, in either written or spoken langtuige, not
included in the lists published in the Transactions of the
Association.

Edited by F. H. Fuith, Hon. Secretary of the Committee.
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

I. EXPLANATORY.

Your Committee beg to report that they met almost im-
mediately on their reappointment, and unanimously agreed
on the continued use of the following Resolutions printed at
the banning of their First Report (See Trans. Devon Assoc.
ix., 123-142), and here reproduced. The Provincialisms ap-
pended hereto have been collected and compiled in accordance
with them.

BESOHJTIONS.

1. " That the members of this Committee be requested to observe
the following regulations, with a view to uniformity of action : —

(A) To regard the following as Devonshire P5rovincialisms, if
used by a speaker or writer within Devonshire, irrespective of their
being, or not being, used elsewhere : —

(a) Every word not occurring in a good English dictionary of
the present day.

(ft) Every word which, though occurring in a good English dic-
tionary of the present day, is used in a sense differing firom any
definition of the word given in such dictionary.

{d) Every provincial phrase or expression.

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Oir DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 113

(e) Every provincial name of an animal, or vegetable, or other
object

(6) To state where and when each recorded provincialism was
heard in speech, or seen in writing; and to accept nothing at
second-hand.

(C) To state the sex, probable age and social status, and, if
possible, the occupation, birth-place, and residence of the person
using each recorded provincialism.

(D) To give the meaning of each recorded provincialism within
a parenthesis immediately following the provincialism itseK ; and
to illustrate the meaning by incorporating the word or phrase in a
sentence, and if possible the very sentence employed by the person
who used the provincialism.

(E) To give,- in all cases requiring it, some well-known word
with which the recorded provincialism rhymes, so as to show its
pronunciation ; or, where this is not practicable, to give a word or
words in which the power of the vowel or voweJs is the same as in
the provincialism.

(F) To avoid all attempts at derivation.

(G) To state of each provincialism whether it has been noted by
Halliwell, or Nares, or any other recognised compiler of provincial,
obsolete, or obsolescent words.

(H) To write the communication respecting each recorded pro-
vincialism on a distinct and separate piece of paper, to write on
one side of the paper only, and to sign and date each commtmica-
tion.

(I) To make each communication as brief as possible, but not to
sacrifice clearness to brevity.

(J) To draw the communications so as to correspond as nearly
as possible with the following examples : —

" Flkbches ( = Large Flakes. 'KhymeawiHiBreecJies), A servant
girl, a native of Prawle, South Devon, residing at Torquay, and
about 23 years of age, stated in March, 1877, that the snow was
' £Edling in fleeehes,' meaning in large flakes. She added that the
gmaU flakes were not fleeche8,—l9th March, 1877. X. Y."

" Halse ( = HazeL The oZ having the same sound as in Malice,
not as in False). A labouring man, a native of Ashburton, residing
at Torquay, and about 55 years of age, stated in my hearing that
he had put an ^cUse 'andle into his hammer; meaning a hazel handle
(see HaUiwdl and W/mww).— 19th March, 1877. X. Y."

2. ''That the Eeport of the Committee to be presented to the
next Annual General Meeting of the members of the Association
shall include all suitable commuuications received by the Secretary
not la^r than the 1st of June next, and that all communications
received after that date shcJl be held over for another year."

3. '' That all meetings of the Committee shall be held at Exeter;
that the Secretary slmll convene them by separate notices to
each member, posted not less than seven clear days before the

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114 SECOND BEPORT OF THB COMMITTBE

dates of the meetings ; and that two members shall be sufficient to
form a quorum, with power to act."

4. "That a meeting of the Committee shall be held not later
than the 2l8t of June next, to receive and decide on a Report to
be prepared and brought up by the Secretary."

CONTRIBUTORS.

The Committee believe that the greatest care has been
exercised to secure accuracy with regard to Provincixdisms
collected in this Report ; but it must be understood that each
contributor is alone responsible for the statements he makes.

Each communication closes with the initials of the con-
tributor; and everything which, in any case, fcJllows such
initials, in short, everything not within inverted commas, is
editorial.

The full addresses represented by the initials are as
follow : —

J. S. A. = Mr. J. S. Amery, Druid, Ashburton.

A. C. = Mr. A Champemowne, Partington Hall,Totnes.

a D. = Mr. G. Doe, Castle Street, Great Torrington.

J. D. = Mrs. R Dymond, Exeter.

F. H. F. = Mr. F. H. Firth, Cator Court, Ashburton.

A. R H. = Mr. A. R Hunt^ Southwood, Torquay.

W. C. L = Dr. W. C. Lake, 2, West Cliff, Teignmouth.

A. P. = Mr. A Pengelly, Lamorna, Torquay.

W. ?• = Mr. W. Pengelly, Lamorna, Torquay.

REFERENCES.

When referring to writers on Verbal Provincialisms, &c.,
abbreviations of their names have commonly been used. In
the following complete list of the works referred to, these
are fuUy explained.

''Bail." = An Universal Etymological Dictionary. By N.
Bailey, 1751.

"Bair*' = Poetical Letters tu es Brither Jan, &c. in the
Devonshire Dialect By Nathan Hogg [i,e, Henry Baird].
Fifth Edition. London : J. Russell Smith, 1865 ; and Second
Series of Nathan Hogg's Poems. Fourth Edition, 1866.

''Bar.'* = Grammar and Glossary of the Dorset Dialect,
&c. By W. Barnes, B.D. A. Asher & Co., Berlin, 1863.

«' Clo." = A Glossary of Words pertaining to the Dialect
of Mid- Yorkshire, &c. By C. Clough Robinson. London:
{Eng. Dial. Soc) Triibner & Co., 1876.

« Cm:* « The History of Polperro, &c. By Thomas Q.

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ON DBV0N8HIRB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 116

Couch, F.aA. Ttuto: W. Lake; London: Simpkin, Marshall,
& Co., 1871.

"2>fc." = A Glossary of Words and Phrases pertaining to
the Dialect of Cumberland. By William Dickinson, f.l,s.
London: {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1878.

*'Fra." = South Warwickshire Provincialisms. By Mrs.
Francis. London : {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1876.

** Oov>r = Surrey Provincialisms. By Granville Leveson
Gower, Esq. London : {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1876.

''ITal." = A Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words,
&a By James Orchard HalliweU, Esq., F.B.8. In two vols.
Eighth Edition. London : J. R Smith, 1874

^'Harr = A Glossary of Words used in Swaledale, York*
shire. By Captain John Harland. London: {Eng. Dial.
Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1873.

'^Hvi!* = A Glossary of Old and Original Words now used
in the North of England, &c. By John Huttou. London:
{Eng. Dial. Soc) Trubner & Co., 1873.

" JeTi." = The Dialect of the West of England, particularly
Somersetshire, &c. By James Jennings. Second Edition.
London: J. E. Smith, 1869.

" John.*' = A Dictionary of the English Language, &c. By
Samuel Johnson. In two vols. Fifth Edition. London:
1874

''Lock!* x= An Exmoor Scolding. Exeter. [No date.]

" Mar." =S3 Provincialisms of East Yorkshire. By Mr. Maiv
shall, 1788. London: {Eng. Dial Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1873.

'*Nar.** = A Glossary, &c. By Eobert Nares, A.M.,
F.A.S. A new edition. By J. 0. Halliwell, Esq., F.R.8., &c., and
T. Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. London: J. E. Smith, 1876.
& Q." = Notes and Queries.

^Nod.** = A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect. By John
H. Nodal and George Milner. Manchester : A Ireland & Co.,
1875.

" Paiy = A Dialogue in the Devonshire Dialect (in Three
Parts). By a Lady. To which is added a Glossary, by J. F.
Palmer. London : Longman, Eees, Orme, Brown, Green and
Longman. 1837.

'*Par." = A Dictionary of the Sussex Dialect, &c. By
Eev. W. D. Parish. Lewes : Famcombe & Co., 1875.

"Park.** = Oxfordshire Words. By Mrs. Parker. London :
{Eng Dial. Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1876.

'*Pea.** = A Glossary of Words used in the Wapentakes of
Manley and Corringham, Lincolnshire. By Edward Peacock,
F.SA. London: {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Trubner & Co., 1877.

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SECOND REPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE

**Peg'' = An Alphabet of Kenticisms, &c. By Samuel
Pegge, A.M. LoncUm: {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Trtibner & Co., 1876.

"Pw/." = Eustic Sketches, &c. By G. P. K. Pulman. Third
Edition. London : J. E. Smith, 1871.

'^Rdbr = A Glossary of Words used in the Neighbourhood
of Whitby. By F. K. Eobinson. London : (£ng. Dial. Soc.)
Triibner & Co., 1875-6.

''Rock!' = Jim and Nell, &c. By a Devonshire Man [i.e.
W. F. Eock]. London: 1867.

'*Bo8." = A Glossary of Words used in Holderness, in the
East Eiding of Yorkshire. By Frederick Eoss, F.R.H.S., Eichard
Stead, and Thomas Holderness- London: {Eng. Dial. Soc.)
Triibner & Co., lo77.

*'Tvs!' = Fine Hundred Pointes of Good Husbandrie. By
Thomas Tusser. London: {Eng. Dial. Soc.) Tnibner & Co.,
1878.

" Web." = Dr. Webster's Complete Dictionary of the Eng-
lish Language. By C. A Goodrich, d.d., ll.d., and N. Porter, d.d.
London: G. Bell & Sons, 1864.

" WUlan!' = A List of Ancient Words at present used in
the Mountainous District of the West Eiding of Yorkshire.
By E. Willan, M.D., F.R.a, &c. London: {Eng. Dial. Soc.)
Tnibner & Co., 1873.

" WU!' = A Glossary of Provincial Words and Phrases in
use in Somersetshire. By W. P. Williams, M.A., and the late
W. A Jones, M.A., f.g.s. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1873.

" Wri." = Dictionary of obsolete and provincial English,
&c. By Thomas Wright, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., &c. London:
Henry G. Bohn, 1857.

CONTRIBUTIONS.

Some of the words in the following list occur in Johnson
(Ed. 1784), and a still greater number in Webster (Ed.
1864), as the references show. The Committee, however,
have thought it undesirable to expunge them, as, from their
antiquatedness in some cases, and perhaps their proximity to
slang in others, they are not to be found in ordinary English
Dictionaries.

The entire collection is arranged in alphabetical order;
and, to facilitate reference, each " provincialism " is preceded
by a numeral marking its place in the list.

THE PROVINCIALISMS.

1. ** A Many ( = Many). A gentleman, bom in Lancashire,
but resident at Torquay during several years, about 35 years

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ON DBV0N8HIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 117

of age, said to me to-day, * There were a many people at the
meeting/ See Jlirf., Pea. (Hair), Pe^r. 2nd July, 1877. W. P."

2. " A NiNB ( = Nine). A farm labourer, born in the
parish of Paignton, where he resides still, about 25 years of
age, said to me to-day, 'The working-men hereabouts have
their breakfast about a nine or half-past.' See HaL^ Nar.
16th May, 1878. W. P."

3. " A Paid ( = Paid). According to the Torquay Times
of 16th June, 1877, the wife of a man, who had summoned
some boys for robbing his garden, said to a witness in the
Police Court, Torquay, on 11th June, 'I want to know
who 've a paid you for telling lies.' See Hal., Nar,, Web.
Torquay, 27th June, 1877. W. P."

4 '* Abroad ( = To pieces). A day labourer, about 45
years of age, residing at Torquay, said to me to-day, 'The
boy digged up a jaw with lots of teeth in en, and up with a
hammer and hammer'd en cdl abroad;^ meaning that he
broke it in pieces. Torquay, 26th January, 1878. W. P."

5. " Again ( = Against). See 72.» See (AgeAn) Bar.
(Agin), Bair., Die., Oow., Hal., Jen., Nod., Pal, Pea., Pul.,
Bob., Bock., Bos., WU. F. H. F."

6. " Agone. See 83. See Hal, Jen., John., Web. W. P."

7. Allis's (? = Holloway's). I was told to-day by a lad
of the farm-labourer class, about 15 years of age, that an
eminence on which we were standing, about three-quarters
of a mile west of Paignton Church, was called Allis's Hill.
This statement was also made by two women of the same
class, about 25 years old, within half-an-hour after. The
correct name, however, seems to be HoUoway's Hill 27th
March, 1878. W. P."

8. " Am ( = Are. 2nd person). An artizan's wife, long
resident at Teignmouth, said in my hearing, 'You 'm looking
better than you did.' Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L."

9. "Am ( = Are. 3rd person). A domestic servant,
between 20 and 30 years old, bom and resident at Teign-

* This reference is to the Provincialism No. 72 ; and so on in all other
such cases.

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118

SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

mouth, said in my hearing, * Give them some cakes. They
hungry/ Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L." See Gow.^

10. " Any (Pronounced peculiarly). An artizan, about 40
years of age, born at Exeter, where he has always resided,
said in my hearing to-day, * If there eez any one present.'
He pronounced the word any so as to rhyme with zany.
4th Nov., 1877. W.P."

11. "At ( = In). A servemt girl, under 20 years of age,
born and resident at Teignmouth, said in my hearing, * She 's
at London.*

This is a very unusual form at Teignmouth, where the
customary expression would be * to London.' W. C. L."

12. " Ax C = Ask). I overheard the driver of an omnibus,
at Torquay, say to the conductor to-day, with reference to a
probable passenger whose movements were not active, ' Jack,
run back and ax en ef eez gwain,' meaning, ' run back and
ask him if he is going by the omnibus.' The driver was a
native of South Devon, and about 40 years old. See Bar.y
Bail,, Bair,, Die,, Hal, Jen., Nar,, Nod,, Pal., Par., Pea., PtU,,
Bob., Bock. (AxiNS, Ax-UP), Bos. 5th October, 1877. W. P."

13. "Bautch ( = A mistake or slip). A tradesman's
widow, between 50 and 60 years of age, residing at, and a
native of, Torrington, said in my hearing, a day or two ago,
whilst she was knitting, 'I keep on making baiUches.* See
(Botch), Wd)., Wri 30th May, 1878. G. D." See (Botcher
and Botchingess), BaiL, (Botch), Die., Jokn., Bob.

14 "Be ( = Am). * I 'm just moved up a bit as I 6e
now,' was said to me by a tradesmen born and resident at
Teignmouth. Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L" See
Hal., Par.

15. " Be ( = Are. 1st person). A labourer's widow, born
and resident at Teignmouth, said to me, ' That there air where
us be is worse than the other.* Very common at Teignmouth.
W. C.L." SeeGow;.

16. "Be ( «= Ara 2nd person). A labourer's wife, bom
and resident at Teignmouth, said in my hearing, * Bide where
you be! Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L."

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ON DEVONSHIRB VERBAL PROVINCIALISMa 119

17. "Be ( = Are. 3rd person). A labourer's wife, bom
and resident at Teignmouth, said in my hearing, * What be
'em doing to you?' Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L."

18. " Bed-tie ( = Bed-tick). A labouring man, a native of
Ashburton, residing at Torquay, and nearly 60 years old, said
to me to-day, when speaking of a substance not easily broken
by hammering, on account of its elasticity, ' I may as well
hammer on a bed-tie;* meaning a hed-tick, or, perhaps, a
feather bed. See Red., Bock. 16th February, 1878. W. P."

19. "Beggars. See 85. W. P."
2a "Bess. See 26. W. P."

21. "Between the ughts ( = Twilight). A nurse, about
50 years of age, born and resident at Teignmouth, said to
me, * Yesterday, I was sitting between the lights^ meaning the
evening tvnlight. W. C. L." See 40.

22. " Bides ( = Abides or Eemains). A carpenter's wife,
between 30 and 40 years of age, bom and resident at Teign-
mouth, said in my hearing, * Where you put him there he
hidesl meaning abides. Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L."
See (Bide) Bar., Bait, Clo., Fra., Die., Oaw., Hal., John., Nod.,
Par., Fid., Bob., Bock, Web., Bos., WUl.

23. " BiTTLE-HEADED ( = Thick-headed, Stupid). I over-
beard a middle-aged farmer, residing near Torrington, speak
lately of another farmer as *That bittle-headed old H —
30th May, 1878. G. D." See (Beetle-head) Bar., Hal,
John., ITeJ., (Beedle-heyde) Ful, (Bitle-head) WU.

24 " Blaze ( = To flare, to bum with an unsteady or
waving light, as a candle does when exposed to a current of
air). A working man (18) said to me to-day, * The candle 's
sure to blaze when I put en there, but not when I put en
anywhere else.' 17th May, 1878. W. P."

25. " Booshop (= Bishop. Rhymes with Fush up). An
artisan (10) said in my hearing to-day *The Shepherd and
Booshop of your souls.' 4th November, 1877.

The same pronunciation of the word was used several
times to-day, by a lad about 15 years old, bom and resident
at Torquay, when reading to me the titles of a series of
books. 23rd May, 1877. W. P."

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SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

26. " Bouncing Bess (= Valerian = Valeriana officinalis.
WiL). Whilst waiting for the ferry-boat to-day, at Portle-
mouth, near Eongsbridge^ I observed in the ferry-house
garden, a solitary plant of Eed Valerian, which seemed to
have received much attention. As the plant is a very
common one, almost a weed, about Torquay and Dartmouth,
I asked the woman residing in the ferry-house, why it was
so carefully tended, when she told me that it was there a
scarce plant, and required care ; and that it, as well as the
white variety, was known as Bouncing Bess. She added, in
reply to a question, that she had never heard it called
Valerian. 30th July, 1878. W. P."

27. "Brath (= Broth. Rhymes with Path). See 77.
W. P."

28. " Brawn (= Christmas Fire-log). The keeper of the
Town-hall, Torrington, said to me to-day, previously to a
Council Meeting in the hall, ' I 'U put in a good Christmas
hravm for you,' meaning that he would put into the fire grate
a good Christmas log of vmd. See ffaL, Pal., Bock, Wri.
27th December, 1877. G. D " See (Bron, &c.) Bar., (Bran)
Jen.

29. " Cab (= Clog. Rhymes with Dai). A gardener, bora
at Dean Prior, but now residing at Torquay, about 52 years
of age, said to me to-day, when speaking of a certain kind
of oU, ' It must be good oil, or it would coib the machinery
meaning that it would clog the machinery. 24th December,
1877. A.R. H.'* See (Cabby) ^a/., Pa/.

30. " Carried (= Wandering or Delirious). The wife of
a labourer, between 30 and 40 years of age, bora in Corawall,
but resident in Devonshire the last 12 years, said to me,
' I Ve been carried in my head very much.' W. C. L." See
N. & Q. 5th s., v. 466.

31. "Chamber (Pronounced peculiarly). An artisan (10)
repeating, in my hearing to-day, the hymn containing the
line, * And in thy Chamber kneeling/ pronounced Chamber so
as to rhyme with Clamber. 18th November, 1877. W. P."

32. " Cleaning (= Dressing. Attending to the toilet). A
servant girl, about 20 years old, bom at Torquay, where she
has always lived, on being asked to-day 'Where is your

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ON DEVONSHIKE VERBAL PROVINCIAUSMS. 121

mistress?' said, 'She's cleaning;* meaning that she was in
her room dremng for a 'party. See -HaZ., (Clean) Pm,^ Pul.
19th February, 1878. W. P."

33. " Cledland (= Clayland). On passing a few cottages
on 13th May, 1878, in the parish of Paignton, on the
road from Marldon to Brixham, and about 1*25 miles s.w.
from Paignton Church, I was told by a farm labourer, a
native of the parish, about 25 years of age, that the site
they occupied was usually called Clayland, but occasionally
Cledland. On the maps of the district the name is printed
Clayland. On passing the same spot to-day, some children
told me that it was called Cledland Pool. There is a small
2>ool on the side of the road nearly opposite the cottages.
17th May, 1878. W. P."

34. "Cleeves (= Clififs). A woman of the farm-labourer
class, about 55 years of age, said within my hearing to-day
to a person near Modbury, * Have *ee bin out to the Cleeves V
meaning the diffs on the shore of Bigbury Bay. See Hal.
Nar., Pul, Bock. 28th September, 1877. W. P."

35. "Crap (=Crop). An innkeeper's wife, about 30
years of age, at Kingston, near Modbury, said to a customer
within my hearing to-day, * 'Tes no use to think of keeping
pigs now. There '11 be no tetties [= potatoes] ; for 'tes a very
beS crapl meaning crop. 28th September, 1877. W. P."

36. " Creeper (= Grapnel). A fisherman, about 60 years
of age, resident at Bantham, at the mouth of the river Avon,
South Devon, told me to-day that in that locality a Orapnel
is called a Creeper. See Hal, Web. 28th September, 1877.
W. P."

37. " Dabberd ASHED (= Soiled). A native of Ashbuilon,
about 45 years old, still resident there, said within my
hearing, when speaking of a book, *If you let that child
have it, it wiU soon get dahberdashed,' meaning soiled.
J. S. A."

38. "Der. (=Er. The termination of adjectives, com-
parative degree). A domestic servant^ between 20 and 30
years of age, said within my hearing, *A tiny bit tallder*
meaning taller. W. C. U"

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SECOND BEPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE

39. "DiG-AXE (= Beating Axe = Biddix). A native of
Stokenham, South Devon, now an innkeeper at Prawle, in
the adjoining parish, about 35 years of age, spoke to me
to-day of a tool he called a Dig-axe, When he produced a
specimen, it proved to be Mr. Marshall's Beating Axe
{Trans. Devon Assoc, viL 418), Miss Fox*s Biddix (iWcJ.,
419), the Beating Mattock of Ashburton, and the Beatee
of Torquay. (iWc?., 438.) It is used in digging potatoes.
28th July, 1877. W. P."

40. "Dim ( = Twilight). The following appeared in Tht
Western Morning News of 9th February, 1878, in the report
of proceedings in the Bankruptcy Court, Plymouth, the day
before; a licensed porter being under examinatioa as a
witness : —

* How often did you take goods to Mr. Stanbur/s ?'
' Times out of number.*

'At what time?'

* In the dim of the evening.'

* Any other time?'

* No, always between the two lights,^

SeeBal. 9th February, 1878. W. P. See 21."

41. " Drownded ( = Drowned). A woman of the labouring
class, a native of Ugborough, but now resident at Plymouth,
said to me to-day, ' Two men wei-e drownded at Plymouth.'
See Pea. 27th October, 1877. W. P."

42. " Eez ( = Is. Ehymes with Bees). See 10.

43. " Ellacum ( = Hollacombe). A farmer's wife, about
30 years of age, residing in Paignton parish, told me to-day
that ' Mlacum divided the parishes of Paignton and Cocking-
ton.' In the maps of the district the name is Hollacomie
or IToUicombe. 17th September, 1877. W. P."

44 " En n ( = Not 1. Rhymes with Deny). An old
quarrymau, about 70 years old, whom I met to-day in the
parish of Paignton, said to me, in reply to a question, ' Dun
know, en tij meaning, * Don't know, not L* 17th March,
1878. W. P."

45, " Farnicum, or Varnicxim ( ? = Ferny-Combe), A
gentleman bom and resident in Paignton parish, about 45
years old, told me to-day that a lade about three-quarters of

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ON DBYOKSHIBE YfiBBAL PROVIKCIAUSMS. 12S

a mile north-weat of Paignton Church was called Famimm,
or Vamicxm. 23rd March, 1878. W. P."

46. " Faut ( = Fault. Ehymes with Taught). A man,
from 50 to 60 years of age, of the humbler class of trades-
men, resident at Kingsbridge, whom I heard addressing an
audience to-day, frequently used the word FatU, meaning
Fault. See (Fautik) Tub,, (Faughte) Ral., (Fawt) Ear.,
Sob., Bos., WU. 29th July, 1877. W. P."

47. "Flour-milk ( = A mixture of Flour and Water.
Pronounced with the accent on the first word). A labouring
man, a native of Widdecombe, where he still resides, about
60 years of age, was cleaning out a thick muddy ditch, in
September 1877, when he said to me, ' Maister, it would make
JUmr-mUk,'* alluding to gruel made with flour instead of oat-
meaL F. H. F."

48. " Frauzy ( = a relishing morsel. Rhymes with Oauzy).
A native of Torrington, about 35 years of age, now residing
at Exeter as a smaU shopkeeper, said within my hearing to-
day, * I 'm going to have a frauzy of toasted cheese for supper.'
10th March, 1878. J. D." See (Froise) Hal

49. " Fridg'd (= Worn by Friction. Rhymes with Rid^d).
A young lady bom at Honiton, now residing at Torquay, about
16 years of age, told me to-day that if not protected, the gutta
percha of submarine electric cables would soon be fridg'd;
meaning worn by friction at the sea-bottom. See Hal,,
(Fridge) Har., Hvi., Mar., Pea., Bob., Bos., Web. 12th June,

1877. W. P."

50. " Girding ( = Shingles). A domestic servant, about
22 years of age, a native of Hatherleigh, but now and for
some years resident at Torquay, used the word Girding to-
day in my hearing as the name of the disease called Shingles
commonly, and Herpes Zoster by medical men. 14th July,

1878. W. P."

51. " GoiL (= Ravine, Hollow cleft, or Deep natural ditch).
A cab-driver, about 40 years old, long resident at Teignmouth,
said to me, " The ferns in the Ooil are as tall as I be.' Common
at Teignmouth. W. C. L." See (Gill, Ghyll) Die., (Gill)
Hut., Mar., Willan., Web.

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SECOND REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

52. Going all about (= Lying down). A farm lad, about
17 years old, said, when speaking of clover and grass beginning
to 'lie* with the wet, 'The grass is going all ctbout the field.'
J. S. A."

53. "GooDED (= Throve). A domestic servant (50) told
me to-day that a pig, of which she was speaking, goaded;
meaning that it grew, became fat, and was a source of profit.
See Oou., Hal, Pal,, (Goody) WU. 20th October, 1877,
W. P."

54. "Grit (= Grate). I overheard a shopkeeper, about
30 years of age, bom and resident at Teignmouth, say, * I 've
heard her grit her teeth lately.' W. C. L" See Web,

55. " Gurry (= Hand-barrow. Rhymes with Hurry), My
gardener, bom at Kenn, near Exeter, about 39 years of age, but
for 20 years resident in Partington parish, asking me to-day for
an open space in fix)nt of a green-house, said * it would come
handy for the Ourry and plants.' On my asking him what
that first word was, he replied, ^Ourry. I reckon hand-
barrow *s the proper name, sir. It 's a common word about
here.' 30th October, 1877. A. C." See (Gorry) Cou.

56. GwAiN (= Going). See 12 and 77, Bair., Hal., Pal.
(Agwain) Par,, Pal, Jen,

57. "Hand -wrists or Handwristes ( = Wrists). A
labourer's wife, about 40 years old, bom at Exmouth, but
resident some years at Teignmouth, said to me, * I was obliged
to bind round his handvrristes the other day.* Very common
at Teignmouth. W. C. L." See Hal,

58. "Have (=Has). I overheard a labourer's wife, bora
and resident at Teignmouth, say, *Ask ii he*ve done my
boots.' W. C.L."

59. "Haves (=Has). A sailor's wife, long resident at
Teignmouth, said in my hearing, * She always haves the broth.'
W. C. L."

60. "He (=Him). A labourer's wife, bom and resident
at Teignmouth, said to me, * I asked if he knew any one
who gave them.' Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L."
See Hal.

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ON DEVONSHIRE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 125

61. "He (=It). A fisherman's wife, between 30 and 40
years old, born in the parish of Bishopsteignton, where, and
at Teigninouth, she has always resided, said, in answer to my
question, * How is your appetite V 'He is not very good, Sir.
I feel sick to everything.' Habitually used at Teignmouth.
W. C. L."

62. "He (=She). A laundress, advanced in life, bom
and resident at Teignmouth, said to me, 'He 'a with pup, Sir.'
W. C. L."

63. "Hekketty-Pound (=Hop Scotch). Whilst passing
through the village of Beer, near Axmouth, to-day, I observed
several children playing at a game which they told me was
called Hekketty-Pound. The game was that called Hop-Scotch
tisu8tlly, but Click-Bed about Torquay (see Trans. Devon, Assoc.
ix., 129); but neither of these names was known to the
Beer children. See (Hike out) Bar,, (Hike) Hal,, (Hick)
«7ew., CHeck-stroke) Pul. 16th April, 1878. W. P."

64 " Hem on his Garment (= Limit). A native of Totnes,
aged about 70, said, of a forward person, 'He should have
some Am on Ms garawKt! J. S. A."

65. " Her ( = It). A labourer's wife, resident at Teign-
mouth, said within my hearing, of a horse that had fallen in
the street, ' Is %er got up V Habitually used at Teignmouth.
W. C. L."

66. "Her ( = She). A carpenter^s wife, bom and resident
at Teignmoutii, said to me, ' Particularly when Iwr goes to
sleep.' Habitually used at Teignmouth. W. C. L." See Dun,^
Frcu, Pal., ParTe.

67. "Him ( = It). An old woman, bom at Kingsteignton,
but resident at Teignmouth during many years, remarked to
me, 'This here hand I'm forced to wrap him up.' In habitual
use at Teignmouth. W. C. L."

68. " Hinder (= to Prevent ; to Delay. Pronounced pecu-
liarly). A man (46) whom I beard addressing an audience
to-day, used the word Hinder frequently, but pronounced it
so as to rhyme with Kinder, not with Tinder. 29th July,
1877. W.P."

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SECX)ND BEPOBT OF THB COMMITTEE

69. " His ( == Her). I overheard a young girl, resident at
Teignmouth, say, * We have got Ms kittens. Very common at
Teignmouth. W. C. L."

70. " Hole in the Ballet ( = Deficiency). A native of
Totnes, about 70 years old, said, within my hearing, of a
person who spent too freely, * I fear there will be a hole in
the ballet by and by.* J. S. A."

71. " Item (= Trifle). A man (46) whom I heard address-
ing an audience to-day said, 'It's no use to run with every
item to your neighbour meaning to trouble your neighbour
with every 17-1%. See IhU., Bock. 29th July, 1877.
W. P."

72. "Keep Again ( = Keep Against). A shepherd, bom
at Widdecombe, Dartmoor, wishing his dog to keep back the
flock within certain limits, addressed him within my hearing
to-day, with 'Keep again;* meaning agaifist. 3rd May, 1878.
F. H. F."

73. " Killed a little Pig ( = Contracted a debt with the
intention of not paying it). A labouring man (18) said to me
to-day, of one of his own class, ' I believe he hUled a little
pig before he left the town.' By questioning, I learnt that
the man had left the neighbourhood in debt, intending to do
so when he contracted the debt ; and that the expression was
common about Ashburton, where it had been introduced by
Cornish miners. 6th December, 1877. W. P."

74. *' Lake ( = Brook, Rivulet). A farmer, long resident
in the neighbourhood of Totnes, said to me, 'This laJce divides
my ground from my neighbour's.* The so-called laJce was a
natural stream. W. C. L."

" A native of Stokenham (38), directing my attention to a
small rivulet, said, " That lake, I think, parts the parishes of
Chivelstone and Portlemouth.' 28th July, 1877. W. P."

"The rivulet dividing the parishes of Cockington is, on
the map of the Cadastral Survey, called HoUicorabe Lake, See
ffal., Pal., PuL 20th July, 1878. W. P."

75. " Lead ( = Pass, Move). The wife of an artisan, be-
tween 40 and 50 years old, bom in Somersetshire, but resident
many years at Teignmouth, said, within my hearing, ' Do it
[the pain] lead down the back of your leg ?' W. C. L"

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ON DSYONSHIBE VERBAL PROVINCIALISMS. 127

76. "Learn ( = Teach). A man (46) whom I heard
addressing an audience to-day, said, ' God will learn ns what
to do meaning teach us. See (Learning) Bail., Fra., Oow.,
Hal., John,, Ptd., Far., (Larn) rark. Pea., Peg., Put., Web.,
Wa. 29th July, 1877. W. P."

77. "Lekky Brath (=Leek Broth). An artisan, about
40 years old, within my hearing, addressed a man of the same
dass, who was carrying a bundle of leeks, at Torquay, to-day,
with * Be gwedn to have some Wcky brath V 17th September,
1877. W.P."

78. "Lenge (= Remain in contact with). A labouring
man (18) told me to-day that the place in which he was
working was so contracted that he had to lenge against the
rock. See Eal. 6th September, 1877. W. P."

79. " Lerry (= Fog. Rhymes with Berry). A sailor, bom
at Branscombe, east of Sidmouth, about 68 years old, long
resident at Torquay, said to me to-day, when speaking of the
weather, *I saw the lerry hanging in the bottom, and was
sure 'twas a sign of southerly wind,' meaning that a fog was
remaining in the valley* 24th December, 1877. A, R. H."

80. " Let in to 't r= Strike it heavily). A labouring man
(18) was to-day striking a stone heavily. At length his
hammer flew off the handle, when he remarked to me, 'I
thought something would give way when I let in to*t like
that/ meaning * when I struck it so heavily' 14th March, 1878.
W. P."

81. "Limb (= Any member or part of the body). A
labourer's wife, bom and resident at Teignmouth, said to me,
'His face is the best lirrib he's got.' Habitually used at
Teignmouth. W. C. L.*"

82. "Long (= Large). According to the Western Times,
of 25th May, 1878, a member of the Exeter Town Council,
said at a meeting on the 22nd of that month, when speaking
of the decease of a gentleman of the city, 'A long family had
also sustained a severe loss.' SqqOow. 25th May, 1878. W.P."

83. "Long-agone ( = The distant past). A man (46)
whom I heard addressmg an audience to-day used the phrase
Umg-agone frequently ; meaning the distant past. 29th July,
1877. W.P.''

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SECOND REPORT OF THE GOKMITrEE

84. " Me ( = I). I overheard the wife of an artisan, long
resident at Teignmouth, say, 'Nearly all the night me and
my husband are up/ In common use at Teignmouth.
W. C.

85. " Measley Beggars ( = Unsatisfactory persons). Ac-
cording to the Western Morning News of 1st October, 1877,
a Torquay tradesman, the plaintiflf in a case, informed the
Judge of the County Court, on 29th September, 1877, that
the defendant was ' one of the most measley beggars they had
ever had in Torquay.' His Honour objected to the use of
such language in Court, and characterised it as being such
as would better become a public-house. W. P."

86. "MiCHiNG (= Truanting). I heard an * errand boy'
of about 12 years old, say to another of about the same age,
at Torquay to-day, *Ah, young fellow, you be a miching*
meaning, * Ah, young fellow, you are truanting! See (Miche)
Bar,, Cm,, Hal,, John., Nar., Pal., Boek,, Web. 12th February,
1878. W.P."

87. Mind in rr ( == Thought of it). A labouring man
(18), whom I reminded of a circumstance to-day, said, *I
ought to have thought of it before you spoke. I had my
mind in it this morning,' meaning that he had thought of it
in the morning. January 1, 1878. W. P."

88. " Night Times ( = At night). I overheard a domestic
servant, between 20 and 30 years of age, bom and resident
at Teignmouth, say, * I went home night times* meaning ai
night. W. C.L"

89. "Offering for Rain (= Indications of Eain). A
labouring man (18), to whom I remarked this evening, * It's
raining smartly,' replied, * It 's been offering for rain aU day,'
meaning that there had been indications of rain. 8th Sept.,
1878. W. P."

90. "Offington (= Alphington). See 95.

91. " OuDACious (= Troublesome). A labouring man (18)
said to me to-day, of a large mass of limestone, ' 'Tis the
most oudadoiis thing I ever met with,' meaning thiat it had
given him much trouble. 19th March, 1878. W. P."

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ON DEVONSHIEB VERBAL PBOVINCIALISMS. 129

92. "Pin (=Hip). A labouring man (18), speaking to
me to-day of his rheumatism, said, * It begins here in mj pin
[putting his hand on his left ?dp]y and goes down to the
bowing of the knee/ See ffal., Fed., PuL, Wil. 13th June,

1877. W. P."

93. " Pluffy (= Spongy). A gentleman, bom and resident
at Ashburton, said to me to-day of certain asphalted roads,
that they were pluffy; meaning spongy, not firm uinder the
foot. See Cm,, Hal, Pal, Rock. 19th November, 1877.
W. P."

94 " PussED ( = Swollen. Ehymes with Must). A
labourer's wife, about 40 years old, long resident in Bishops-
teignton parish, but now at Teignmouth, said to me, 'I was
sopussed up in my chest, I was ready to burst' W. C. L."

95. " Eames ( = Bony remnants. The skeleton). A
domestic servant, about 35 years old, a native of Alphington,
or Offtngton, as she pronounced it, said in my hearing to-day,
speaking of the small amount of cooked food in the house,
'There's only the rames of the fowl in the cupboard,'
meaning the skeleton, with but little flesh on it. See Hal.,
Jen., Pal.,'Pul. 17th July, 1877. W. P."

96. " Rub ( = Bob). I overheard an artisan, about 35 years
old, describing to another man, at Torquay, to-day, a petty
robbery which had just occurred. He ended by remarking,
* You know it 's a shame to rub a poor widow.' Of course he
meant rob her. 21st Oct. 1877.

**I recently heard an artisan (46) quote Malachi iii 8,
where the syllable rob occurs thrice. He pronounced it rub
each time.

"A servant girl, 19 years old, bom and resident at Torquay,
finished a depreciatory description of a young woman to-day
by stating that ' she even rubbed her own mother.' 12th Feb.,

1878. W. P."

97. " Buns about ( = Covers a large area). A sailor (79),
speaking to me to-day of a sunken rock, said, 'He runs a
good bU about ;' meaning, * It covers a large area.' 24th Dec.,
1877. A,RH."

98. " ScuwLE ( == A weeding implement Rhymes with
Shovel). When passing through a field of mangold wurzel

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SECOND REPOBT OF THE COMMITTEE

to-day, on my way from Prawle to Portlemouth, new Kings-
bridge, I saw two fann labourers, not out of their teens, at
work with an implement I first thought a plough, but which
the lads told me was a Scuwle. They added that they were
scuwling mangle. One lad held the implement much as a
plough is held, the other sat on, and guided, the horse which
drew the implement, and they were thus engaged in weeding
the mangold. See (Scuffle Plough) Par., (Scuffle) Pco,,
Bock., Web. 30th July, 1878. W. P."

99. " Sharps ( = Shafts). A labouring man, about 60
years old, said, in my hearing, at Modbury to-day, to a com-
panion, 'My 'oss will draw a good deal better in sharps;*
meaning in shafts. See Ba/r., Hal.y Jen,, PaL, Far., Park.,
Pid., WiL 29tti September, 1877. W. P."

100. " She ( = Her). A labourer's wife, bom and resident
at Teignmouth, said in my hearing, * I could send it on Thurs-
day by she.* In very common use at Teignmouth. W. C. L."
See Hal.

101. "Short'n (=Shortdown). I was told several times
to-day, by persons varying from 20 to 50 years of age, all of
the class of farm-labourers, that a hamlet in Paignton parish,
nearly a mile north-north-west from the church, was called
Shorfn. On the maps the name is Shoridofwn. 20th March,
1878. W. P."

102. "Shut of (=Rid of). A gentleman, a native of
Lancashire, but long resident at Torquay, said to me to-day,
* For several years I have had great pains in my head, and I
can't get shut of them.' See C&u., Oow., Hal., Par., (Shut on)
Bos., Web. 2nd July, 1877. W. P."

103. "Skylarking (= Frolicking. Sporting). According
to the Western Morning News of 2nd July, 1877, a youth,
giving evidence at a Coroner's inquest, at Tavistock, on 30th
June, 1877, said, * The deceased was very fond of skylarking
in the workshop.' See Wd). 2nd July, 1877. W. P."

104 "SuDDBNT (= Sudden). See 118, Die, Fra^ (SuD-
DWTY) Bob. W. P."

105. "Taking off (= Abating). A native of Stokenham
(39) said to a man, in my hearing, to-day, 'The tides are

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ON DEVONSHIRB VEBBAL PBOVINCIALISMS. 131

taking off now meaning that the highest spring tides had
but recently occurred, and that the high water level was
lower and lower every tida 28th July, 1877. W. P."

106. "Tetties (= Potatoes. Rhymes with Jetties), See
36. W.P."

107. " That (= So). I overheard a domestic servant, bom
and resident at Teignmouth, between 20 and 30 years old,
say, ' A month ago he was tJiat drunk that it was dreadful to
see him.' W. C. L." See Die., Hal., Pa/r., Bos.

108. "That there (= That). See 15, Pea."

109. " Them (=« Those). A sailor's wife, resident at Teign-
mouth, said in my hearing, "You put all them things up
there. Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L." See ffal., Bos.

110. "Them (=They). See 17. Common at Teign-
mouth, W. C. L." See Peg.

111. "They (« Those). A cab-driver, long resident at
Teignmouth, said to a companion, as I was passing, 'Tom,
will you open they doors V W. C. L" See Hai., Fal.

112. "They (= Them). A cab-driver (111) said within
my hearing, * I shan't tell they about it.' Common at Teign-
mouth. W. C. L."

113. "This here (= This). See 67. Very common at
Teignmouth. W. C. L." See ffal., Pea.

114. "Tib. See 18. Soe Hal. W. P."

115. "Tizzick'd (= Tightness and wheezing of the breath.
Bhymes with Physick'd). An artisan's daughter, between 30
and I 40 years of age, bom and resident at Teignmouth, said
to me, ' He is Tizzick'd to his breath.' Common at Teign-
mouth. W. C. L." See Oow. (Tissick), Eal. (Tisick), John,
Par., Web.

116. "To (= This, or During the). A nurse, from 50 to
60 years old, bom and resident at Teignmouth, said to me
'We did all this for her to aftemoon.' Common at Teign-
mouth. W. C. L."

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132 SBC50ND REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE

117. " To AND Again (= Occasionally). A sailor^s widow,
about 50 years old, bom at Newton, but resident many years
at Teignmouth, said to me, ' My arm is better, but he swells
to and again,* Common at Teignmouth. W. C. L" See Par.

118. "Tp A SuDDENT ( = Suddenly). A labouring man
(18) said to me to-day, when speaking of the surfjEice of a
deposit of mud and stones, *It goes down to a suddent;*
meaning suddenly. 3rd July, 1877. W. P."

119. " Trade (Used much in the sense of Stuff, in house-
hold stuff, sweet stuff, &c.) A labourer, between 40 and 50
years old, born in Bishopsteignton parish, whence he removed
to Teignmouth a few years ago, said to me, 'There's this
comes up [ = is expectorated]. The same old trade* W. C.
See Cm., Hal, Pal., Par., Rock., Web.

120. TuRNAWAYS (? = Kennaways). Two women (7) told
me to-day that a spot where three roads met, about three-
quarters of a mile west of Paignton Church, and where a
rivulet makes a very sudden and great bend or turn in its
course, was called Turnawa'ifs Waier. About an hour after-
wards, a gentleman's gardener, about 45 years old, told me it
was called Kmnaway*s Water. 27th March, 1878. W. P."

121. "Urges (= Retches). A labourer's wife, between
30 and 40 years old, born and resident at Teignmouth, said
to me, 'He doesn't throw up, but he urges! Common at
Teignmouth. W. C. L." See Hal.

122. " Us ( = We). I overheard a carpenter's wife, bom
and resident at Teignmouth, say, ' Us went to Ipplepen. Us
went all about.' Habitually used at Teignmouth. W. C. L"
See Hal., Pal., Bos.

123. " Wangery ( = Soft, withered. The final y omitted,
the Wanger rhymes with Hanger). A domestic servant, bom
at Torrington, but resident at Exeter, about 38 years of age,
said in my hearing in April last, 'I sim they watercresses
look all wangery* meaning withered. 12th June, 1877. J. D."
See Hal., Lock., Pal, Bock.

124. "Werrow (= Hurrah). A native of Stokenham
(39) said to me to-day, 'We say here. Hip, hip, hip, Werrow,
not Hurrah.* 28th July, 1877. W. P."

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ON DEVONSHIRE VEBBAL PKOVINCIALISMS. 133

125. "White as a Hound's Tooth ( = Very White). A
gardener (29), describing the colour of an object to me to-day,
said, * It is as white as ever was a hmmcl^s tooth' On ex-
pressing my surprise at the phrase, he added, ' It is whiter
than any other dog you can pick out.' 3rd January, 1878.
A. E. H."

126. "Wound (Pronounced peculiarly). A domestic ser-
vant, bom and resident at Torquay, about 19 years old, said
to-day, ' Mother isn't welL She has a bad vxmnd in her leg.'
The word WouTid was pronounced so as to rhyme with
Bomd. 14th February, 1878. W. P."

127. "Wove ( = Waved. Ehymes with Eove). A sailor
(79) said to me to-day, *I saw the duck, and wove to Bill
Brown, who came and shot it ;' meaning vxmd to Bill Brown,
&c. 1st December, 1877. A. E. H."

128. " Yonder ( = Farther. More distant Adj. comp.
Rhymes with Ponder), A woman about 50 years of age,
when showing me the church of St. Saviour's, at Dartmouth,
to-day, and speaking of two brasses, used the phrase 'The
yonder one,' meaning The farther, or Tnore distant one. 25th
April, 1878. A. P."

(Signed) F. H. Firth, Hon. Sec. Com.
(Signed) Geo. Doe, Chairman, pro tern.

gut Jitne, 1878.

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FIRST REPOET OF THE COMMITTEE ON WORKS
OF ART IN DEVONSHIRE.

First Repobt of the Committee — Mr. R Dynumd, Bev.
Treamrer Hawker, Mr. R. J. King, and Mr. R N.
Worth — on the pvilic and private collections of works of
art in Devonshire.

Edited by B. J. Em o, Hon. Secretaxy of the Committee.

(Bead at Paignton, Joly, 1878.)

Although some time has elapsed since this Committee was
first appointed by the Devonshire Association, we are as yet
unable to present such a report as the Association has a right
to expect from us. The difficulty of procuring accurate notices
of the works of art scattered throughout the county has been
found to be considerabla Much desultory information has
indeed been collected, including notes on single pictures
and portraits ; but it is felt that to prepare anything like a
systematic report on the works of art contained in even
a small part of Devonshire, requires considerable time. In
our next report we hope to turn to good account much of the
information abeady supplied to us, and, by giving full atten-
tion to a single district, to procure an exhaustive catalogue of
all pictures and other works of art contained in it.

The present report consists exclusively of a catalogue of
the works of art in public places and in public institutions
in the three towns of Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse,
drawn up by Mr. R. N. WortL

Richard John King, Secretary.

PLYMOUTH, DEVONPORT, AND STONEHOUSE.

The following is a list of the pictures and other works of
art in public places or in public institutions in the three
towns of Plymouth, Devonport, and Stonehouse, which call
for record here. All the portraits are life-size, and of the

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ON WOBKS OF ART IK DEVONSHIRE. 135

size known as kit-cat^ unless otherwise specified. I commence
with the pictures and works of art belonging to the Plymouth
Corporation.

PLYMOUTH GUILDHALL.
Sir Francis Drake, Portrait of ; half length, painted on panel.

This picture was probably painted in memoriam. Drake is repre-
sented with his hand resting on a globe. In the upper left hand
comer are the arms granted to him in augmentation — tne fesse wavy
between two pole stars, with mantling, as borne by Thomas Drake,
not by Sir francis, who quartered his new coat with his paternal
device of the wyvem. In tne upper right hand comer are the words,
"^tatis SU8B 63 An. 1694."

Underneath, in black-letter, we read :

Sir Drake, ^hom well the world's end knew,

Which then didst oompaBse romide,
And whom both poles of heaven ons saw,

Which North and South doe bound :
The Starrs above wiU make thee knowne.

If men here silent were ;
The Sonn himself cannot forgett

His feUow TraveUer."

** Ghreat Drake, whose shmpe about the worlde*s wide waste
In three years did a golden girdle cast^
Who witn fresh streams refiresht this Towne that first
Though lost with waters, yet did pine for thirst.
Who both a Pilote and a Magistrate
Steered in his turae the shippe of Plymouthe's state.
Tins little table shewes his moe whose worth
The worlde's wide table hardly can sett forth."

The painter^s name is not known ; but it has some characteristics
of the style of Nicholas Hilliard, portrait painter to Elizabeth. The
artistic merits are by no means hi^

Charles II., Portrait of; half length.

James IL, Portrait of ; half length.

These two portraits, with one of the Earl of Bath, Qovemor of
Plymouth for Charles II. and James II., were piuxmased by the
COTDoration in 1683 for £16 2s. There was also a portrait of
WiUifimi III. John Helliar, "the Ijrmner," Mayor of Plymouth,
1733-4, had £14 for drawing this picture "at large'' witJi a gilt-
carved frame, and repairing other pictures, 1696-7.

Queen Anne, Portrait of ; half length.

Painted by Nathaniel Northcott, jun., in 1704. He received £6 da.
for the picture, with a gilt frame, and varnishing sundry others.

Gboboe I., Portrait of; fiill length, robed.
Bought in London in 1737-8.

Geobge IL, P(^rait of; robed, full length.

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136

FIRST BEPOBT OF THB COMMITTEE

Queen Caroline, Portrait of ; full length.

George IIL, Portrait of; seated, robed.

Queen Charlotte, Portrait of; full length.

George IV., Portrait of, when Prince Kegent.
By Hopner.

William IV., Portrait of, in naval uniform.

Princb Consort, Portrait of the late.
After Winterhalter.

Flemish Interior; artist and subject unknown; life-size;
group at a table, partaking of some meal; a lady
between two cavaliers.
This picture, wMch has considerable merit, was given to the
Corporation by Sir William Elford, recorder from 1797 to 1833.

Associated with the new Guildhall are a number of
statues, medallions, and emblematic carvings. The statues
are of Edward I., the Black Prince, Henry VL, Drake, Queen
Victoria, and the Prince of Wales ; and there are medallion
portraits of Baleigh, Frobisher, Hawkins, and Queen Victoria.
These are mostly by Trevenen ; but that of the Black Prince
is by Hems. The emblematic carvings are by Boulton, and
comprise, "Justice between Truth and Mercy;" "Fame
rewarding Industry and Virtue ;" Painting, Music, Sculpture,
War, Peace, Religion, Architecture, Astronomy, Mechanics,
Commerce, Plenty, Law, These works are maijoly architec-
tural in character. By the Guildhall will also stand a fine
marble statue, by Stephens, A.R.A., of the late Alfred Booker,
Mayor in 1851-2, and in 1873-4, when the Hall was opened
by the Prince of Wales. This statue is to be erected by
subscription in the present year (1878).

COTTONIAN COLLECTION, PLYMOUTH PUBLIC LIBRARY.

This collection was presented to the Library by the late
Mr. Cotton, on condition that a suitable place should be
provided for its reception, and that it should be kept up for
public use. It may be viewed on application to the librarian.
It consists of a collection of prints, numbering upwards of
6,000 ; a number of books, chiefly relating to the fine arts ;
illuminated MSS.; examples of early typography; bronzes
by Benvenuto Cellini, Zoffoli, and others; carvings by

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ON WORKS OF ART IN DEVONSHIRE.

137

Carlini; terra cottas by Eysbrach, II Fiamingo, &c.; two
hundred and fifty sketches by Claude, Eembrandt, N. Poussin,
Domenichino, Eubens, Leonardo da Vinci, Le Brun, Correggio,
the Caracci, Vandyke, Cipriani, S. Bourdon, Inigo Jones,
Castiglione, Berghem, Vandermeer, Buysdael, Zuccarelli,
Carlo Maratti, and other celebrated masters; with three
portraits by Sir Joshua Eeynolds, a bust of whom has been
placed in the Cottonian Boom by subscription. The frieze
of this apartment is formed of a series of casts from the
Elgin marbles.

The Eeynolds pictures are : —
Eev. Samuel Eeynolds, Portrait of, father of Sir Joshua.

Frances Eetnolds, Portrait of (1755).

Himself, Portrait o^ formerly in the possession of the Dean
of Cashel

There are likewise in the collection —
John Eliot, of St Germans, Portrait of; three-quarter length.

Bridget Eliot, daughter of above, Portrait of; married
Savery, of Slade, 1665.

Portrait of another member of the Eliot family, three-quarter
length.

These pictures were originally from Port Eliot

THE ATHEN^UM.

The hall of the Plymouth Institution at the Athenaeum
contains several pictures, and is ornamented with casts in
fac simile from the metopes of the Parthenon, and of several
notable examples of ancient statuary.

Judge Glanville, Portrait ot
Artist unknown.

Sir Francis Drake, Portrait of.

Painted by J. L. Ck)lley.

Sir Walter Baleigh, Portrait of.
By J. L. Colley.

Alderman John Facet, Portrait of.

Ma^or of Plymouth 1749-4M). At the back of the picture is a
copy m autograph of his examination of Bamfylde Moore Carew.

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138 FIRST REPORT OF THE COMMnTEB

John Northcotb, r.a., Portrait of.
Bj Ball, a Plymonth artist

Sir Joshua Reynolds, Portrait of.
Bj J. L. Colley.

LiEOT.-CoL. Hamilton Smith, F.R.S.; three-quarter length,
seated.

By E. Opie.

William Jacobson, Portrait of.

By F. Lane. Presented by the late Mrs. Jacobson.

Samuel Pridbaux Tregelles, ll.d.. Portrait of, the well-
known Biblical critic.
By F. Lane.

Sir William Snow Harris, F.R.a, Portrait of, the eminent
electrician.

By F. Lane. Presented by the late Mrs. Jacobson.

Large Alpine Landscape.

Painted by Sir R. P. Collier. Presented by the Artist

N. T. Carrington, Portrait of, the poet ; small

Dr. Macaulat, Portrait o^ Master of the Plymouth New
Grammar School.

By BalL Presented by Mr. J. W. Grigg.

Henry Woollcombe, f.s jl. Bust of, Founder of the Institution.

ST. ANDREWS CHURCH.

Bey. Zaohariah Mudge, d.d., Bust of, Vicar of St Andrew's
1731-69.

By Chantrey. Designed from a portrait by Reynolds.
ST. ANDREWS CHAPEL.

The Altar Piece here is a Crucifixion, by Ball, a work of
considerable power, but which can hardly be seen to full
advantage.

PLYMOUTH dispensary.

Dr. Yonge, Portrait ol

By Northcote, B.A. Dr. Yonge was the founder of the institution
in 1798.

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OH WORKS OF AET m DEYONSHTKE.

139

PLYMOUTH EYE INFIRMARY.

Dr. Butter, F.Ra, Portrait of ; full length.

By Lucas. Dr. Butter was joint-founder with Dr. E. Moore of
this charity.

CITADEL.

In the Citadel is a bronze statue of Geoif^e II., attired as
a Boman warrior, and laureated, the work of Bobert Pitt;
erected in 1728 at the expense of Louis Dufour, an officer in
the Citadel The loyalty of the donor is more remarkable
than the art of the sculptor.

MOUNT WISE, DEYONPORT.

Here is a fine bronze statue of the late Field-Marshal Lord
Seaton ; erected by subscription in 1865. Sculptor, Adams ;
founders, Elkington.

DEYONPORT GUILDHALL.

Queen Anne, Portrait of; full length, half life-size.

George L, Portrait of; full length.

Queen Sophia, Portrait of, full length.

George II., Portrait of; full length.

George III., Portrait of; full length, seated.

Queen Charlotte, Portrait of ; full length.

A curious history attaches to these pictures. George III.
had several portraits painted of himself, and presented them
to his most distinguished admirals. That given to the Earl
of Dundonald was in some way sold, and being bought by
the late Mr. R. Burnet, a native of Devonport, was given by
him to the Corporation. Subsequently the family desired to
obtain the picture again, and gave in exchange the present
portrait, which had been given to Admiral Kempenfeldt,
who was lost in the Royal George, and the others of the series.
Most, if not the whole, of them were state paintings.

William IV., Portrait of; ftill length, robed.
By Drake.

Queen Victoru, Portrait of.

Prince Albert, Portrait of.

These are copies, by F. Lane, of the weU-known pictures by
Winterhalter,

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140 ON WORKS OF AET IN DEVONSHIRE.

Sir John St. Aubyn, Portrait of; full length.

By Opie, R. a. Sir J ohn was Lord of the Manor of Stoke Damere!,
in which Devonport is situated.

Embarkation of Mary Beatrice, Queen of James IL, at
GravesenA

Opie, RjL. A very fine group, life-size.

Holy Family.

Artist unknown.

The three last-named pictures are the gift of the St Aubyn
family. The last two were formerly in me Civil and Milituy
library.

Vice-admiral Sir Edward Codrington. One of the first
representatives of the borough ; elected 1832 ; full length,
in naval uniform.
By Paterson.

Joseph May, fjlca, Portrait o£ Thrice Mayor of Devon-
port (1870-73). Full length ; robed.

By F. Lane. Presented to the town by subscription, in memory
of Mr. May's great public services.

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THE LITEKATUEE OF KENTS CAVERN.
Pabt IV.

Edited by W. Pbnobllt, f.r.s., p.o.8., Bra
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

When, in 1868, 1 read to the Devonshire Association Part 1.
of J%e Literature of Kent's Cavern {Trans, Devon, Assoc., voL
ii pp. 469-522), it was my hope and intention to continue
the subject until I had compiled and edited all that could be
collected relating to the Cavern, whether in print or in manu-
script, up to 28 March, 1865, — the date of the commencement
of the exploration of the Cavern by the Committee appointed
by the British Association — when a new chapter of its history
may be said to have begun. I had, accordingly, the pleasure
of producing a Second Part in 1869, and a Third in 1871.
(im, vols. iii. pp. 191-482 ; and iv. pp. 467-490.)

During the last seven years various friends have been so
good as to send me memoranda, others have directed my
attention to paragraphs in dififerent works and journals, and
sundry notices have presented themselves unsought in the
course of my reading. The materials thus collected are here
arranged in chronological order as a Fourth Part, to which are
appended such Notes as seemed desirable, though it may be
feared that they have grown to a somewhat formidable
length.

To facilitate reference, a smcJl numeral, enclosed in a
parenthesis, is inserted in the text at each point requiring
elucidation, remark, or correction, the numeral being also
that of the Note in the Appendix.

MENTION OF THE CAVERN IN A DEED. 1669.

Mr. J. T. White of Torquay, when collecting materials for
his History of Torqimyy was allowed the privilege, by Sir
Im Palk, Boxt,, M of access to the archives, at Haldon House,

VOL. X. I

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142 THE UTERATURE OF KENT'S CAVEKN.

of the Manor and Estate of Torwood, in which Kent's Cavem
is situate ; and he has been so good as to inform me that he
found a deed showing that to John Black, husbandman, were
demised, December 22, 1659, "all those closes, flSelds, or
pieces of ground, that is to say one piece called Middle Hill,
one close called Kent's Hole (1), one close called Egnden, one
close called Wildeswood, one close called Old Close, and the
meadow called Bramble Meadow/'

M. IN THE MONTHLY MAGAZINE. 1806.

The Monthly Magazine; or British BegisteTy Part I., for
June, 1805, contains a letter descriptive of Teignmouth and
its neighbourhood, by a writer who appears to have resided
in that town in the summer of 1804, and who used the letter
M as his signature. The latter part of his letter contains
the following account of Kent's Cavern : —

" . . . . The excursions by water in the vicinity of Teign-
mouth are numerous, either up the river Teing (sic), or in
the channel. If to the eastward [so in the original, but
westward must have been intended], it is a pleasant sail
down to Torbay. Along the coast the voyager passes in view
the pretty parish of Mary Church, situated just behind a
high rock of limestone, which lines the shore nearly to the
entrance of the bay; and the romantic retreat called the
Barbican [so in the original, but BabhacoTnhe must have been
intended], in the comer of a small bav of that name. Near
this is a quarry, where very fine marble has within these few
years been found and worked with great advantage by some
of the statuaries in Exeter. Below are the inexhaustible
rocks that supply the eastern part of Devon with lime for
all the purposes of building and agriculture. If a party land
at the termination of these rocks, and ascends one of them,
thev are easily conducted to the famous cavem called Kent's
Hole, whose situation has long attracted the curious subter-
raneous explorer. It is situated at the foot of a rock, and has
two entrances, around which grow various plants, and among
them the deadly night-shade. The largest and best entrance
is about four feet high, and continuing about twelve feet,
terminates in a chamber, with a descent leading on to the
other vaults, sometimes the passage being only high enough
for a person to creep along, suddenly leading into an apart-
ment spacious enough to contain a hundred persons. There
are five of these, but the largest is at the end of an entrance
two hundred feet long, which barely admits a person going

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THE LITERATUEE OF KENT'S CAVERN. 148

through ; this is called the Oven, and here we meet with a
lake of water, which prevents a farther progress. The whole
cavern is hung with petrifection, glittering with a beautiful
appearance when the party chances to disperse and throw
their lighta in various directions in a place where darkness
is truly visible; for it is necessary that every one who
ventures in should take a light to prevent accidents by foul
air, &c. Attempts have been made to work the stones and

spars, but they do not prove ornamental (2) M." pp.

434-5.

THE ENCTCLOP-EDIA LONDONENSIS. 1812.

The Uncyclopcedia Londonenm, 1812, voL xi, p. 674, has
the following article, entitled Kent's Hole : —

"Kent's Hole, a curious cavern among the rocks to the
east [so in the original, but west must have been intended]
of Teignmouth, in Torbay {sic), Devon. It is situated at the
foot of a rock." .... The remainder of the article is copied
verbatim from that in the Monthly Magazine, Part I., for
1805, pp. 434-5. See p. 142 above.

THE EDINBURGH PHILOSOPHICAL JOURNAL. 1825.

Tfie EdirHmTgh Philosophical Journal, from January I to
April 1, 1825, vol. xii., contains the following article : —

^* Hycena Caves in Devonshire, — Professor Buckland has
lately examined two caves in Devonshire (3), in both of
which he found, in a bed of mud beneath a crust of calc-
sinter, gnawed fragments and splinters of bones, with teeth
of hyaenas and bears. There were no entire bones except the
solid ones of the toes, heels, &c., as at Kirkdale, which were
too hard for the teeth of the hyaena. They appear simply to
have been dens, but less abundantly inhabited than at Kirk-
dale. In the same cave. Professor Buckland found one tooth
of the rhinoceros, and two or three only of the horse," p. 409.

The foregoing paragraph is copied verbatim in T?ie Ann/ils
of Philosophy. New Series, January to June 1825, vol ix. p.
470.

REV. J. MAO ENERY. 1826.

Sir W. C. Trevelyan, Bart., has been so good as to forward
to me a letter addressed to him by Mr. Mac Enery, and has
kindly allowed a copy of it to be taken with a view to its
incorporation in the present compilation : —

" My dear Sir, — I feel much obliged by your introduction

of Mr. Bald I accompanied him to the cave, and

I 2

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144 THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

shewed him whatever was interesting, in a geological light,
in the vicinity. Next day I introduced him to Mr. Cazalet,

who has removed beyond Newton I made him a

convert to Dr. Buckland's theory of the introduction of Bones,
and gave him from the excavations a specimen or two of
gnawed bones to shew his friend Dr. Fleming. He promises
to avow his opinion at the next Wemerian meeting. I thank
you for Dr. Fleming's article (4). I take in the journal, and
had admired, the ingenious and elaborate attempt to disturb
the theories of Cuvier and Buckland. The first part of the
dissertation appears to me far superior to the second, which
is, indeed, sophistry and unsupported assertion throughout,
and which will vanish before the Professor's powerful argu-
ments.

I have hitherto endeavoured to keep my mind disengaged
in my researches. The result certainly has been in favour of
Dr. Buckland. The gnawed and broken condition of the bones,
the prevailing number of the Hyaena's teeth and jaws furnish
incontestable evidence of the truth of his account of the mode
of their introduction. What will be his delight when he hears
that I have found, ten feet below the surface, a perfect skull,
with teeth entire, processes perfect, of a full grown Hyaena !
One of the under jaws is missing (5). Perhaps you have
seen the only one found nearly perfect, in Diluvial gravel
near Eugby (6). Comparing mine with the plate of it, I find
it an inch and a half longer, and larger in every way than
that specimen. Every tooth, the smallest incisors are in their
places. The surface of the teeth is a little worn, but the
condition of the teeth and skull is beautiful and highly
preserved. The cavities were charged with mud. There
remains, however, the nice and delicate texture of the fibres, &c.

Besides this, I have the hind part of another Hyaena's
skull, exhibiting the processes in great relief.

I have added considerably to my Elephants, Ehinoceros,
Elks, Deer, and Bears. I have some teeth of the last of great
size. A large Tiger's, perhaps Lion's, jaw now embellishes
my collection.

" The open chamber, where you excavated so successfully,
has been long exhausted. In my Idol Cave (7) I have made
the most important discoveries which I am daily foUovring
up with ardour.

" Some plain account I intend to publish when the Professor
returns. Mrs. Buckland purposes doing us the honor of a
visit, when I hope to have collected abundant materials for
her pencil.

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THE UTERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN. 145

"If I had my franking friends by me, I should wish to
enclose a letter for Dr. B. If you be so good as to name,
when you start, and where a letter is likely to find you, you
would much oblige me, as I am anxious to acknowledge the
Professor's presents and letter, and announce to him the pro-
gress of my labors, I continue the exclusive privilege of
excavating.

" But if you are already on the wing, have the goodness to
communicate to him the contents of this letter. It would
give me pleasure to know when he is likely to return to

England (8)

" I remain, my dear Sir, most truly yours,

"[Signed] "J. MoEnery.
"Torquay, June 19th, 1826."

P.S. I have presented a collection to the Philosophical
Institution of York (9). It is to be produced by Mr.
Strickland. Plenty of gnawed bones, as many as would
satisfy a Scotch palate (10), accompany the teeth. I beg to
ask your opinion about my buying Cuvier's great work. Do
you think the English translation will be a good one, or is the
original preferable ?

REV. DB. BBEEE, Dean of Bristol 1826.

Sir. W. C. Trevelyan has also kindly sent me the following
extract firom a letter written to him by the late Rev. Dr. Beeke,
Dean of Bristol, and dated, " Bristol, Deer. 6th, 1826 " :—

" Mr. Mac Enery has arranged his Kent's Hole collection
very neatly, and had added a fine scull of an Hysena, some-
what larger than the one which Scharf has engraved, and the
upper part more perfect, but the lower jaw almost wanting.
He appeared to think that very little remains worth digging
for (11). He has prepared the materials for an account of
the Cave, so far as his own observations extend, but waits
for Dr. Buckland's advice and assistance, and no drawings
have yet been made of the more important bones. I under-
stand that Buckland has returned, but I have not yet had any
letter from him."

SIR W. C. TREVELYAN, Bart. 1826.

On the 2nd January, 1878, I had the pleasure of receiving
a note from Sir W. C. Trevelyan, enclosing the following
Memoranda of his " second visit to Kent's Cavern," which he
had just found on looking through his papers : —

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146 THE UTERATUKE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

"Torquay, 27th February, 1826. Saw Mrs. Cazalet's col-
lection of bones from Kent's Hole. Very fine. Bear, Tiger (12),
Wolf, Hyaena, Elk, Ox, Horse, Elephant, Rhinoceros, Flint
knives. Mr. Mac Ener/s bones. Very fina Horse and
Rhinoceros numerous. Roman coins (13).

28th. Spent 7 hours in Kent's Hole with four men, and
found bones and teeth of Bear, Tiger, Rhinoceros, Elephant,
Hysena, Horse, Deer, Elk, and Flint knives under Tufa ; i.e.
Stalagmite from the side or wall of Cavern."

REV. D. M, BTIBLING. 1830.

A History of Newton-Abbot and Newton-Btishel, and also
Illustrations of the Antiquities, Topography, and Scenery of
the circumjacent Neighbourhood, inclilding Teignmouth, Tor-
quay, and Chndleigh. By the Rev. D. 3f, Stirling, Newton-
Abbot. Printed by W. F. Forord, 1830, contains the following
notice of Kent's Cavern : —

"... Kent's hole ... is a natural cavern in a wood
adjoining the road to Babicombe [sic]. The entrance is
small, but a little way in from the aperture, the dreary
intricacies become more spacious.

Some years ago five naval officers, without a guide, at-
tempted to explore the recesses of this Cimmerian shade,
with only one candle, which was soon extinguished, and the
men of war left to grope in the dark among the whimsical
petrifactions and incrustations which natui^ has secreted here.
Having exhausted their strength, in fruitless efforts to get
out of the dark abyss, they gave themselves up to despair.
One, however, part^ from the rest, and fortunately at length
emerged into the light of day. Having procured guides and
lights, he again entered the cavern, and after a g<KKl deal of
search found his four companions seated round the margin
of a limpid pooL" pp. 145-6.

THE ATHEN-fflUM. 1869.

The following article, or review, appeared in the Athenceum
of April 30th, 1859, pp. 574-6 :—

** Cavern Researches ; or. Discoveries of Organic Remains and
of British and Roman Reliques in the Caves of Kent's Hole,
Anstey's Cove, Chudkigh and Ben^j Head, By the late Rtv. J.
MacEmry. Edited from the Original Manuscript Notes by
E. Vivian. (Simpkin, Marshall & Co.)" See Trans. Devon.
Assoc. vol. iii. pp. 196-7.

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THE LITERATUBE OF CAVEKN. 147

"One of the most interesting caverns in the world lies
within a lady's walk of that sunny watering place, Torquay.
In a scene of geological disorder rises the mass in which
Kent's Cavern is situated, half way between St. Mary Church
and Torquay, and about a mile distant from eadi. Approach-
ing from Torquay by a lane which terminates in a wooded
vidley, flanked on both sides by ridges of Umestone, the
cavern lies on the right. The way to it is over a stoi^y
gap, and winds through brushwood to its front Grey
masses of stone are scattered down the sides, and seem
about to roll from the brow of the hilL Bugged and
creviced surfaces, together with stratification, partly vertical
and partly horizontal, seem to be proof of an igneous dis-
turbance which at some remote period produced the cavern
(14). But water succeeded fire, and the aqueou3 deposits of
a later period line the cave with those fantastic percolations
.of water which are termed stalactites when they depend
from the roof, and stalagmites when they protrude from the
floor (15).

The favourite entrance to this cavern is simply a cleft in
the rock, shaped like a reversed wec^e, about seven feet wide
at the bottom and five feet high. When the accumulated
rubbish was cleared away from the entrance, the interior was
found to rise rapidly, and to spread out into a spacious vault,
while the rocky floor was polished as if by con^nt use (16).
A regular and determined exploration was made by Mr.
MacEnery, Chaplain at Tor Abbey, through what he names
the upper gallery, and its lateral branches or sallyports. He
then i-etumed on his steps as far as the vestibule or sloping
chamber, and, without stopping, advanced by the arcade into
the cave at the extremity, from which he turned on the left
into the region of the Bear s Den. Thence again returning
by the oven, cmd retracing his steps by the arcade he traversed
once more the sloping chamber in his way to the Wolf's Den,
which forms its right branch, and tierminated his labours in
the grand vestibule or Hyaena's Den. Unfortunately, no sort
of ifiustration makes this order of travel clear to the reader,
and he must imagine it as he best can.

Ordinary tourists visit caverns for the purpose of admiring
the sparry concretions (the stalactites and stalagmites) that
frequently adorn them with the most singular shapes. Kent's
Hole is not destitute of these natural ornaments, yet does not
abound in them so remarkably as some other caverns. In
the upper gallery, the concretioi^ at the roof appear like
clusters of cones, disposed at regular intervals, like the pen-

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148 THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

dants of a Gothic screen, connected by a transparent curtain
of stalactite. While the mere tourist would admire the
natural architecture, and heed nothing beyond its beauty,
the geologist is chiefly attracted by it because it has rendered
him the invaluable service of sealing down the floor her-
metically, and preserving the precious deposits of animal
bones beneath through many centuries, without permitting
natural decay or accidental disturbance. How singular this
result ! Century after century of ceaseless droppings of water,
charged with lime and" impregnated with carbonic acid, have
been necessary to weave a once aqueous, now solid and hard,
covering for the gathered bones of many a beast of prey.
What, in fact, is the whole but a rude sarcophagus of alabaster
for the quadrupedal tyrants who once ruled these wild wastes,
and held their carnivorous feasts within these walls ! Slow,
indeed, but sure, was the infiltration through every crevice of
the roof of the lime-charged water, dropping it may be, only
a few drops gradually upon the point of a protruding cone,
but continually augmenting its sediment, flowing down the
sides of the mound, spreading round its base, forming zone
after zone, like circles in the water, until it was met by the
concentric lines of adjacent cones forming and advancing in
like manner. Finally the whole surrounding space became
one continuous sheet of stalagmite, enveloping the bones,
swathing them as tightly, and securing them as perfectly, as
if they had been rolled in the mummy-cloth of Egypt, and
committed to the recesses of a mighty pyramid.

Such was the Bear's Den in Kent's Hole, — the most in-
teresting part for its organic treasures. So hard was the floor
that attempts to penetrate it were abandoned in despair, until
by following the cracks that traversed it like a pavement a
flag was turned over, and groups of skulls and bones were
found adhering to the stalagmite. Succeeding flags when
upturned exhibited like interesting objects. The place was
evidently an ursine cemetery — intramural, indeed, as respected
rock waUs, but extramural as regarded all habitations of town-
loving man. Here the remains of the bear prevailed to the
exclusion of all others. The bones retained their natural
freshness, as if they had been derived from animals in a high
state of vigour ; while some of the teeth displayed dazzling
enamel Two skulls were buried in the stalagmite as in a
mould, and were brought away in that state. The unbroken
condition of most of those remains appeared to indicate
that they belonged to animals that died a natural death in
this spot during a succession of ages.

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THB LTTERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN. 149

The most interesting part of the Cavern next to the above
was the Wolf's Passage, at an opposite extremity. At this
point roof and floor nearly met, and it was always regarded as
the extreme limit of the Cavern, until by removing heaps of
loose stones a passage was opened to a small group of cham-
bers, probably untrodden before by the foot of mortal man.
A colimm of spar connecting roof and floor being removed, it
was found, to the explorer's inexpressible joy, to have covered
the head of a wolf— 'perhaps the largest and finest skull,
whether fossil or modem, of that animal in the world.' Near
it lay one of its under jaws entire, — the other could not be
recovered even by the most diligent search. In the chamber
beyond was a grotto hung with concretions of dazzling bril-
liancy. Eetuming to the site where the wolf's heBd was
found, the stalagmite was discovered to be a foot and a half
thick, excessively hard, marked by mixture of rolled rocky
fragments, but in the interior moulding itself purely upon a
mass of bones. These were so thickly packed together that
no idea of their number could be given. They had suffered
from pressure and had been impelled by violence into this
narrow neck of the hollow. Some were even driven into the
interstices of the opposite wall; others were piled in the
greatest confusion against its sides. From this spot alone
Mr. Mac Enery obtained nearly the half of his whole collec-
tion. Here he gathered some thousands of teeth of the horse
and hyena, and in the midst of all were myriads of Bodentia.
The earth was saturated with animal matter ; it was fat with
the sinews and marrow-of more wild beasts than would have
peopled all the menageries in the world.

In the ** Cave of Eodentia " it was found that the remains
and dust of this class of animals constituted the whole floor,
and that they were agglutinated together by calcareous matter
into a bony breccia or conglomerate. Not only had their
tiny remains penetrated into every cleft and crevice of the
rock, but they had even insinuated themselves into the
chambers of the large bones. Here, then, were myriads of
minute animal remains accumulated by the side of those of
the elephant, rhinoceros and hyena in one common sepulchre.
When a handful of dust was thrown into the air [water, in
original. See Tram, Devon. Assoc, voL iii., p. 245] hundreds
of teeth rose to the surface, and only in this way could
they be collected. Land and water rats {campagnols), bats,
weasels, and moles had all left innumerable remains on this
spot. That they all existed and died here was made manifest
by the condition of the remains, every part indicating pro-

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150

THE LITERATUBE OF KENT*S CAVEiN.

longed habitation and peaceful death. Such a congregation
of Kodentia is an a priori argument in favour of the existence
of a dep6t of offal in their neighbourhood.

The distribution of animal remains over the whole cavern
may be thus summarily stated. The ancient floor of the
cavern was covered with the remains of the hyena, bear, and
campagnol, — the two latter occupying its opposite extremities,
the former occupying the remainder and the centre and the
upper gallery (17). The Bear's Den was exclusively ursine,
and thus resembles the caverns of Germany. The cave of the
Eodentia was chiefly occupied by the campagnoL The great
body of the cavern was occupied by the hyena, while in
addition to the remains of its own species, which perished
by a natural death, there were found remains of its prey,
accompanied by other evidence of the conversion of the
cavern by hyenas into a favourite den, resembling that of
Kirkdale in Yorkshire, so well explored and described by
Dr. Buckland in his BdiquioB DUuviance. So much of Kent's
Hole, which is by far the most interesting of the caverns
in this district. The above description of one must suffice
also for the other and less important caves mentioned in the
title.

Such a cavern as this is not merely a study for the
geologist, but offers a subject for descriptive poetry. Here
is an outline of the successive scenes which might be
graphically portrayed. The poem opens with a description of
primeval convulsions and disorder prevailing over the whole
district. Water has abraded the rocks for long ages, during
which limestone and conglomerate have been deposited. But
now the resistless power of fire has burst through these rocks,
and a fiery rock (tre^)) pierces through the limestone, bends
over iiy and ultimately eugulphs in its own boiling mass huge
pieces of limestone and shala By the action of elastic gases,
and a consequent upheaval, a fearful rent is made in the
rocks, and two opposite masses are hurled together, their
summits meeting, and thdr lower extremities receding from
each other, so that the opening to a tortuous and deeply
severed interior is produced, and stands unclosed for succeed-
ing ages (18). A long period of repose ensues, during which
thw cavern is becoming slowly furnished with nature's
drapery, and crystal carpet, and varied ornaments. Now
succeeds another scene. Beasts of prey roaring over this
desolate and craggy wild find the cavern, and make it their
dwelling-place. After a life of predatory warfare they perish,
and leave their own skeletons on the floor, mingled with the

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

151

bones of those they preyed upon. Mangled bones of a multi-
tude of herbivora and carnivora mark their residence and
tomb, and around are scattered vast quantities of excre-
mentary deposits. Now flows in, impelled from without, a
mass of mud, sweeping along and confounding gnawed and
disjointed bones, and skeletons lying thickly upon the floor.
BoUed fragments of rock are also dashed into the hollows by
tumultuous waves from the rising ocean, and with these,
splinters of bone are forced into the softer clay, now become
hard rock (19). Other animals find these recesses to be con-
venient haunts. The bulky bear has now discovered them, and
the sly wolf and the ferocious hyena have made good a home
in distinct chambers. In the perpetual night of these dismal
hollows each wild animal follows its own instincts, and
crunches its own prey,' and howls or screams as it pleases, till
all the hollow deeps resound again. But tiny creatures are
not afraid to make an entrance here. Bats fly about in the
darkest comers, land and water rats creep and run in
numerous tribes, and countless rodents gnaw the bones of
creatures which when living would have crushed them by a
paw-stroke. Water is still ever percolating drop by drop,
and minute by minute ; concretionary cones are continually
forming and extending; and the generations of animals are
all finally wrapped in a semitransparent winding-sheet that
spreads over the whole floors of the chambers.

Ancient as was the formation of the cavern, its chronology
extends over an immensely-lengthened period, as measui^
by our arithmetic. And now within these rocky portals enters
the crowning creature of all animal races — Man. True, he
comes but in ravage state. He is a boar hunter, armed with
flint-headed spear, and he follows his prey into the very
recesses of the cave. There also he leaves tokens of his
presence. Later still, others of his race succeed him, and
kindle large fires and hold rude revels within shadowy
haunts ; and leave fragments of plain and ornamental pottery
to attest their art and their orgies. The feasts of wild beasts
have been succeeded by the feasts of men. The howl and
the scream of the one are replaced by the song and the
speech of the other. Other human visitors succeed these,
and bequeath superior and richly-embellished pottery, beads
of opaque glass, shell-necklaces, rings and amulets and crumb-
ling pieces of skeleton. Now, sun-baked urns, fragments of
breastplates, heaps of shells, and pin and bodkins of bone
indicate the visits of Britons — perhaps Eomanized Britons.
Here, in one sttdagmite, are fragments of a human cranium

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152 THE LITERATUKE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

and teeth. There are innumerable flints, chipped and edged,
and shaped into wedges for various purposes, especially for
arrow and spear heads. At this stage we seem to pause on
human visitors.

Ages pass on, — Eome falls, — Britain rises, — ^England be-
comes one of the chiefest countries in the world, her sons
cultivate all arts and sciences, — ^knowledge of the past and
researches into antiquity distinguish even the high-born and
noble of the land, — and now this cavern, the scene of so
many and such extreme vicissitudes, is entered by a priest,
accompanied by men who wield good steel and iron imple-
ments. Fired with antiquarian zeal, they tear up the floor, —
they exhume the dead, — they open the graves of unknown
quadrupedal generations. Under the glare of torch-light they
rifle the long uninvaded solitudes of stalagmitic sepulchres.
Skulls, jaws, and teeth are borne in triumph from the
despoiled cava The priest fills his museum with them.
Loids, bishops, and commoners admire these spolia opima;
but the priest also descends to his sepulchre ; and now
another despoiler succeeds him, the auctioneer. In one day,
under successive descents of his hammer, the accumulations
of tens of centuries are dispersed. A few silver coins secure
possession of the bones of quadrupedal tyrants. Inestimable
remains are divided into lots and assigned to forty different
owners. Countless animals have been drawn to this central
cave, and are now distributed to distant cabinets and
museums, never to be gathered together in one place again.
A partial exception occurs once. On an appointed day, a
tall, slim, smiling professor enters a lecture theatre (20), and
is received with plaudits. On the table before him are placed
imperfect skulls, jawless teeth, and shattered and gnawed
bones. The professor waves his wand, and revivifies beast
after beast, and with them repeoples the cave, their primeval
palace. After the lecture, would-be-wise men and beautiful
women descend to the table, and jaws once reeking with the
blood of mangled prey are handled by gloved hands, and
touched by fair fingers, and admired by sparkling and speak-
ing eyes. This is the last attempt at a restoration and
resurrection of these cavernous organisms. They now return
to their plcLces in museums, are ranged upon orderly shelves,
inscribed with unpronounceable names, and are gazed on by
the descendants of those Britons who once feasted upon
their undisturbed tomb. In their new resting-place they will
probably remain unmolested until that day arrives when the
earth shall experience another convulsion and a last rending —

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THE LITERATUKE OF KENT*S CAVERN. 153

when the bones of priests and professors, fair women and
forgotten men, shall be mingled with the dust of bears,
hyenas, and beasts of all orders, by the common and final
catastrophe which awaits all living things, and even this
great globe itself! Are there not themes enough for poetry
here? Kent's Cavern might be a cavern in Parnassus, if
only there were a poet to enter it."

THE REV. JOHN KENRICK, m.a., p.8.a. 1861.

On May 8th, 1861, the following paper, on " The Bev. Mr.
M*JEnery*s Researches in the Bone Cave of Kent's Hole, Torquay
and their Relation to the Archoeology and Palceontohgy of
Britain, by the Bev. John Kenrick, M,A,, F,S.A,, of York" was
read at Leeds to the fifty-sixth Meeting of The Geological and
Polytechnic Society of the West Biding of Yorkshire, and pub-
lished in the Proceedings of that body. VoL iv. 1859-68, pp.
150-165:—

" Although the scene of Mr. M*Enery*s researches is very
remote from Yorkshire, the value of his discoveries is not
confined to the locality in which they were made.

No higher testimony to their importance can be needed
than that of Professor Owen, who says, * Perhaps the richest
cave depository of the fossil bones of bears hitherto found in
England is that called Kent's Hole, near Torquay. ... It is
to the assiduous researches of the late Eev. Mr. M'Enery that
the discovery of the various and interesting fossils of this
cave is principally due.' [Brit. Foss. Mam, &c., p. 103.] Mr.
M'Enery was the chaplain of the old Roman Catholic family
of Carey, of Tor Abbey, and he has left an interesting ac-
count of the circumstances which led him to engage in those
investigations, which have connected his name with the
Archaeology and Palaeontology of Britain

This limestone, which is found in various parts of South
Devon, as far west as Plymouth, everywhere aboimds with
caves, some of which, as at Oreston, Brixham, and Torquay,
have furnished both archaeology and palaeontology with facts
of profound interest Kent's Cavern — the discoveries in
which are connected with the name of Mr. M'Enery — is at
the distance of about a mile and a half eastward from Tor-
quay, and does not differ materially in its structure from the
caves which characterize limestone districts. Like these, it
has a floor covered with stalagmite, while stalactites depend
from the roof. These appearances had attracted visitors long
before flint implements or the fossil bones of extinct animals

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154

THE UTERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

had become objects of research. To cut their names in any
remarkable spot, which they may happen to visit, is an
ancient custom of our countrymen, and Kent's Cavern bears
testimony to its existence for at least 250 years. Names and
dates have been cut in the stalagmite, and the earliest of
those which is l^ble is of the year 1615 (21). But scientific
research into its contents did not begin till 1824, when it was
explored systematically by Mr. Northmore, an ingenious but
eccentric man. .... In the course of his exploration of the
cave, Mr. Northmore found a tusk of a hysena, a metatarsal
bone of the cavern bear, and about twenty or thirty other
teeth and bones. Mr. [now Sir W. C] Trevelyan speedily
followed Mr. Northmore, and obtained results of a more
scientific character. He carried with him to London speci-
mens of the teeth of rhinoceros, hyaena, and tiger, with jaws
of the bear and fox ; and engravings of them were executed
by the lady who subsequently became the wife of Dr.

Buckland It was at this point that M'Enery took up

the investigation, which he carried on for several years, and,
as the res^t of which, made a large and valuable collection
of fossil remains and works of art. It was his intention to
have published a memoir, iUustrated by numerous plates;
but geology was not then so popular as it has since become,
and perhaps his own name was not sufficiently known in the
scientific world. At all events, he was compelled to renounce
his plan, after making two appeals for subscriptions. At his
death, his collections were sold by auction, and dispersed.
The MS. of his intended work was included in a lot at the
sale, with sermons and other papers ; and for nmny years it
remained unnoticed by the purchaser, and was supposed to
be lost It has, however, come to light, and has been recently
published by Mr. Vivian (Cavern Researches, by the late Rev,
J. M'Enery, F.G,8., Edited froni the original if.S. Notes, by
E, Vivian, Esq., 1859) ; and from it the account of his re-
searches is derived. It appears, from Professor Owen's work
on FossU Mammalia, that some of the most rare and valuable
of Mr. M'Enery's specimens have found their way to the
British Museum. [Op. cit., p. 103].

The cavern has long been completely cleared of every
curiosity, whether of art or nature, that could be removed ;
but it is the opinion of a very competent judge, Mr. Pengelly,
that much remains to be explored, if only a sufficient sum
could be raised for the purpose. The cavern goes on ex-
panding as it descends, and attains a greater extent towards
the bottom of the hill. It branches out into many recesses,

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155

vhichy from the remains found in them, have been called by
Mr. M'Enery the Bear's Den, the Wolfs Passage, the Cave of
BoderUia, the Cave of Inscriptions ; but as no plan accom-
panies his work, it would be useless to attempt to give an
idea of their relative position. A more important point,
as throwing light upon the history of its contents, is the
vertictJ order in which they succeed each other. According
to Mr. M'Enery, the ancient rocky floor of the cavern was
inhabited by bears and hyaenas, as well as by rodentia, such
as water-rats and shrew-mice, but chiefly by hy»nas, who
left in it, not only their own bones and other traces of
their existence, but those of animals which they made their
prey, in this respect closely resembling Kirkdale (22). He
supposes that, whilst it was in this state, a body of mud and
gravel rushed into it^ covering the bottom, and enveloping
in it the organic remains which lay scattered about This
appears to have come from the land, not from the sea ; for it
contains no marine exuviae, but fragments of the formations
of the adjacent country, and rolled pebbles of the granite of
Dartmoor. But, though it entered with a violent rush, the
agitation did not continue long ; the bones bear no marks of
any long friction. The masses of rock and heavier bones
sunk to the bottom ; the lighter remained in \h& upper part
(23). No similar second irruption of mud and gravel could
be traced; and as Buckland's Beliquio^ DUtmancs, recently
published, had given currency to the opinion that all such
phenomena were attributable to one great historical event —
the deluge — the mud was called by him diluvial, and
everything of subsequent age postdilaviaL

After the quiet settlement of the mud, the cavern appears
to have been inhabited ; for it is on the surface of this sedi-
ment, slightly adhering to it, but not incorporated with it,
that the flint implements were found which attest the
presence of man. They are of three difierent kinds, corres-
ponding with the varieties observed in other places ; some,
M'Enery calls arrow and spear heads; some, knives or chisels;
some, wedges for splitting wood. The regularity of their
form, he observes, precludes the supposition of its being

accidental. < In the cavern of Kent's Hole they

are never found, according to Mr. M'£nery, more than three
inches deep in the diluvial mud, they bear no mark of
abrasion by friction in water, and consequently they were
not brought in along with the mud. Mr. M'Enery argues
that they could not have been introduced through the sta-
lagmite, which lies above the diluvial mud, by any excavations

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THE UTEBATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

for ovens or pits, as had been conjectured by Dr. Bucklsmd,
who was unwilling to admit that the position in which they
were found was the original one. Mr. Vivian adds, that the
Torquay Natural History Society had found the flints below
stalagmite so hard and thick, that without quarrymen's tools
it could not have been broken up; and therefore it was in the
highest degree improbable that those who possessed only
implements of flint should have made excavations in it
Some of those in Kent's Cavern, according to Mr. M'Enery,
had one end in the diluvium, and the other sticking in the
crust of the stalagmite which lies over it But, according to
his repeated assurances, the flints are never found at the
bottom of the cave, or mixed with the bones of the hysenas
and bears in the lower part of the mud; though, as he
argues, if they had been washed down tiom the mouth of
the cave, they would, from their superior gravity, have sunk
even lower than the bones. He considered the cave to have
been inhabited by a tribe using the flint implements, after
the deposition of the diluvium, and before the deposition of
the stalagmites; and regarding the diluvium as the pro-
duction of Noah's flood, he was naturally surprised that there
should be traces of human population in this distant part of
the world so soon after that event No human bone has ever
been found in the mud, the upper part of which contains the
flints. . . . Such traces, however, are found in the stalagmite
which immediately overlies the diluvial deposit — burnt bones
and charcoal; and Mr. M'Enery distinctly says that these
are not lodged in any artificial hollow, such as might have
been made at a subsequent time, but simply repose on a
stratum of stalagmite, which has itself been covered by a
second stratum, to use his own expression, * like substances
deposited on a grave stone, and subsequently overlaid by a
similar slab.' At this depth, however, no decidedly human
remains, no pottery or beads, have been found (24).

Higher up again in the stalagmite deposit, human bones are
met with in connection with flint implements and coarse
pottery, and even metallic remains. In one place an iron
spear head was found, and the jaw of a boar, which may have
received its death wound from the weapon ; and it is probable
that, like the cave at Brixham (26), it was visited, and
occasionedly tenanted, during the time of the Bomans, who
had a station hard by on the down above Babbicombe (26).
Mr. M'Enery was at first inclined to think that the human
bones, and the flint implements, through all depths, were con-
temporaneous ; but he subsequently abandoned that opinion.

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TUB LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

157

and the final result of his researches is the classification of
the deposits in the following order, proceeding downward : —
Near the surface, black pottery, with traces of the latlie,
beads, and bone pins, and other articles belonging to the
British or Eomano-Iiritish periods ; lower down, arrows, spear
heads, and stone axes, among fossil teeth and bones of her-
bivorous and carnivorous animals, but no pottery nor other
work of art ; lowest of all, the diluvial bed, containing merely
animal remains, with the exception of the flints at its upper
surface.

Such are Mr. M'Enery's statements respecting the succes-
sion of deposits in the Cave and his inferences from it It
must not be concealed, however, that a geologist of eminence,
Mr. Austen, in a memoir in the 6th volume of the Transac-
tions of the Geological Society [Series 2], gives an entirely
different result of his researches. He says, * Human remains
and works of art, such as arrow-heads and knives of flint,
occur in all parts of the Cave and throughout the entire thick-
ness of the clay: and no distinction founded on the condition,
distribution, or relative position can be observed, whereby the
human can be separated from the other reliquiae [Op. dt p.
444]. Mr. Austen also thinks that the bones of the elephant
and rhinoceros were washed into the Cave, along with the
flint implements, from no great distance; remains of these
animals being found in many of the valleys of South Devon.
These discrepancies render it particularly desirable that a
fresh examination should be made by men free from pre-
conceived opinions on either side

Mr. M'Enery*s MS. is very fragmentary, rather materials
for a memoir than an orderly treatise, so that it is difficult to
reduce his scattered facts and remarks to a distinct arrange-
ment; and the dispersion of his collection prevents our
deriving from them an elucidation of his MS. He may even
seem to contradict himself, when different portions of his
journal are compared together. The fact appears to be that
he wavered in his own conclusions. An eminent geologist
(27) who knew him well, says, * M'Enery had no doubt what-
ever as to the occurrence of flint implements in the lower
accumulation with the extinct animals; this, I know, from
repeated conversation with hiuL But Buckland would never
hear of it : hence the confusion in his views, when he came to
write his account of the cave and its contents.'

He speaks of the flint implements found in the lower de-
posit as rude compared with those of the upper; but there is
no specific account of the difference. From the drawings of

VOL. x. K

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158

THE LITERATUKE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

two of them, which are of larger size than the others [Cavern
Researches, Mr. Vivian's Ed., PI. T.], they appear to have
approached in form to the hatchets of Ahheville and Amiens ;
but no account is given of the part of the cave in which they
were found, so that we cannot derive from them confirmation
of the conclusion suggested by other collections of flint imple-
ments, that two distinct seras can be traced in the history of

their use Mr. M'Enery's account leads us to believe

in the existence of a diflference, but does not enable us to
decide on its amount The prehistoric age of Britain has
been divided into the Stone Period and the Bronze Period ;
but that a subdivision of the stone period itself is required is
a conclusion which has latterly forced itself upon historical
inquirers ; and, in the absence of written records, it is only
to material antiquities that we must look for the means of
deciding the question. The rate of the deposition of the
stalagmite appears, in Kent's Cave, to have been subject to
irregularities which preclude the possibility of founding upon
it any calculation of chronology. At present the deposit has
ceased (28).

There is something truly formidable in the list which '
Mr. M'Enery gives of the ferocious animals, whose teeth
remain to attest their powers of destruction. The elephant
and the rhinoceros appear as peaceful creatures among the
gigantic specimens of camivora, to which Kent's Cavern
served as a den or a sepulchre. Professor Owen considers
that to the great extinct tiger, bear, and hyaena, of the caves,
was assigned the oflBce of controlling the members of the
richly developed order of the herbivorous mammalia, and
that vnth them was associated in the work a feline animal,
as large as the tiger, and, to judge by its implements of
destruction, of greater ferocity. From the form of the teeth
of this animal, each movement of the jaw combined the
power of a knife and a saw, while the apex, in making the
first incision, acted like the two-edged point of a sabre. The
backward curvature of the full-grown teeth enabled them to
-retain, like barbs, the prey whose quivering flesh they pene-
trated. [See Brit Foss. Mam, p. 181.] Of this terrific animal,
which Professor Owen has named Machairodits latidens,
Mr. M'Enery discovered several canine teeth in Kent's
Cavern. The teeth of the fossil hyaena, from the aame place,
proved it to have been larger than the largest known species
of tiger. The great cave bear, judged by the length of his
canine teeth, found there by Mr. M'Enery, must have equalled
the size of a large horse. If man were the contemporary of

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S OAVBRN. 159

these tremendous aDimals, he must have Deeded all the ad^
vantage which reason gives him to hold his own against
them, armed only with flint hatchets, spears, and arrows.

But was man really contemporary with them, or with the
gigantic elks, the Cervm Megaceros and Cervibs Strongyloceros,
whose shed antlers have been found in Kent's Cave, and
against whom his flint implements would have had a better
chance ? From the conflicting statements of Mr. M' Enery
and Mr. Austen, no decisive conclusion can be arrived at,

yet scientific men are evidently inclining to the

admission that man has been the contemporary of aom«
extinct species "

MR. W. MINIFIE. 1873.

In 1873 I was favoured with a letter from Mr. Minifie,
Professor of Mathematics at Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A.,
and believing such parts of it as are calculated to throw light
on the character of Kent's Cavern immediately before scientific
investigations were first made in it, to be worth preservation,
I have decided to give them a place in this compilation : —

"Baltimore, Md., United States Ame.,

November, 1873.

My DEAR Sir, —

You will no doubt feel some surprise at being ad*
dressed so familiarly by a perfect stranger . . . but I have
been accustomed for many years to read your name .... in
connection with reports . . on Kent's Cavern — a place I was
familiar with about half a century ago, and in which I have
passed many a pleasant evening with my young acquaint-
ance, years before Mr. McEnery began his excavations.

My earliest recollection of Kent's Cavern, or

Kent's-'ole, as it was usually called, was as the scene of

Pisky frolics These were related by a neighbour,

together with ghost stories or * Whishnesses.' . . . The stories
of the Kent's Cavern Piskies were much the same as those
related of slatternly housemaids who failed to sweep the
kitchen hearth before retiring to bed; they were pinched
black and blue ; and so they would serve any one who mis-
behaved in the Cavern. If visitors took a lunch with them,
and partook of it on their first going in, leaving the fragments
lying about, they would find everything swept up clean on
their return ; with numerous other particulars, not omitting
the origin of the name, which she related, as well as all the

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160 THE LITERATUUE OF KENT*S CAVERN.

other stories, in the rustic vernacular, as how a gentleman
lost his dog in the 'ole,

* an* *ee went, an* *ee went,
Until he ooom'd out
In the county of Kent;**

an' when 'ee coom'd out 'ee *ad narra 'air on the top 'o 'ees
back, the piskies 'ad pull'd mun all out to make en go ; an'
that 's why they call'd en Kent's-'ole.'

About 1822, I became an inmate of the family of the late
Mr. Jacob Hjurvey [of Torquay], with whom I remained five
years acquiring the art and mystery of a carpenter and
joiner. Shortly after my arrival I was introduced to the
Cavern ; at that time it had a paling gate to keep cattle out,
but was oftener open than closed, and free for all to come
and go as they pleased. We youngsters often made up

parties to go there, but went prepared to crawl

wherever fancy led. I remember on one of those occasions
getting in a particularly tight place ; I saw quite a handsome
stalactite in a narrow opening, and tried to get it ; there was
not room to crawl, so I laid down and wriggled and wriggled
until I could get no farther ; with my arms stretched out in ^
front, a hammer in one hand, a candle in the other, and the
specimen about a foot beyond my reach suspended from the
roof of the miniature dome with its glistening tip, sparkling

like a diamond in the rays of the candle Having had

the free use of the Cavern for so many years, people were
much dissatisfied at its being locked up; much grumbling
against Sir Lawrence Palk and Mr. McEnery was the con-
sequence ; I believe the gate was several times broken open.
In the summer of 1825 or 6 a party of four of us wished to

visit the Cavern I endeavoured to get the key from

Mr. George Pearce [the Guide], . . . but could not find him ;
so we walked out in hopes to find the gate open. When we
arrived there, I ran against the gate with both hands, and
pushed it open so easily I did not know whether it had been
locked or not. On examination with a light, I discovered
that I had bent the slender part of the bolt, which had been
entirely unsupported ; the lock had been put on in a very
unworkmanlike manner; it was a "stock-lock," and pro-
jected several inches beyond the outside paling of the gate.
Very little damage was done ; I could have repaired it in ten
minutes.

We proceeded to make our visit. Not very far from the
entrance we came to Mr. M'Enery's first excavation, I think
it was in the large chamber ; the opening, to the best of my

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THE UTERATURB OF KENT'S CAVERN. 161

recollection, was about ten or twelve feet in diameter, and
about three feet deep, passing through the stalagmite to the
earth below ; about a peck of fragments of bone, &c. [were]
laid on one side, which we did not disturb ; but we held
around the excavation, what our western people would call,
an * Indignation Meeting,' and unanimously came to the con-
clusion * that it was a ve/ry great shame to spoil our beautiful
dancing floor for the sake of a few old bones.' . . .

TORQUAY AND TOR DIRECTORY. 1846.

The following contributions appeared in the Torquay and
Tar Directory of 14th August, 1846 :—

"for the bntrancb op kbnt'8 cavern.

** Ossa latent antro, laterique induruit humor
Guttamm : gelidas fons micat intus aqasB.
HsBC oblita diu, ssecli monumenta prions
Qusd potiora, precor, fata dedere tibi —
An Deu8 in causa viresque mamabalis undaD F
An placet hsdc olim lustra fiiisse feris ?
^ «* Torquay, August 12th, 1846."

'*UATB HTiBNAB OR ANCIBNT BRITONS THB BBST CLAIM
TO KBNT*8 CAVBBN, TORQUAY?

'* One gpreat Professor still supposes,
Hyenas, dragging by their noses.
Horses and BuUocks, Sheep and Deer,
To crack their bones, and gnaw them here.

*' Another says— Beneath this ground
Fragments of British knives were found ;
Proof of a kitchen 'mongst these stones,
Where Britons oook'd, carv'd beef, pick'd bones.

'* Tor's wond'ring fishermen to me
Describ'd their simple theory —
Not knives, nor fiemgs imbrued in blood,
But Scripture's life-destroying flood.
"August 10th, 1846."

"KENT*S CAVERN.

" The investigation in Kent's Cavern, under the direction
of the Torquay Natural History Society, will be resumed in
a few days, with the view of determining, if possible, the
original formation of the Cave, the mode and aira of the in-
troduction of its fossil remains, and the date of its occupation
by human inhabitants. The plan proposed is to lay open a
portion of the stalagmitic floor, which has never yet been
broken, in order to ascertain whether the flint knives and
relics of human art which appear to have been found inter-
* mixed with the fossil bones of extinct animals, are really

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162 THE UTBRATURE OF KBNT'S CAVERN.

Gontemporaty with them. The water at the extremity of the
cavern will also be temporarily drawn off (29), in hopes of
discovering traces of the Druidical rites, which are supposed
to have been celebrated in this portion of the Cave« where
sepulchral urns and other most interesting relics of high
antiquity were found by Mr* McEnery (30). A simiktr
opportunity for exploring the cavern may not again occur,
as permission is very pi-operly withheld by the proprietor.
Sir L. V. Palk, unless on special occasions, for scientific pur-
poses. An extensive and rare collection of fossil remains,
principally of extinct varieties of the Hyaena, Bear, Rhi-
noceros, Elk, and other genera, together with several in-
teresting antiquities, has already been obtained, and deposited
in the Museum of the Society **

The following Contributions appeared in the same paper
of 28th August:—

••CAVBBN BXCATAtlOXB.

*' Chin'd be the man who moyes these stones,
Said Avon's bard, which guard my bones.
Should ezcayators disinter
A Druid's bones, this must infer
His curse : and, since the bear so close is,
The Druid's creed, metempsychosis.
For bodies, as for souls, may do ;
Explorers into bears' skins go.
AU right, quoth Buckland, claws and snout
Can bore— might let cave waters out I
••August 17th, 1S46."

**K1WT'8 catbbk.
'* Within cool waters rise. In deepest night
The arch constructs its graceful stalactite ;
The floor its columns— guardians of the stores
Of bones of beasts unknown to Devon's shores.
August 24th, lS4e."

KENT'S CAVERN SUB-COMMITTEE OF THE TORQUAY
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 1846.

The following artide appeared in the Torquay and Tor
Directory of 6th November, 1846 : —

'^BBPOBT OF THE BUB-OOMMITTSB APPOINTED IK) BUPSRINTBND
THE EZOAYATIONS IN KENT'S OATERN (31).

" The spot at which the investigation commenced is distant
about thirty yards from the lower entrance of the Cavern (32),
at the end of a slope leading into a recess which Mr. McEnery
named the Wolfs den, on the right of the main passage (33).
The ground had been already broken by former explorers,
and their excavations were found to have extended so far in

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TUE LITEKATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

163

every direction underneath the stalagmitic floor that after re-
moving a considerable quantity of the earth, to reach new
ground, the work was discontinued, as it was found that their
progress had been arrested by large masses of rock, which
rendeped all further excavations in this part of the cave im-
practicable. Several teeth and fragments of bone, with three
flint knives, were found in the soil which had previously been
moved. The general section of the cavern was here shown
to great advantage, — the successive depositions of which were
as follows : —

" 1st. A thin coating of the red marl spread over the floor
of the cave by modem visitors, the marl having been thrown
up from below during the excavations.

"2nd. A layer of dark mould, varying in thickness from
half an inch to a mere stain, containing large quantities of
burnt wood or charcoal, with muscle (sic), limpet, and other
shells, recent bones, and several articles apparently introduced
by the early British inhabitants, as fragments of pottery, beads,
&c. &c. This is what Mr. McEnery denominates ' the Char-
coal streak ' (34).
^ "3rd. A stratum of stalagmite, consisting of crystalized
carbonate of lime, precipitated from the water which perco-
lates through the roof, forming corresponding stalactites above,
and which trickles, during wet seasons, over the floor of the
cave. This formation varies in different parts from about
four feet to a few inches ; in this section it is about 18 inches
of nearly uniform texture. It rests upon a bed of loam and
rocky detritus, into the crevices of which it has been infil-
trated. No organic remains of any description have ever
been found in the stalagmite (35), and the slight streaks of
earthy matter, which may be detected in some parts, are only
such as would have been produced by the discoloration of
the water from the roof by heavy rains. It affords no evi-
dence of the cave having been inhabited during the whole
term of its deposition.

" 4th. Below the stalagmite is a solid bed of red marl, of
the same character with the superficial soil of the surrounding
country, intermixed with fragments of the limestone of the
cavern — the masses becoming larger as they descend — and
spines of stalactite from the roof, intermixed with which are
found the fossil bones and teeth. From the disturbed state
of the soil it is not possible in this section to determine their
original position. They appear to be thoroughly mingled
with the soil, and not stratified or resting on the surface as
in other parts which were subsequently examined. At about

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164

THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

10 feet from the surface the heavy masses of rock pi-e vented
further examination ; but at the distance of a few feet from
the spot Mr. McEnery sunk a shaft to the depth of about 25
feet (36), through similar detritus, without reaching the
original floor of the cave. After examining several promising
spots with very partial success, a portion of the unbroken
floor was selected beyond the upper entrance, which in winter
is a pool of water, but which was then dry (37j ; the surface
was swept and thoroughly examined, in order that no ex-
traneous matter might become intermixed with the loam,
after breaking through the stalagmite, and lead to error. The
floor was broken, presenting appeamnces similar to those
already described, with the exception of a variation in the
consistency of the diflfereut laminae of which the stalagmite
was composed, arising from their having been alternately
deposited under water, and when the surface was dry. The
same distinct separation was here observed between the pure
whit« stalagmite and the red loam, or marl, which has been
before described. The marl was more stratified, as were also
the bones which it contained, in some parts in great abundance.
A distinct layer of fragments too much decayed to be clearly
identified is left standing, below which was found the most
interesting object of our research,— a flint knife, — not a good
specimen, and composed of a stone of rather a different
quality from the rest, but still so closely resembling those
which have been found in other parts of the cave, and which
are unquestionably artificial, that it is evidently the product
of human art ; and from the precautions which were taken
there cannot be a doubt that its original position was beneath
the unbroken floor of stalagmite, imbedded in the marl, under
precisely similar conditions with the fossil bones. This
specimen is now in the Museum (38).

" The next portion of the cave which was examined was at
the end of the long gallery, near what Mr. McEnery had
named the * Pulpit Screen * (39). In a small recess, on the
right hand, the stalagmite presenting a peculiarly smooth
and even floor, appearing to rest upon a surface of mud which
had been tranquilly deposited within its uaiTow limits. The
surface was again swept, and every precaution taken to avoid
any possible error. On undermining the floor the usual bed
of loam was found, the stalagmite being about a foot thick,
near the surface was a bed of teeth (principally Hyaena's) ;
with fragments of bones, and amongst them a flint knife, one
of the most perfect which has yet been found (40).

" Whatever theory may be founded upon these most intei*est-

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT*S CAVERN.

165

ing discoveries, which are so much at variance with the
opinions generally entertained by geologists in regard to the
comparative antiquity of human relics, and the remains of
extinct animals, — of the fact itself there cannot be a question,
as the whole of the excavations were superintended either by
the Sub-Committee in person, or by the guide, George Pearse,
upon whose accuracy they have the fullest reliance.

" It is a satisfactory confirmation of this opinion that Mr.
McEnery had arrived at the same conclusion, as is evident
from several passages in his unpublished memoir, for the use
of which they were indebted to Mr. Lear (41). It also coin-
cides with the views of Mr. Austen, as given in his papers
published in the Geological Society's Transactions [2nd series,
vol. vi., part 2, pp. 443-6].

The collection of fossil bones and teeth which has been
made in the late excavations is as great as might have been
expected, considering that the best portions of the Cave had
been already so thoroughly explored. No large or perfect
specimens have been discovered ; and the whole of the remains
are apparently gnawed into fragments by the hyaenas and
beai-s, whose worn teeth are found amongst the bones upon
which they preyed. In this respect the views of Mr. McEnery,
Dr. Buckland, and other geologists are fully borne out, — the
Cave appears to have been long the resort of beasts of prey
before the irruption of the mud which imbedded their
remains.

" Near the entrance, above the stdagmito, were found some
interesting traces of the early British inhabitants, — a small
glass bead with the peculiar notch observable in the Kini-
meridge coal money, and a circular wheel, apparently the
base upon which pottery was formed, are placed in the
Museum (42). There is no doubt that a more extended
examination of the black earth on the surface, and between
the masses of rock, would afford many more specimens of a
similar character.

" The total expense incurred in the investigation has been
^20 Os. 6d., from which must be deducted £3 18s. received
for admission to the Cavern during the progress of the work,
leaving a balance of £16 2s. 6d. ; a sum which we trust the
members will not consider to have been expended in vain.
The specimens obtained are fully of that value, and much
important information has been obtained relative to the struc-
ture of the Cavern, and that much controverted question — the
position of the first relics of human art. The cave is left in
a condition which will enable the members and all who take

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166

TDR LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVJERN.

an interest in these important questions to review the evidence,
and to prosecate any further investigations which may be
thought desirable at a future period."

MR. E VIVIAN. 1846-1864.

During a long course of years Mr. R Vivian, M.A., favoured
the Torquay Natural History Society with almost annual
lectures on Kent's Cavern. They were usually delivered in
the Society's Lecture Eoom, but occasionally in the Cavern
itself, where the Chamber selected for the purpose has con-
sequently acquired the name of the Lecture HalL

His lectures, and speeches on the same subject, delivered
elsewhere from time to time, were reported in the Torquay
Directory ; and the same journal contains sundry letters by
Mr. Vivian, forming his contributions to discussions on the
Cavern.

Though these articles are of considerable value as showing
the growth of opinion respecting the bearing of the Kent's
Hole relics on Anthropology and Palaeontology, they ai-e no
doubt to be regarded rather as comments on, or perhaps
echoes of, the opinions of Mr. Mac Enery, whose Cavern
Researches were printed in extenso, in 1869, in the Trans-
actions of the Association (Vol. iii. pp. 196-482). It seems
unnecessary, therefore, to reproduce the articles here, especi-
ally as they are not unfairly summarized in the abstract of
his paper read to the British Association in 1856, printed in
the Transactions of this Association in 1868 (Vol. il pp.
518-20).

APPENDIX: NOTES.

In the foregoing compilation it will be found, in some cases,
that the same exploded hypothesis, or incorrect statement of
fact, has been repeated again and again by the various writers ;
but it has not been thought necessary to direct attention to
them in the following Notes more than once in each instance.

(1. p. 142.) The passage found by Mr. White is interesting
on more than one account : —

(A) The earliest mention of the Cavern with which we
were previously acquainted was that on the Plan of the
Torwood Estate, dated 1769, now in Mr. Kiteon's office,
Torquay. (See Trans, Devon. Assoc,, vol iii. pp. 191-2.)
The passage discovered by Mr. White shows that the Cavern
was known at least 110 years earlier still.

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THE LITEBATUBB OF KENT'S CAVERN. 167

(B) It is worthy of remark that in the Deed, as well as in
the Plan, the Cavern gives a name to a portion of the
estate, which in the former is a " close/* or " ffield," or " piece
of ground called Kent's Hole;" whilst in the Plan it is
"Kent's Hole Field;" and thus renders it highly probable,
to say the least, that the Cavern had not then been recently
discovered. Its name was so well and so generally known
as to be used to define the position of a piece of ground in a
legal instrument in 1659.

(C) It can scarcely be necessary now to hesitate about
accepting as genuine the dates cut by visitors in the Cavern
Stalagmites, most of them being subsequent to 1659 ; and
the remarks already made may be held to cover even the
earliest of the others, — that of 1571, or 88 years before the
date of the Deed.

(2. p. 143.) It cannot be doubted that to those " attempts
to work the stones and spar" certain acts of spoliation which
have been perpetrated in the Cavern may be ascribed. Thus,
there is in what is called the Cave of Inscriptions a large boss
of Stalagmite, bearing an inscription mentioned by the late
Eev. J. MacEnery at least four times (see Travis, Devon,
Assoc,, voL iii. pp. 275, 314, 459 twice), the apex of which has
been broken off, and a hole 7 inches deep bored into it, no
doubt, with the intention of blasting it. It would seem that
the discovery that **the stones and spars did not prove
ornamental" was made in time to prevent this consummation.
(See Itq>. BrU. Assoc,, 1875, p. 7.)

(3. p. 143.) The "two caves in Devonshire" were, no
doubt, Kent's Hole, Torquay, and the Pixies* Hole, Chud-
leigh. Mr. Northmore, who first found bones in Kent's
Cavern, tells us that his discovery was made on 21st Sep-
tember, 1824, that he immediately communicated the fact to
Dr. Buckland, and that the latter some short time after con-
tinued the search on the same spot. (See Trans, Devon. Assoc,,
voL ii. pp. 482-4.) Dr. Buckland, writing Sir W. C. Trevelyan
on 14th November, 1824, in terms indicating an acquaintance
with the Cavern, stated that he would try to go to Devonshire
in the following January, when he would visit Kent's Hole
and the Pixies' Hole. (Ibid», voL vi p. 52.) Ttie Monthly
Magazine for 1st March, 1825, states that Dr. Buckland had
examined the Chudleigh Cave and, having penetrated the
Stalagmite, had found remains of Hycena, Deer, and Bear.
(Ibid., p. 53.)

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THE LITERA.TURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

Whilst the evidence seems satisfactory as to the Caverns,
it is not conclusive respecting the presence of gnawed frag-
ments of bone in both. In fact I have no recollection of
ever having seen, nor can I now find, any statement, except
that just quoted from the Edinburgh Philosophical Jourrudy
of such specimens having been met with at Chudleigh.

(4. p. 144.) The article by Dr. Fleming to which Mr.
Mac Enery alludes is probably that entitled Remarks illustra-
tive of the Influence of Society in the Distribution of British
Animals, published in the Edin. Phil. Joum.^ vol. ix. pp.
287-305, 1824, in which some of the speculations of Dr.
Buckland are combated.

(5. p. 144.) The Hyaena's skull discovered by Mr. Mac Enery
is, no doubt, that mentioned in his Cavern Researches {Trans,
Devon, Assoc., vol. iii p. 290), and figured in his PlaU B.
(Mr. Vivian's ed.). This fine specimen, it is believed, is now
the propeity of the Torquay Natuml History Society, to
which it was presented by the late Mr. E. Stewart, who
purchased it at the sale of Mr. Mac Enery's eflFects in
1842.

(6. p. 144.) A plate, formerly the property of Mr. Mac Enery,
of the skull of Hyaena found at Lawford, near Rugby, and no
doubt the plate of which he writes, is now in the collection
of the Torquay Natural History Society, to which it was
presented by Mr. Gardner, of Toi-quay. Beneath the figure,
the following statements occur : — " Interior and Palatal View
of the Hyaena's Skull from Lawford f of Natural Size. G.
Scharf del. and lithog: Printed by HuUmandel. London.
Pubd. by J. Murray, Albemarle St., 1825." (See Owen's BrU,
Foss. Mam., p. 148-9.)

(7. p. 144.) The " Idol Cave" is that branch of the Cavern
which Mr. Mac Enery called also the "Wolf's Cave." He
thus describes the circumstances which suggested the names: —
"At the mouth of the long and narrow strait stood a tall
stalactite of a singular form. It claims notice from a
singular resemblance to a Hindoo Idol, which circumstance
suggested the appellation of the Idol Cave; but more par-
ticularly for standing, on the head of a Wolf." (See Trans.
Devon. Assoc., vol. iii. pp. 293-4.) It was in this Idol Cave
that, in January, 1826, five months before the date of his
letter, he discovered the teeth bf Machairodus kUidens, figured

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in his " Plate F. ;" and in a letter dated Lyons, 14th March,
1826," Dr. Buckland had informed him of the great import-
ance of the discovery.

(8. p. 145.) It is evident that when Mr. Mac Enery's letter
-was written (19th June, 1826) Dr. Buckland was^not in
England. I have elsewhere called attention to the fact that
he wrote Mr. Mac Enery from Lyons in the previous March
(See Trans, Devon. Assoc^ voL iv. p. 475), and it is not im-
probable that it was this letter the latter was "anxious to
acknowledge," and that the Professor was still on the
Continent.

(9. p. 145.) For a description of his present to the Philo-
sophical Institution of York, or, more correctly, the Yoi^kshire
Philosophical Society, see Mr. Mac Enery*s letter in the
Transactions of the Devonshire Association, vol. iv. pp. 472-5.

- (10. p. 145.) When Mr. Mac Enery remarks that he had
sent to York " Plenty of gnawed bones, as many as would
satisfy a Scotch palate'* he alludes to the fact that some of
the leading biologists in Scotland were sceptical respecting
the occurrence of teeth marks of the Hyaena on the Kent's
Hole bones. Dr. Buckland seems to have spared no pains to
dispel these doubts, for in the Lyons letter of 14th March,
1826, just referred to, he says, "I have sent the gnawed
fragments you gave me to Scotland, and trust that ere this
opposition in that quarter will have ceased." {Op. cit, p. 475.
See also Ildin, Phil. Joum., voL xiv. pp. 363-4, or Trans.
Devo7i Assoc., vol. iii. pp. 194-5.)

(11. p. 145.) It may, perhaps, be inferred from the state-
ment in the foregoing letter, written near the end of 1826,
— that Mr. Mac Enery "appeared to think that very little
remained worth digging for," — that his systematic labours
did not extend much over a year, as he states elsewhere that
they were commenced at the close of 1825. (See Trans.
Devon. Association, vol. iii. p. 444) It is, no doubt, true
that, at least, his great palaeontological discoveries were made
in 1826; thus, the canines of Machairodtis latidens were
found in January of that year. (See Cavern Researches, Plate
F., Mr. Vivian's ed.) In the following June, as his letter
just quoted shows, he was able to report that he had exhumed
a perfect skull of Hyaena; had added considerably to his
Elephants, Ehinoceroses, Elkd, Deer, and Bears; had met

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TUB LITERATURE OF KENT*S CAVERN.

with some Ursine teeth of great size ; and that a large jaw
of Lion embellished his collection.

It is certain, however, that he made at least occasional
visits to the Cavern for some time after the close of 1826 ;
for his MS. contains the following statement: — ^"On the
14th August, 1829, visited the cave accompanied by Master
Alifie. We commenced by searching the mould which lay
uppermost on which we were standing ** (Trans, Devon. Assoc,,
vol. iil p. 296) ; and he then proceeds with the narrative of
their researches and discoveries on that occasion.

But whenever his visits ceased, he left, not very little, but
very much " worth digging for," as is attested by the vast
collection made by the Committee at present at work in the
Cavern, and who have already spent the continuous labour
of nearly fifteen years there ; and who, besides a vast mass of
bones, have disinterred the flint and chert tools of men far
ruder and vastly more ancient than those met with by Mr.
Mac Enery, notwithstanding the facts that the men he
unearthed never polished their stone tools, and were con-
temporaries of the Mammoth and his extinct companions.

(12. p. 146.) For the word "Tiger," "Lion" should be
substituted. It was formerly the practice to speak of Fdis
spelarus, Gold., as a Tiger ; but it is now known to be a Lion,
regarded by some as nothing more than a variety F. leo,
Lin.

(13. p. 146.) The Eoman coins spoken of by Sir W.
Trevelyan were doubtless those found, not in Kent's Hole,
but in the cavern at Anstey's Cove, near Torquay. (See Trans.
Devon. Assoc., voL vi., pp. 64, 69.)

(14. p. 147.) The "stratification partly vertical and partly
horizontal," mentioned by the Reviewer, has no existence.
The limestone beds in which the Cavern has been found are
no where vertical and no where horizontal, but incline
gently from an anticlinal axis passing through the hilL
The error, however, appears to have originated with Mr.
Mac Enery. (See Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol. iii, p. 216.)

The hypothesis that " an igneous disturbance produced the
Cavern" is equally gratuitous. This also was a favourite
with Mac Enery, and has been largely adopted by his readers,
as the present compilation shows. There are numerous
masses of trap rock in the district. Raised besu^hes in^ the
cliffs, and Submerged Forests on the strands — all results

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171

probably of Vulcanicity ; but there is no indication that any
one of them synchronizes with any other, or with any fact
connected with the Cavern.

(15. p. 147.) That the ^^A«7WP2^?7t reviewer was probably not
a geologist may be inferred from his description of Stalagmites,
"The fantastic percolations of water," he says, "are termed
stalactites when they depend from the roof, and stalagmites
when they protrude from the floor J' Of course, he means, not
" the fantastic percolations of water/' but the fantastic masses
of carbonate of lime precipitated from percolating loater. This
carbonate of lime may be said to form, at least, four distinct
groups. Pendents from the roof, termed stalactites; Sheets,
which form floors ; Bosses, of a more or less conical form ; and
PapSy or slender pillars, which, like the Bosses, rise from
the floor. The Sheets are by far the most important, as
being usually much more voluminous than all the others put
together, and as sealing and conserving the deposits with
their contents. Not only the Bosses and Paps, but the Sheets
also, are termed Stalagmites.

(16. p. 147.) When the Reviewer says " The rocky floor was
polished as if by constant use," he uses almost the precise
words of Mac Enery (See Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol. iii., p.
216), but by the connection in which he has placed them they
convey an idea which their author did not intend. Mac Enery
is speaking of the limestone floor at the Arched Entrance ;
his reviewer, whatever his intention may have been, leads his
readers to suppose it the floor of the " spacious vault " inside
this entrance. This " vault," now termed The Chamber, may
have a limestone floor, but no one can assert that it has, for
the deposits have never been excavated to a depth sufficient
to determine the point. There is known to be such a floor at
the Arched Entrance, but when we laid it bare in 1865, we
failed to detect any polish on it.

(17. p. 150.) The opinion that the Hyajna and Bear in-
habited at the same time separate portions of the Cavern
was also held by Mr. Mac Enery (See Trans. Devon. Assoc.,
vol. iii., pp. 255-6, and 315-6). The exploration now in
progress has not only confirmed his statement that in the
Bear's Den ursine remains occurred almost to the entire
exclusion of all other genera, but it has also exploded his
explanation of the fact. There are two principal mechanical
deposits in the Cavern: a more ancient, termed Breccia,

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT's CAVERN.

containing abundant remains of Bear but none of Hyaena;
and a less ancient, known as Cave-earth, in which relics of
the Hyaena are by far the most prevalent, but commingled
with those of Bear and many other forms. In the Bear's
Den, and other remote parts of the Cavern, the Breccia
extends from very near the surface to unknown depths, and
remains of Bear are sdmost the only rewards the explorers
find ; whilst near the entrances the overlying Cave-earth is
of great volume, and hyaenine relics abound ; but even there,
whenever the Breccia is reached it has the same characters,
positive and negative, as in the Bear's Den.

(18. p. 150.) Kent's Hole is not, as the Eeviewer supposes,
a fissure cavern, but an unmistakeably clear example of a
decided and complete tunnel cavern, owing its existence to
the chemical action of acidulated water ; and the roof has no
line of fracture.

(19. p. 151.) Mac Enery's hypothesis of a mud torrent (see
Trans. Devon, Assoc., vol. iii. pp, 256, 259, and 316-7), which
the Reviewer has adorned with sundry poetic touches, requires
considerable modification. The Cave-earth was undoubtedly
derived, at least mainly, from the exterior, and was earned in
by land floods, but, instead of but one, there were many such
floods ; there was nothing violent in their action ; they were
separated by wide intervals of time during which the Hyaena
dwelt in the Cave — except when expelled by man, — and he
dragged in piecemeal the remains of animals he found dead ;
and the amount of mud carried in by each flood was certainly
small. The "tumultuous waves of the rising ocean" are
neither more nor less than garniture.

(20. p. 152.) I have not been able to ascertain anything
about the professor or the lecture referred to here.

(21. p. 154.) The Committee now engaged in exploring the
Cavern have discovered inscriptions still older than those
mentioned by Mr. Kenrick. The earliest known at present
is "WilUamPetre, 1571."

(22. p. 155.) As to the ancient rocky floor having been
" inhabited by Bears and Hyaenas, as well as by Rodentia,"
we must be content to say that w^ know nothing whatever
about the period at, or the animals by, which the Cavern was
tenanted. There is nothing to render it certain, or even

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173

probable, that the oldest deposit found in it was the earliest
it contained. It may have been, and probably was, filled and
emptied agedn and again. But waiving this, the Hysena does
not appear to have been a member of the earliest of the
Kent's Hole faunas known to us. The earliest known of its
deposits contains abundant relics of Bear, and a few of Lion ;
but not a trace of any kind of the Hyaena, who seems to have
reached Devonshire long subsequently.

(23. p. 155.) The hypotheses that the larger masses of rock
and the heavier bones sank undermost {Trans. Devon, Assoc.,
vol. iii. p. 257), and that the flints, had they been present,
would have sunk lower than at least the bones {Ibid., pp. 20,
331), have foimd favour with others besides Mr. Mac Enery
{Ibid., voL ii. p. 521) ; but as a matter of fact the deposit^
instead of being soft and easily penetrable, as these hypo-
theses assume, was capable of offering such a firm resistance
to a falling mass of limestone, that every bone met with
beneath, and in contact with, such a mass has invariably
been found shivered and with its severed portions lying in
juxtaposition. Moreover, heavy bones have not more fre-
quently than light ones been found at considerable depths in
the deposits ; and though large masses of limestone present
themselves everywhere, the largest have certainly been met
with at the highest levels.

(24. p. 156.) Mr. Kenrick sets forth correctly, and calls
attention justly to, the discordant statements made by the
early explorers respecting the position of the flint knives.
According to Mr. Mac Enery, they were met with at depths
not more than a few inches below the surface of the mud
{Trans. Devon. Assoc., voL iii. p. 327) ; whilst Mr. Austen
speaks of them as occurring throughout the entire thickness
of the clay. {Trans. Geol. Soc, Juries 2, vol. vi. p. 444.)
There can be no doubt that the statement of each was
consistent with his own experience and remembrance; the
following passage in Mr. Mac Enery's MS., however, shows
that he did find one, and probably three specimens at a depth
exceeding three inches: — "The crust [of Stalagmite]," he
says, " is about 2 feet thick, ste«uiy [ = uniform], the clay
rather a light red. About 3 inches below the crust the tooth
of an ox met my eye (I called the people to witness the fact),
which I extracted before M. Aliffe; and not knowing the
chance of finding flints, I then proceeded to dig under it, and
at dboiU a foot I dug out a flint arrow-head. This confirma-

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174

THE LITERATUBB OF KEKt'S CAVERN.

tion, I confess it, startled me. I dng again, and, behold ! a
second, of the same size and colour (black). I struck my
hammer into the earth a third time, and a third arrow-head
(but white) answered to the blow. This was evidence beyond
all question." (Tram. Devon. Assoc., vol. iii p. 329.) It
happens curiously enough that the author and all his readers
overlook this "find" when speaking of the depth of the
implements.

In justice to Mr. Mac Enery, however, it should be added
that he did not suppose that the question of the epoch of the
flint tools was finally disposed of, nor did he doubt that
further evidence on the point might be discovered. Speaking
of the Cavern flint tools, he says, "From this period more
especially, March, 1827, I attached still greater importance
to their presence; carefully, cautiously, and deliberately
scrutinized and noted their localities, and looked for fixed
and settled grounds for building my opinion upon. But this
evidence is not perhaps yet complete ; further inquirers may
hereafter light on some more decided document to define
their epoch." {lUd., p. 339.)

It can be scarcely necessary to state that the positions and
associations of the flint tools in the Cavern are among the
points the British Association exploring Committee have
kept prominently always before them. The result has been,
not only the abundant confirmation of Mr. Austen's state-
ment, quoted by Mr. Kenrick, that the flint tools "occur in
all parts of the cave and throughout the entire thickness of
the clay ; and no distinction founded on the condition, dis-
tribution, or relative position can be observed whereby the
human can be separated from the other reliquiae," but that,
as already stated, they have discovered tools of flint and
chert far ruder than any Mr. Mac Enery saw, and deep in a
deposit much older than that to the top of which he sup-
posed them confined.

(25. p. 156.) "The Cave at Brixham," of which Mr. Kenrick
speaks, is not the famous cavern discovered in 1858 on Wind-
mill Hill in that town, but the Ash Hole^ between Brixham
and Berry Head (See Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol vi., pp. 66-8).

(26. p. 156.) For evidence of a Eoman station on Babbi-
combe Down, see Trans. Devon. Assoc., vol vi, pp. 66-8.

(27. p. 157.) I have not been able to identify the "eminent
geologist" mentioned by Mr. Kenrick.

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(28. p. 158.) It may be true that^ as Mr. Kenrick states,
the rate of the deposition of the stalagmite in Kent's Cavern
was subject to irregularities, but I am utterly at a loss respect-
ing any evidence on which his assertion can be based, and
have great hesitation in accepting his unqualified statement
that "at present the deposit has cssased." Mr. Mac Enery
supposed the visits of man or other animals sufficient to pre-
vent the formation of a continuous stalagmitic sheet, and that
" should it be closed and all access prohibited, the drop woidd
resume its process and quietly create a layer of stsdagmite
similar to those below " {Trans, Devon, Assoc., vol iiL, p. 261).

(29. p. 162.) The Sub-Committee appointed, by the Torquay
Nat. Hist. Soc, to explore the Cavern made no attempt to
" draw off" the water in the Lake, but the Lake was emptied
in 1872, by the Brit. Assoc. Cavern Committee, who bored a
few holes through its stalagmitic bottom. It has of course
remained empty ever since, but, with the exception of the
holes, the basin remains intact.

(30. p. 162.) I do not remember, nor have I been able to
find, any passage in his Memoir in which Mr. MacEnery
states that relics of any kind had been found in, or connected
with, the " Lake." Indeed, so far as I am aware, he contents
himself with the following brief mention of it : — " We should
not omit to notice the basin of water .... about which
speculation has been so busy — whether a natural spring, or
merely derived from copious infiltrations during rainy seasons,
which seems its most probable source, for in winter all the
hollows are filled with water .... It seems not at all
probable that it was the work of man, whether savage hunter
or Druidical Priest^ but simply a natural reservoir of the

accumulated drop The cave beyond it deserves no

particular notice. Admiral Sartorius and others have swam
across. We ought to rake it out." (See Trans, Devon, Assoc.,
voL iii., p. 242.) This is scarcely the language of one who
expected the Lake to yield traces of " Druidical rites," and it
may be surmised that the writer of the article imder comment
meanty not Mac Enery, but his forerunner Mr. Northmore,
who states that his primary object in visiting Kent's Hole,
was not that of discovering organic remains, but to ascertain
whether it were or were not a MUhratic Cavern,'* and he
adds that "the water of the sacred Nile was brought into
[the Pyramids of Egypt] and used for the same purpose of
baptismal regeneration as the natural pellucid water of Castle-

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TUB LITERATURE OF KENT*S CAVERN.

ton Cave and Kent's Hola" {Ibid, vol. ii, pp. 480-3.) I
know of no passage, however, in Mr. Northmore's narrative
in which he mentions the discovery of " sepulchral urns," or
other "relics* of high antiquity," near the "Lake."

(31. p. 162.) According to the records of the Torquay Nat
Hist Soc., the proposal to explore portions of the Cavern
came first before the Committee on 8th September, 1845,
when " Mr. Vivian and Dr. Battersby were deputed to wait
on Sir Lawrence [V.] Palk requesting permission to explore
Kent's Hole for the purpose of obtaining fossil remains."
The "permission" appears to have been promptly granted;
for the Eeport of the Committee, presented to the Annual
Meeting of the Members on the following 1st November,
contains this paragraph :— " We must here congratulate the
Society on the following fact, communicated to the Committee
by the Treasurer [Mr. Vivian] on the 8th of October last;
viz., that Sir Lawrence [V.] Palk had not only ceded to the
Natural History Society the sole right of exploring Kent's
Cavern, — with the proviso that aU remains found therein
shall be deposited in the Museum of the Society, — but had
also conferred upon the Committee, for the time being, the
power of granting admission to the public."

The work, however, was not begun for some months, as is
shown by the following minutes, extracted from the Society's
records: —

"At the meeting held on Monday morning, May 24th
[1846], in Kent's Cavern,
" It was resolved

"That Pearse [George Pearse, of Tor, Torquay, who had
long been authorized by Sir L. V. Palk to act as guide to the
Cavern] and 2 men be engaged for the purpose of ripping up
the floor of the Cavern in order to obtain specimens for the
Museum."

"That the public be admitted during the operation of
exploring the Cavern, at Is. each ; but on condition of nothing
being taken from the Cavern, or the workmen hindered
Tickets to be obtained of the Curator."

" At a Meeting held on Wednesday, June 3rd [1846], Dr.
Battersby in the Chair,
" It was resolved

"That Mr. Vivian, Dr. Battersby, and Mr. Pengelly be
appointed a sub-committee to superintend the exploring of
Kent's Cavern."

The exact date on which the work was begun does not

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177

appear to have been recorded, but "At a Meeting of the
Committee held 8th Aug., 1846,"
It was resolved

"That the Cavern be further explored until the sum of
£20 in all be expended."

Nor is there any record of the date on which it closed, but
it must have ended before 4th November, 1846, for the fol-
lowing is amongst the minutes of the Annual Meeting of the
Members held that day: — "The Eeport of the Society for
the past year, and a Eeport of the Works in Kent's Cavern
were read and adopted, for which 3ee [the Torquay and Tor]
Directory, in which they were ordered to be printed." This
Eeport was that now under notice.

(32. p. 162.) The Cavern has two well known entrances,
besides, at least, three others at present buried, and which, so
far as is known, have never been available within historic
times.' The two just mentioned are in the face of one and
the same low, vertical, limestone cliff, about 50 feet apart,
almost precisely on the same level, and nearly 190 feet above
mean tide. From their situations they may be called
" Northern " and " Southern," and from their shape the former
may be termed the "Triangular," and the southern the
"Arched" Entrance. Mr. Northmore, like the authors of the
foregoing Eeport, called the northern the " Lower," and the
southern the "Upper" (See Trans, Devon, Assoc,, vol. ii. p.
495), but it is diflBcult to see why, and it is not clear that
they did not sometimes reverse the order.

(33. p. 162.) The first excavation made by the Sub-Com-
mittee was near the south-western comer of the "Sloping
Chamber," at the foot of the declivity from which it is
named. Taking advantage of a considerable opening made
by Mr. Mac Enery, or some of his contemporaries, the Sub-
Committee burrowed up the slope, i.e, eastward, i,e, towards
the entrances, beneath the Stalagmitic Floor, which they left
intact. This, however, was entirely broken up and removed
by the Kent's Cavern Committee of the British Association.
(See Beport Brit, Assoc, 1871, pp. 7-13.)

34. p. 163.) There can be little doubt that the Eeporters
slipped into an error in supposing that the " dark mould "
overlying the Stalagmitic Floor was " what Mr. Mac Enery
denominated the 'Charcoal streak.'" The streak of which
he spoke appears to have been a thin horizontal seam of

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178 THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

charcoal found, not on, but within the Stalagmite, and will
be mentioned more fully in Note 35. The "layer of dark
mould " mentioned in the Eeport, is that now known as the
" Black Mould," which, to the depth of from 3 to 12 inches,
covered the floor of the Chambers into which the two external
entrances of the Cavern opened, and "thinned out" in the
Sloping Chamber and others adjacent to them. (See Report
Brit Assoc,, 1865, p. 18.)

(35. p. 163.) Though it is quite tnie that the Sub-Committee
found none, the assertion in their Report, that " no organic
remains of any description have ever been found in the stalag-
mite," is too sweeping, for their predecessor, Mr. Mac Enery,
mentions the discovery, within the stalagmite, of such remains
a very few feet from the spot the Reporters are here describ-
ing ; and so important did the case appear to him as to lead
him to speak of it at least four times. All the remains
occurred in his "Charcoal Streak" already mentioned, at the
northern end of that part of the Cavern termed " The Long
Arcade," where the stalagmite was from 2 to 2*5 feet thick ;
and, from his descriptions, the streak appears to have been
horizontal, midway from the surface to the bottom of the
stalagmite, from 1 to 2 inches thick, about 5 feet in greatest
length, composed of charred wood and straw, and to have
contained the following objects embedded In it: — Small
polished pebbles of white flint; shells; two portions of a
jaw, a tusk, and some phalanges of a boar ; the under jaw of
a badger ; bones of rabbits and rats ; and cylindrical bones,
which Dr. Buckland, who extracted them, assigned to deer.
The last were half roasted, and, with the exception of the
portions of boar's jaw, all the bones had been more or less
exposed to the action of fire. (See Trans, Devon, Assoc,, vol.
iii., pp. 236, 261, 291, 335 ; also Bep, BrU. Assoc., 1872, p. 45.)

This streak was detectCKi at the same spot by the Cavern
Committee of the British Association, who thus described
it : — "At something more than a foot from the bottom of the
[Stalagmitic] Moor, there was found in every section a roughly
horizontal, continuous, black line, extending from the western
wall of the Arcade to a distance, in one instance, of 7 feet,
generally about a quarter of 8Ui inch thick, but never exceed-
ing half an inch. It was due to the presence of charcoal,
and, of course, represented a thin sheet of that material It
was very carefully watched as the Floor was broken up, but
yielded no trace of bone or of any substance besid^ the
charred wood." The Committee add that they met with

THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

179

objects of interest in the Stalagmite hdow the streak, the
most noteworthy of which were "a tooth of deer, a large
vertebra, a well-worn tooth of hysena, and a piece of black
flint." (See JR^. BrU. Assoc., 1872, p. 45.)

The foregoing, moreover, are by no means the only relics
found in the Stalagmite, as the Committee have detected in
the same continuons sheet in various parts of the Cavern
stones of difierent kinds, and such as the rock of the Cavern
hill could not have yielded ; impressions of ferns ; shells of
cuttle-fish and of cockle ; osseous remains of Bear, Mammoth,
HysBua, Ehinoceros, Horse, Fox, and Man; charred wood;
and tools, chips, and cores ** of flint It must be added that
organic remains are far less abundant in the Stali^mite than
in the mechanically-formed beds.

(36. p. 164) Mr. Mac Enery records that the shaft he sank
in the Sloping Chamber was 30 feet deep, not 25 feet, as
stated in the Sub-Committee's Eeport. (See Trans. Devon.
Assoc., voL iil, p. 248.)

(37. p. 164) The second excavation made by the Sub-
Committee was at the northern end of what is called The
Lecture Hall," in the slope by which it is entered from the
Great Chamber," into which the " Arched " entrance of the
Cavern opens directly.

(38. p. 164.) The flint found in the second excavation is
probably rather an undressed flake than a tool, though, from
the aspect of its broader end, which appears to have been
worn somewhat smooth by long use on some comparatively
soft substance, it may have been used as a smoothing tooL
It is light gray in colour, with dark patches here and there ;
somewhat scimitar-ehaped, though rather broad at one end,
which forms an oblique line with the sides ; 4*9 inches long
on the convex maigin, 3*9 inches on the concave edge ; ana
its oblique broader end measures 1*9 inch, but its greatest
breadth, at right angles to its longitudinal axis, is 1*8 inch.
It has a thin edge all round the margin with the exception
of its narrower end, which is abruptly truncated ; is '6 inch
wide, and '3 inch thick. It is very concave longitudinally
on its inner face, which has apparently a bulb of percussion
at each end, but is otherwise tolerably smooth; strongly
ridged on the outer face, which is very uneven; and Uie
ridge is very near the convex edga Its greatest thickness is
rather more than *5 inch.

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT'S CAVERN.

(39. p. 164) The third excavation made by the Sub-Com-
mittee was in the southern entrance to "Clinnick's Gallery*'
— a branch of the Cavern which was not discovered until
1874. (See Bep. BrU. Assoc., 1874, pp. 13-16.)

(40. p. 164) The " knife " found in the third excavation is
formed of the same kind of flint as the flake already described,
but it is less mottled. It measures 3*1 inches in extreme
length ; 1*2 inch in greatest breadth, which is tolerably uni-
form throughout its entire length; and '7 inch in greatest
thickness. Its lower surface, formed by the dislodgement of
a single flake, is very concave longitudinally ; and, with the
exception of conchoidal fracture, is even and smooth. The
outer face is convex, and from the butt end, where it is
strongly ridged, it tapers irregularly and in all directions.
This face was formed by the dislodgement of six flakes.
Except at the butt end, its entire mai^n is sharp, and
without any visible trace of wear or of dressing on its inner
face ; whilst on the outer surface there are along more than
half the periphery, and especially at the rounded anterior
extremity, numerous and distinct indications of chipping.
The outline of the inner face is not unlike that of the sole
of a shoe for the left foot, exclusive of the heeL The entire
surface of the tool has a slight patine^ and the ridges and
edges are without the least trace of abrasion or travel. The
tool, though a decidedly good one, is inferior to several that
have been subsequently found.

(41. p. 165.) The Mr. Lear mentioned by the Reporters
was a Torquay tradesman, who had made a considerable
collection of fossils firom the Devoniw limestone of the
neighbourhood of Torquay, as well as of bones from Kent's
Hole. At the sale of Mr. Mac Enery's efiTects he purchased
the MS. of the " Cavern Researches," without being aware of
it, in a lot of loose papers and other " odds and ends.''

(42. p. 165.) A "glass be^d" may or may not have belonged
to early British times; but it does not appear to be safe to
regard it as an early British pi'odtict. According to the Enci/.
jEHt, (8th ed., vol. 10, p. 658, col. 1), " From the circumstances
of coloured glass beads and amulets having been found among
Druidical remains in this country, it has been urged by
Pennant and others, that the art of making glass was known
in Britain before its invasion by thiB Romans. It can hardly,
however, be believed that a people who had made very trifling

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THE LITERATURE OF KENT*8 CAVERN. 181

advances in civilization, and who, it is known, were entirely
unacquainted with any other art, should be found not only
conversant with the manufacture of glass, a complicated and
highly ingenious process, but should excel in it ; for the beads
and amulets spoken of are of excellent workmanship, and
beautifully coloured in imitation of the rarest and most
precious stones. There seems little doubt, therefore, that
the aucient Britons procured them in the course of traffic
with the Syrians who visited the island."

There is a passage in Mr. Mac Eneiy's MS., transcribed by
Mr. Vivian as " small oblong beads of opaque crystall glass "
(See Cavern Researches, p. 17, coL 1) ; but according to my
reading, it is " small oblong bids of crystal opaqiie " (Trans,
Devon, Assoc,, voL iii., p. 297), having no mention of glass,
and no certain mention of heads — the word bids being probably
a miswriting of hits.

The ''circular wheel" mentioned by the Reporters was, no
doubt, what is known as a " spindle whorl."

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

BY ABTHUB BOOPB HUITT, M.A., F.0.8.
(Bead at Paigntxm, July, 1S7S.)

During the present meeting of the Devonshire Association
no object wUl be more constantly before the eyes of the
members of the Society than Torbay. Its beauties, its form,
the many- coloured rocks that encircle it, are patent to alL
But Torbay has other features of equal interest, though not
so obvious ; and some of these I propose to bring before the
Society on the present occasion, confining myself as much as
possible to the record and discussion of facts that have not,
so far as I am aware, been hitherto sufficiently noticed.

A visitor to Paignton Sands will scarcely fail to observe a
large number of cockle-shells lying about. Now a sandy
shore is just the place where, if 8uiy where, cockles are to be
found; and our stranger, if not a conchologist, if he has
noticed the shells at all, will in all probability not give them
a second thought. If a conchologist, he will at once perceive
that these are no common cockles, but that they are of two
species, both raro elsewhere; and that the common spinous
cockle of the British coasts {G, echinaium), if present at all,
is in a very small minority. The cockles found on Paignton
Sands are C. tuberculatum (Linn^), C. rusticum (Forbes and
Hanley), and G. amleatum. Before proceeding further, let
us refer to the books, and see what authorities have written
of these two species. Of G. amleatum Mr. Jeffreys writes :
"Not uncommon on the South Devon coasts, especially at
Paignton; but scarcely ever found in the living state."* Of
C, tuberculatum Mr. Gosse writes, quoting and confirming
Dr. Turton : " Old Dr. Turton, a great authority in his day
for Devonshire Natural History . . . says that the cottagers
about Paignton well know the * red noses,' as they call the

* Britiih Ckmehology, vol. ii. p. 269.

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

183

great cockles, and search for them at the low spring-tides,
when they may be seen lying in the sand with the fringed
siphons appearing just above the surface. . . . The creatures
have not changed their habits nor their habitats ; for they
are still to be seen in the old spots just as they were a cen*
tury ago."* Mr. Jeffreys also says that the habitat of this
species is from low-water at spring-tides to twelve fathoms.
Here then we have Mr. Gosse, whose special study was zoology,
noticing the abundance of living specimens of G, tubereu"
IcUurriy and ignoring C. aculeatum; and on the other hand
Mr. Jeffreys, as a conchologist, remarking on the abundance
of dead shells of G, aetUeatum whilst noticing the absence
of the living mollusc. From the observations of the emi-
nent naturalists quoted above, we may infer that, evenly
distributed as are the shells of the two species on Paignton
Sands, their habits and habitats in Torbay must diffisr very
considerably. Such is the case, as I shall now proceed to
show.

On the 1st February, 1873, a severe easterly gale visited
Torbay; and on the 4th I walked over from Torquay to
Paignton to note the effects, if smy, of the heavy waves.
Among other things I observed that between Preston Lane
and Eedcliff* House there were a good many lutrarias lying
about^ but not many cockles. Under Eedcliff House cockles
were cast up in some abundance, consisting almost entirely
of G. tiiberculcUttmi, From Eedcliff House to Torbay Houset
these shells formed an almost continuous line, and might have
been counted by thousands. Wondering to see such a pre-
ponderence of G. tuberaUatuTn, I looked carefully for C.
cLcuUaivm as I walked along, and think I am within the
mark when I say that of this shell I did not see a dozen
examples between the points mentioned. Under Torbay
House, and beyond, cockles were even more numerous. They
were lying in heaps, and being collected for manure; but
here instead of C. tvherctUaium, G. aeuleatum preponderated,
and G. tuberculatum was comparatively scarce. This natural
sifting and sorting of species attracted my attention at the time,
and I made a note of it the same day, which note I now
give, having seen no reason to doubt its correctness from
further investigation." " Can this " (the specific assortment)
''be owing to the fact that the gale commenced from the
south-east^ and changed on Sunday to east and north-east,

• A Year at the Shore, p. 89.

t Since removed; formerly stood a little to the Bonth of the present
Esplanade.

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

the rusticum {tuberculatum) living nearer the shore would
be cast up first under the influence of the south-east wind ;
the amleatum having further to travel, living further sea-
wards, would be cast ashore under the influence of the
north-east wind, and thus be found in greater numbers in
the south-western end of Paignton Sands. KB. — Between
the Bed House and the north-east end of the sands there
were very few cockles." On the occasion referred to the
shells C. tnherculatum were comparatively uninjured by the
waves, whilst C, acvieatum showed signs of rougher usage ;
and in almost, if not quite, every instance these molluscs,
though thrown on shore living, were denuded of their spines.
If the position of the cockles on the sands suggested a more .
distant derivation for 0. amleatum than for C, tubermlatum,
the state of their shells confirmed this view. I had already
noticed whilst dredging that C. acideaium was to be sought
for further seawards than C. tubermUdum, which latter is
often taken when shrimping along the sands ; but I now
paid more attention to this point.

A few weeks after this gale I dredged a quantity of G.
amleatum some distance off Paignton dead or dying, and
totally denuded of spines ; and in the following May, whilst
fishing for dabs in the bay, also off Paignton, found that the
fish had been feeding on the cockles, as was evidenced by
sundry red arms 8Uid siphons of the molluscs. Apparently
the gales of February and another in April had broken up
the ground, and rolled and killed sufficient cockles to attract
the dabs, as those fish were unusually abundant at that tima
On the 14th of January of the following year, 1874, 1 took
about one hundred cockles in three hauls of a small dredge
off Paignton. Among them were two or three specimens of
C. tuberculatum, but all the rest were C, actUeatum, These
shells were peculiar in one respect — they had all been
thoroughly rolled at some period and been denuded of all
spines, but since the rolling a new rim of shell had grown
out from underneath the uninjured edge of each valve suffi-
cient to carry two, and in some cases three spines on each
rib. In many instances the newly-grown shell had been
again rolled and worn, and the process of repair in the case
of those that were still alive was being undergone a second
time. It seems likely that these cockles had been rolled by
the gales in the spring of 1873 ; that those that had escaped
with life repaired damages, but were again rolled by an
easterly breeze in the following October. The fact that out
of about one hundred cockles some ninety-eight were 0.

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

185

actUeatum accounts for the separation of species on the sands
in 1873, and is a satisfactory proof that the two species,
similar as they are, keep, at least to some extent, to different
areas in Torbay. The spot where these rolled specimens of
C. acuUatum were taken is almost exactly one mile east of
Boimdham Head, in six fathoms at low-water spring tides.

This haul of damaged cockles so far from the shore, besides
evidencing the segregation of C, aciUeatum, reveals another
interesting fact, and that is, that at a depth of at least six
fathoms waves roll into Torbay of sufficient magnitude to
disturb the bottom to the extent of rolling and killing
molluscs, whose habit is to bury themselves in the sand at
the bottom of the sea, and not only to do so at very rare
intervals, but in the case under consideration twice within
some eight months.

If it is the case that in one portion of Torbay 0, tuber-
culatum lives close to the shore, whilst the allied species
C, aeuleatum lives at some distance from it, it would seem
probable that there must be some difference in the construc-
tion of the two molluscs that prevents their being able to
occupy the same ground, otherwise it would be difficult to
understand why the two species, living so near to each other
as they do, should nevertheless keep so much to themselves.

One of the most marked differences between C. ttiberculatum
and C. aeuleatum is in the length of their species — one, as
the names imply, is the tuberculated cockle and the other
the thorny cockle, and thorny it is, some of the spines being
a quarter , of an inch in length. As cockles are burrowing
molluscs, it is evident that the sand must offer less resistance
to the comparatively smooth (7. tuberculatum than to the
long-spined C. aeuleatum, and that the latter might find it
difficult, if not impossible, to make a home where the former
could settle itself very comfortably. On the other hand,
when once in the ground the longer spinal cockle would be
more securely moored, and therefore less liable to disturbance
than the shorter spined species. If this view is correct C.
a^ndeatvm could not burrow and live in hard ground, which
would throw no obstacles in the way of its smoother cousin,
whilst the latter in ground soft enough for G, amleatum
would find itself at an disadvantage for lack of sufficient
holding power in the form of spines. Now just such a
difference in ground we find off Paignton ; viz., hard sand
inshore, and very fine soft sand further seaward.

It may be worth noticing that, as far as Torbay and its
vicinity is concerned, the distribution of cockles has some

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NOTES ON TOEBAT.

relation to the degree in which they are spiniferous or not ;
e.g. G. narwegicum^ which is as smooth as a marble, inhabits
the deeper water at the mouth of the bay ; C. edtde^ which
is rough but not spiny, inhabits the sheltered harbours and
estuaries of Torbay and the neighbourhood ; C. tuberctUatum,
which is solid, heavy, and to some extent spiny, lives in the
hard sand on western shores of the bay; whilst C. aculeatum,
with its delicate shell and immense spines, keeps to the fine
sand further seawards. Of these, C. norwegictim is out of
reach of the effects of waves from the deep water it selects,
and from its living on a rough bottom ; (7. eiiule avoids rough
seas by keeping to landlocked bays, estuaries, and protected
harbours; whilst (7. ivberculabim and C. a^culecUtm, which
are both known as spiny cockles, have to face heavy waves
and ever impending destruction. Theirs is a hard struggle
for existence, and though at present the supply seems to keep
pace with the demand of the hungry waves, which cast them
ashore by tons at a time, it is not difficult to perceive that
without the aid of their anchoring spines they might be less
able to maintain their position.

The marked separation as to habitat between these two
cockles, so much alike as they are in general appearance, is a
fact of interest not only to the conchologist, but also to the
geologist Every geologist is aware that some fossils are
extremely local, perhaps to be found in only one quarry in a
district that contains many other quarries of apparently
identical stone. In Torbay we have before us an example of
such a separation of forms ; and were its bottom to be con-
solidated, raised, and quarried, we might easily have one
quarry producing no cardium but G. ttLberctUcUum, within a
mile of another producing none but a closely allied species,
viz. C. acuUcUurriy with perhaps just a solitary specimen here
and there of the former species. Ko doubt it would be a
knotty point to decide whether C, aculeatum had developed
into C, ttLbermlatum, or vice versd; and even the discovery of
a raised beach in the neighbourhood, containing sheUs of
both species, might not quite settle the question, as the worn
state of the shells of C. acuieatvm might be held to indicate
that they were remcmU fossils.

Were the supply of sand in Torbay to be cut off, another
common feature in geology might meet with an illustration ;
viz., the sharply-defined zone in which fossils frequently occur.
Were such supply to be cut off (and from the isolated patches
of red sandstones that skirt the bay, we see how much less it
already is than it has been in past time) the sand-loving

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187

cockles could not fttil to be affected, and might even become
extinct in this locality at a very rapid rate.

Passing now from the Torbay cockles^ we will proceed to
consider Torbay itself.

A glance at the Admiralty chart will suffice to inform us
that the greatest depth of water in the bay, excepting certain
places near its mouth where the tides are strong, is only six
fathoms. This is a notable fact, and one not generally realized.
Few, perhaps, of those who admire the expanse of the bay
from the surrounding hills, are aware that any building ex-
ceeding thirty-six feet in height, if sunk in the bay, would
appear above water at low water spring tides. If the shallow-
ness of the water be remarkable, the uniformity in depth is
equally so. Over a large area in the centre of the bay, the
depth does not exceed or fall short of six fathoms by so little
as eighteen inches ; for the chart marks differences of quarter
fathoms, but no such deviation is here recorded. Again, all
these six-fathom soundings lie so compactly together that a
line can be drawn round the whole of them on the chart, so
as to include every sounding marked with a 6, and exclude
all others whatsoever. In the centre of Torbay the bottom,
according to the chart, is a level plain, averaging some four
thousand yards from north to south, and something less from
east to west, with an area of about five square miles. Now
it would seem that some agency must be at work to keep the
bottom of the bay at this dead level, as, were it otherwise, the
tides and currents of varying strength which prevail in the
bay might be expected to distribute the sand and mud ob-
tained from the snores with some degree of irregularity. The
only agency that occurs to me competent for the task is the
disturbing and planing action of the heavy waves which roll
into Torbay when visited by severe easterly winds, followed
by periods of quiescence when the winds blow off the shore,
or if from the sea with but moderate force.

As the action of waves at a depth of thirty-six feet of
water in Torbay is not likely to meet with general acceptance,
I have endeavoured to obtain information bearing on the
subject, both practically and theoretically. I have already
mentioned having taken quantities of rolled cockles in six
fathoms about a mile east of Paignton Pier, and it is the fact
that since 1871 up to the summer of the year 1878 I never
failed to find them in greater or less quantity about that
spot On the 21st March last a strong north-east wind
sprang up, which blew for twenty-four hours ; and early in
April a more moderate easterly wind prevailed, but for a

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NOTES ON TOKBAY.

longer time. On the 18th April I dredged on the old
aculeatum ground off Paignton Head, but in five hauls I
failed to get one single valve of any cockle whatsoever.
Something had swept the bay clean, and the bottom seemed
harder there than usual. A day or two later my boatman
told me that the reason I dredged no cockles on the 18th
was, that all the cockles were ashore at Paignton, and that
quantities had been carted away for manure. On the 27th
April I visited Paignton, and found the sands strewn with
shells of C, aculeatum and C, tvhermlatum, the latter being
much the most plentiful. The two species were not separated,
as in February, 1873. The fact that the bay was swept of
the cockle-shells, may possibly be owing to the sea having
been sufficiently rough to drive dead shells, or living ones
that chanced to be on or near the surface, on shore, though
not sufficiently so to tear the living ones out of their beds to
any extent, and leave them scattered on the bottom. On the
2nd May, whilst dredging for shrimps close to the sands,
I took a living specimen of both species. The hcberadatum
was slightly rubbed, the aculeattmi very thoroughly so, as if
it had travelled a long distance. On the 14th May a haul
about the centre of the bay produced a pair of G. tubermlatum,
dead, and only one-third grown, and three small valves of G,
aculeatum. The specimens of G, tuierctUa^um, though so
immature, showed signs of at least five or six separate rollings
in the course of growth, and the small valves of G. actdeatum
showed signs of one. None of these were rolled to the extent
of those taken nearer the shore, but perhaps as much so as
might be expected, considering the very soft bottom on which
they lay. These rolled shells were taken three thousand five
hundred yards east-south-east of Paignton Pier, in about the
centre of the six-fathom area, and it seems difficult to escape
from the conclusion that waves occasionally roll into Torbay
of dimensions sufficient to cause considerable disturbance at
the bottom at that depth. However, in considering the power
of the waves to roll cockles at the bottom of the sea, it must
not be forgotten how very much lighter they are in water
than in air. A large specimen of G, tubermUatum, whose
greatest diameter was three inches, as taken out of the sea
full of water, weighed 2486 grains, whereas weighed in sea-
water, its weight was but 786 grains, its specific gravity being
thus less than 1*5, as compared with sea-water.

As might be expected, the evidence of disturbance in shal-
lower water is still more convincing; and I shall now proceed
to adduce some facts respecting that portion of the bay off

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

189

Daddy Hole Plain, where the depth is about five fathoms,
and perhaps I cannot do better than call as witnesses some
old notes, recorded years ago, and with no expectation of
their ever seeing the light. They are as follows :

" 12th November, 1872. Wind strong N.E. Dredged under
Daddy Hole. Not a single oyster. Shall try it again after
a strong easterly wind. The oyster-ground formerly was from
oflT Syracusa to livermead Head, keeping the Great Bock
shut up, or partly shut up, in the Thatcher.

" 18th November. Dredged off Torre Abbey, keeping the
rocks in one. The first haul brought up six oysters; the
second, one.

" 22nd November. Dredged from Torre Abbey, off and on,
with shrimp-dredge. Caught about one and a half quarts of
prawns, and ten oysters. Last haul towed out to the ground
dredged on 18th November. In this haul caught a fine
Cyprina islandica (dead). Caught seven more oysters ; one
good valve of Thracia convexa, and two broken ones; some
good specimens of Lucinopsis undata; and one Artemis
exoleta—eH dead.

"28th November, 1872. (I) Five oysters. (2) Five oysters;
one live Liidnopsis among the dead shells. It seems to have
been imbedded in a black-blue clay ; was much stained, and
had some of the clay adhering. (3) Five oysters. (4) Five
oysters. After the above four hauls, I tried the shrimp-
dredge, and then both dredges together. Five seemed to be
the lucky oyster number; for with both dredges down, one
caught four, and the other one.

" 12th November, 1872. Dredging off Daddy Hole, caught
two CypriTia islandica (one very large one alive) ; one nearly
perfect Thrada convexa — much to Stockman's joy.

" 6th and 7th February, 1873. Stockman dredged alone
off Daddy Hole. Found the ground much altered by the
gales — live lutrarias where there were none before. On the
7th, three Thracia cmvexa, but all more or less broken by
dredge-iron ; one alive, but quite broken up.

" February 14th, 1873. Had one haul on the oyster-ground.
Caught nothing but weed.

" February 7th, 1874. Took a large Pleurobranchm mem-
branaceovs with a landing net, at the back of the new pier,
floating about four feet below the surface.

"March 4th, 1874. Found a fine valve of Thracia convexa
on Paignton Sands.*'

From the above notes it appears that on the 12th Novem-
ber, 1872, I failed in taking a single oyster under Daddy

VOL. X. M

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190

NOTES ON TORBAY.

Hole Plain, but anticipated better luck after a strong easterly
wind — the wind at the time being from that quarter.

On the 18th and 22nd November, and 12th December, I
took a good many oysters, and living specimens of the fol-
lowing molluscs, viz. Cyprina islandica and I/ucinapm undata;
and one entire Thrada convexa (dead), besides three valves.
Now all these molluscs live in the sand, not on it, and would
not be taken on the surface unless disturbed.

On the 6th and 7th February, 1873, a few days after the
heavy gale, my boatman was dredging alone off Daddy Hole,
and took, besides some live Ivirarias^ a living Thrada con-
vexa— both burrowing molluscs, and strong evidence of
disturbance, which moreover he reported to me at the time.

On the 14th February, a week later, a further change had
taken place. The weed that usually lies in the comer ofif
Torre Abbey, had been swept to sea, and dredging on the
oyster-ground was effectually prevented.

In December, 1873, and January, 1874, Pimrdbranchus
membranaceous was very abundant in the bay. On February
7th I took a lai^e specimen in a very unusual manner, and
sent it to Mr. Gwyn Jeffreys. Mr. Jeffreys expressed a wish
for some more, and I had no doubt but that I should be able
to get him as many as he wanted. However, rough weather
came on, and from that day to this, more than four years, I
have seen but one P. membranaceous in Torbay. The species
was swept out of the bay, and probably driven on shore.

In the year 1875 Mr. D. Kdgeon contributed a valuable
paper on " The Marine Conchology of Torbay " to the Trans-
actions of this Association ; and I cannot refrain from quoting
in extenso one paragraph from it, in confirmation of my own
notes. It is as follows : " The muddy sand off Daddy Hole
plain undoubtedly abounds in Thrada convexa (the " Golden
Hen "* of the fishermen) ; but it is very seldom obtained, on

* The origin of the t&rm ** (Golden Hen " is obscure. Messrs. Forbes and
Hanley sugge«t that the epithet ** golden" has been given on account of the
large price paid for the sheU of Thraeia convexa bv coUectors. But the term

hen is more perplexing than the epithet, whion weU describes the tawny
colour of a fine specimen. I have had occasion to notice that the Torquay
dredgers and fishermen are apt to call a shell with w'hich they are unac-
quainted, a *'hen," e.g. Mya truncatay and I think also Jfaetia itiUtorum.
Further, the Torquay oockle-^therers are in the habit of calling the cockles
and tapes, which they collect indiscriminately, cocks and hens," and I have
been gravely informed that these cocks and hens are of the same nature
when boiled," but that the cocks are rough, whilst the hens are broader and
smoother. My informant evidently believed the^ were, as he termed them,
^hes and shes" of the same species. If then, m the eyes of a fisherman,
a tape is a hen, as also a Mya, it would be but a short step to call the smooth,
tawny Thraeia a ** Golden Hen."

NOTES ON TORBAY.

191

account of its burrowing habits. In February of this year,
however, it occurred to the writer in comparative abundance
for several days together, after heavy weather from the east-
ward. It was taken in the prawn-trawl — a kind of dredge
without a cutting edge, which rakes over but does not penetrate
the surface of the ground. The shells were all dead, but had
only recently lost their tenants, and it was clear that their
presence was due to the disturbance of the ground caused by
the gales. The burrowing habit of Thrada convexa is well
illustrated by its capture, living and in some abundance, by
my friend Captain Bedford, R.N., in masses of stiff clay,
brought up on the flukes of his anchor when weighing off
MulL"

Having myself worked at the practical side of submarine
disturbance, I prevailed on a mathematical friend to give me
some information on the action of waves at a depth of thirty-
six feet, the depth of Torbay at low-water spring tides. He
wrote me as follows : " There is no doubt in my mind that
when the wave length is several times the depth, the motion
near the bottom must be considerable. When the wave
length is very long (twenty or thirty times) compared with
the depth, the flow of water is much the same from top to
bottom, or at least would be so were it not for the friction at
the bottom. The transporting power might be expected to
be the same as in a river of the same velocity, or perhaps
even greater on account of the reciprocation."

Again, " In waves whose length is more than five hundred
feet, or even less, the maximum horizontal velocity all the
way down is about as many feet per second as the wave has
height."*

Again, "There would be no great difference between wave-
lengths of five hundred and three hundred feet in water of
thirty-six feet; an inch or two more in the height would
make it up. When the length is a good many times the
depth of water, the height of the waves is the principal
thing."

I have no knowledge of the length of storm waves in
Torbay, but have seen Brixham trawlers beating out when
the waves were about three times the length of the vessels,
which would make the wave lengths somewhere about two
hundred and fifty feet. It was blowing hard at the time,
though doubtless in heavy gales the waves are much larger.
However, on the occasion referred to the bottom seemed

* The height referred to is above mean level, and the whole statement is
made with reference to water thirty -six feet deep.

M 2

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NOTES ON TOEBAY.

thoroughly stirred up, as the colour of the sea was much
the same as the fine sand at the bottom — a dull reddish-
brown.

If the waves ever attain a length of three hundred feet,
and a height of three feet from mean level, six feet from
trough to crest, we should have an alternating current at the
bottom, whose maximum, according to my friend's calculation,
is equfd to about three feet per second ; and a current of this
velocity, according to Sir Charles 1-yell, quoting from the
JEncydopcedia Britannica, would be capable of rolling stones
of the size of an egg, whereas a current of but six inches per
second would suffice to lift fine sand

We thus find theory and practice confirming each other as
to occasional disturbance, to some extent, at the bottom of
Torbay; indeed, were it otherwise, it would be difficult to
account for the colour of the water during rough weather,
when it corresponds so closely in tint with the sand below
it. If it is a fact that waves from the channel disturb, the
bottom of Torbay at a depth of thirty-six feet, it follows that
at that depth the sea is capable of causing denudation in a
greater or less degree. When waves set into a bay, the ten-
dency of the currents is to set seawards; and in the case
of Torbay, I have been told that during easterly gales the
easterly current on the northern side is continuous. The
sediment disturbed by the waves, if light enough, is carried
away by the currents, and that, in plain words, is denudation,
although, in the particular case under consideration, this
removal of sediment may be balanced by additional material
derived from the Triassic clifis. Geologists will see the
significance of this submarine denudation, but space precludes
my enlarging on the subject here.

Submarine denudation must have a levelling tendency; for
the waves, excepting in the extreme cases where the depth is
small as compared with the wave length, lose their power
rapidly as the depth increases; and a wave that would act
appreciably on the top of a sandbank might have very little
effect on the level of the base of the sandbank, and would
thus tend towards planing it away.

The result in Torbay of the occasional disturbance of the
bottom by heavy waves, followed by periods of rest, seems to
be the level plateau forming the six-fathom area already de-
scribed— a plateau covered with a quartzose sand of excessive
fineness, which is probably derived from the crumbliufr
Triassic cliffs of Torbay pounded into an almost impalpable
powder. So fine indeed is this sand, that in the examination

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NOTES ON TORBAY.

193

with a half-inch objective of a sample taken at random in
midbay, I was unable to measure a single grain which ex-
ceeded one-hundreth of an inch in length, whUst the majority
were very much smaller.

Below this sandy deposit the dredge will rarely penetrate,
and for further information we must look elsewhere, and
perhaps we can find no better witnesses than the anchors of
her Majesty's ships.

From a seaman's point of view, Torbay would be described
as follows :

"Bottom very diversified. Much mud and sand in the
northern part of the bay; but at the usual large -ship
anchorage, nearer Brixham, much clay, and mud and clay
mixed. When in the sandy district the anchors frequently
come up clean. At the Brixham anchorage there is a good
clay holding-ground." I may say that this information is on
the very best authority; but having reached me indirectly,
I do not feel at liberty to divulge the author's name.

I have never but once seen any indication of clay when
dredging in the six-fathom area in Torbay, and then it was
not very decided. On the 4th May, when the sample of
sand already referred to was taken, the dredge contained two
or three lumps of muddy sand sufficiently consistent to
preserve the cast of some boring animal. The colour was
just the same as that of the submerged forest clay at Torre
Abbey, and I think these lumps, if not actually clay, indicated
the close proximity of clay. If the forest clay extends to
this point (three thousand five hundred yards from Paignton
Pier), as seems probable, there is no reason why it should
not extend some seventeen hundred yards further, to the
limit of the six -fathom area, where the depth is precisely
the same. That a submerged forest does exist beneath
the waters of Torbay has long been believed by geologists*
on the evidence of the mammoth's tooth dredged off Brixham,
and now in the Museum of the Torquay Natural History
Society. Over the six-fathom area there is no sign of rock,
and there can scarcely be any within reach of a ship's
anchor, or it would be speedily found out; but in the
shallower water nearer the shore there are several rocks or
reefs worth a notice. Equidistant from Saltern and Elbury
Coves, about fifteen hundred yards from each, there ifl a low
reef of rocks marked on the chart as "The Ridge." It is
composed of limesto4e, thoroughly honeycombed by rock-

• Sir C. Lyell, Antiquity of Man^ 4th ed., p. 898 ; W. Pengelly, 2V«m«.
Devon. Ataoe., vol. i. part 4, p. ^0.

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194

NOTES ON TORBAY.

boring molluscs, if we may judge of the whole by one or two
fragments torn off by the dredge. Had they but time
enough, these molluscs would eat away this isolated patch of
rock to the level of the surrounding sand, which would then
speedily make an end of them, and perhaps even obliterate
their traces. Were the basin of the bay then to be elevated,
and the sand around the " Ridge '* removed, future geologists
would behold a mass of limestone with a terrace of denuda-
tion on its summit, gradually rising towards the west, owing
to its formation on a gently -shelving bottom. It is nob
impossible that some might ascribe the denudation to the
action of waves on a tidal strand, the inclination of the
terrace favouring such an hypothesis. Boring molluscs seem
to have the greatest effect on hard limestone rocks of any
marine agents. Waves alone are powerless even to disturb
the weed and marine animals on their tidal surfaces. Waves
with sand or stones have a scouring action, but some of the
saxicavidm bore and undermine them in all directions.

Off the northern shores of Torbay there are several sunken
rocks of interest. From the "Shag," which is a limestone
rock, a reef runs off in a south-easterly direction for some
four hundred and fifty yards, over the highest point of which
there is less than a fathom of water at low spring tides. This
reef is composed of slate rock or grit, such as we find at
Meadfoot, and does not correspond in that respect wth the
Shag Rock, of which it seems a continuation. From the
south point of the "Thatcher" the bottom is rocky in a
westerly direction, and here (about four hundred yards from
the "Thatcher"), on the 4th December, 1872, my dredge
detached a large fragment of slate rock with a fine gorgonia
growing on it This rocky ground extends also to the south-
ward, and I have more than once been fast to rocks about
four hundred yards south-west by west of the "Thatcher,"
though without being able to ascertain their nature. About
one thousand yaixis south-east-by-south of the "Thatcher,"
on the 9th April, 1872, the dredge got fast, and ultimately
brought away a piece of grey grit similar to the above, com-
posing the cliffs opposite on the mainland. This sunken
rock, which I believe my dredge was the first to find, is
about the centre of a depression known to dredgers as " the
pit." This depression has water of eleven fathoms in it, sur-
rounded by soundings not exceeding nine fathoms. Situated
as it is at a spot where the tides are very strong, and where
the currents between the two headlands of the bay and those
to and from its northern shores meet each other, it seems

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NOTES ON TOEBAY.

195

probable that it has been formed by the tidal currents them-
selves. It forms quite a museum of dead shells.

The reason I have dwelt so long on these unheeded rocks
is, that they show us that the old northern coast line of
Torbay was composed of slate and grit just as we see the
recent coast line at the present day. The outlying islands
of limestone, which have survived owing to their superior
powers of resistance, were connected together by slate and
grit, as are now the Daddy Hole and Hope's Nose limestones.
The sunken limestone and slate rocks of Torbay prove also
that where they exist the Triassic sandstones, which by the
position of their remains appear to have formerly filled the
greater part of the bay, can never have been present to any
great depth.

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THE GEOLOGY OF THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST
OF PAIGNTON.

BY W. PEUGELLT, F.B.8., F.G.8., ETC.
(B«ftd at Paignton, July, 1878.)

Very soon after the meeting of this Association in 1877, I
decided on attempting to prepare a paper on the geology of
Paignton for the present meeting. Though not unfamiliar
with the subject at that time ; though from the 10th Septem-
ber of last year to 17th June, 1878, 1 have made from twenty
to thirty geological visits to the parish, and have traversed
all its roads, lanes, and paths, most of them several times,
and studied and made notes on all the sections — natural and
artificial — which have presented themselves ; and though the
literature of the subject has been by no means neglected, one
of the results has been increased strength in my feeling of
being unprepared to produce a monograph on the geology of
Paignton. Instead, therefore, of any loftier flight, I purpose
contenting myself on this occasion with offering a few remarks
on the geology of the coast from the end of HoUacombe
** Lake " to the oriental-looking building known as Redcliff
Tower — in other words, the north-eastern coast of Paignton.

Commencing, then, at the north-eastern comer of the parish,
at the mouth of the valley down which flows the rivulet
dividing Cockington and Paignton parishes, and, in accord-
ance with Devonshire phraseology, known as HoUacombe
Lcbke, we have a clifif, not more than 20 feet high, divisible
into two distinct zones — the lowermost 14 feet being occupied
with what in the district are popularly known as the Red
Socks, and the uppermost 6 feet with an accumulation of
angular stones representing a more modem period and difierent
conditions.

The lower zone consists of Sandstones and Conglomerates
with a few thin marly partings, and is usually regarded as
belonging to the Triassic system of the geologist ; and though

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THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST OF PAIGNTON. 197

there are a few who suspect it to belong to the Permian, or
next older system, it will be regarded as Triassic in this
communication.

Proceeding southward, the cliff becomes gradually higher,
culminates at 55 feet above mean tide, on reaching what,
from the neighbouring hamlet, may be called Hollacombe
Point, and then becomes gradually lower until, at the eastern
end of Preston Lane, it is no more than five feet high above
the existing beach. This varying height of the clifif is due to
corresponding changes in the elevation of the Trias, not to
variations in the thickness of the overlying zone.

From Hollacombe Point northwards the beds of Trias are
sensibly horizontal, but in the opposite direction they dip
gently towards the south, and occupy no more than one foot
at the base of the five-feet cliff at the northern angle of Preston
Lane. South of the Lane their dip carries the Eed Rocks
below the level of the existing beach, and at present they are
not seen again until reaching Paignton Harbour. All, how-
ever, who remember the district before the erection of Eedclifif
Tower, will also remember a low flat cliff of the Eed Eock on
which that building stands, but which is now entirely con-
cealed by the Sea-wall. Happily the fact is perpetuated in
the name Bedcliff Tower; and by it the stranger may be
preserved from believing that the entire area between Preston
Lane and Paignton Harbour is one continuous unbroken plain,
composed everywhere of deposits of very modem geological
age.

The Sandstone beds occasionally display good examples of
the structure known as diagonal stratification.

The materials composing the Conglomerates are fragments
of Trap and Limestone, with some pieces of Quartz and dark
red Devonian Sandstone. It is not easy, perhaps not possible,
to point out the parent rocks which produced the pieces of
Trap; but there is no difBculty with regard to the other
fragments, as Limestone beds abound in various parts of the
Torbay district, and the whole of the northern part of the
parish of Paignton, as well as great part of the adjoining
parish of CJockington, is rich in dark red Devonian Sandstone,
traversed in places with thick veins of quartz.

The fragments of Trap are almost always well rounded;
but this is far from being the case with those of the other
kinds of rocks, whose frequent sub-angular forms show that
they have travelled neither far nor long, and that the beds
which they help to make up should rather be called Breccias
than Conglomerates.

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198

THE GEOLOGY OF

Thin, discontinaous, almost black, ferruginous layers, of
the nature of Iron Pan, occur here and there in the cliflF, but
by no means so abundantly as between Saltern Cove and
Broad Sands, fiBulher south.

The colour of the Sandstones is usually a deep uniform
red, the Conglomerates assume a somewhat purplish tint,
whilst the Marls have a dull chocolate hue. At HoUacombe
Point, however, large surfaces of sensibly-horizontal beds are
exposed, and are traversed by numerous irregular cracks such
as are produced by desiccation in sheets of lime prepared by
the plasterer, and in beds of mud. Whatever may have been
their origin, the cracks have been filled with material having
a colour unlike that of the beds in which they occur, and
that the colour of the overlying bed, so that a resemblance
to an irregular tessellated pavement is the result. At the
base of the cliflF immediately south of HoUacombe Point
there are more or less continuous, but not uniform, yellowish
bands, which send thin thre8wis of the same colour into
the red Sandstones, some of them in the direction of cracks,
some along lines of diagonal stratification, and others irn^u-
larly.

In the Conglomerate beds, many of the stones, whether of
Trap, or of Limestone, or of Quartz, are surrounded with a
whitish yellow ring, generally of sensibly circular, but some-
times of irregular, outline. Such rings are, of course, sections
of spheroidal envelopes which completely invested the stones,
and were caused by some chemical agent which changed the
prevalent red compound of iron into one of the colour of the
envelope. Colour phenomena^ of this kind are met with in
various parts of the Devonshire Trias, but in certain localities
they do not occur ; and it has been observed that in no area
is every stone thus attended ; that every such coloured patch
has a stony nucleus ; that small stones are sometimes sur-
rounded by broad investments, and large stones by narrow
ones; and that the envelope fits the nucleus closely, never
leaving an unoccupied space between them. Though it must
be concluded that the nucleus is in some way essential to
the phenomenon, it is obvious that the discolouration is
independent of the chemical composition of the stone, since,
as has been already stated, stones of all kinds are alike
invested.

The Trias does not present many Faults in the cliflF now
under notice. There is one a very short distance north of
HoUacombe Point, through which the beds are about 5 feet
lower on the south of the fracture than they are on the

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THE NORTH-EASTERN COAST OF PAIGNTON. 199

north. A second occurs immediately south of the Point,
where the effect is in the same direction, and about the same
in amount.

Caverns occur somewhat frequently north of HoUacombe
Point. The largest, perhaps, is about 24 feet across at the
mouth, 28 feet deep, and from 10 to 12 feet high at the
entrance, where it is most lofty. The floor of undisturbed
Trias forms a series of steps leading to the back of the cave.
Adjacent to it, on the southern side, there is a second and
smaller cave ; the separating wall being no more than 2 feet
thick. There can be no doubt that this partition will ulti-
mately disappear, and the two caves become one. Indeed,
there is already a hole in the partition 5 feet long and up-
wards of 2 feet high.

Occasionally a cave of two stories presents itself; or more
correctly, perhaps, one cave immediately over another. In
one example of this, the stories were separated with two
continuous beds of Trias.

In some instances the floors are covered with shingle, in
others they are the bare Eed Eock. The roofs differ greatly
in promise of durability.

At the fault immediately south of Hollacombe Point, there
is a wave-worn roofless Gully about 40 feet long, and varying
from 10 feet wide at its mouth to 1 foot at the inner end.

Eocks of the character of the Torbay Trias are not cal-
culated to be veiy durable. They become easy victims to
the sea, to land springs, and even to what is called the
weather. So far as their destruction by the sea is concerned
there can be no doubt that it is mainly achieved through the
foimation and enlargement of caverns such as are described
above.

On proceeding to the study of the uppermost of the two
cliff zones, it will be observed that the accumulation is not
stratified ; that the materials are almost all of them remark-
ably angular; that they are loosely aggregated; that, with
scarcely an exception, they are all pieces of dark red
Devonian Sandstone ; that they lie with their longest axes at
all angles to the plane of the horizon, though with perhaps a
very slight tendency to lie in that plane ; that the accumu-
lation is thinnest at HoUacombe Point, and becomes thicker
both north and south of that point, and as it descends to
lower levels ; that it extends from the parish of Cockington,
north of Hollacombe Lake, to some distance south of Preston
Lane ; and that the contour of the surface before the accumu-

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200

THE GEOLOGY OF

lation was lodged on it was very much the same as the
contour of the present surface.

It is, perhaps, not easy to say how far the accumulation
extends inland, but every one who has noted the slopes of
the adjacent rsdlway cuttings must have observed that the
sections are identical — a Imsal zone of Trias capped with a
mass of angular stones generally of a dark red colour ; and
those who have walked by the Hollacombe rivulet know that
its entire course between Paignton and Cockington parishes
is through an aggregation having all the chai-acters of the
uppermost zone of the cliff.

It is by no means difficult to assign localities whence the
stones were probably derived. The whole of the parish of
Paignton north of a line drawn due west from the northern
end of the accumulation, as well as the greater part of the
adjacent parish of Cockington, consists of beds identical in
character with the stones in question. Moreover, the ground,
with the exception of the Hollacombe Valley, rises imme-
diately behind the area occupied by the accumulation itself,
attaining a height of 150 feet within a quarter of a mile in
Paignton, and rising much more abruptly on the Cockington
side. The stones had but short distances to travel ; and that
the journey was of but brief duration may be seen in their
an^^ular forms.

So far as the Cockington portion is concerned, there is no
difficulty; but it may be doubted whether there is at present
any natural machinery in the district capable of transporting
the stones from the parent beds to the area they cover within
Paington, and especially the southern part of it ; whether, in
short, if hedges and roads and buildings were abolished, and
agriculture were entirely suspended, any amount of time
would enable even the copious rains for which Devonshire
has credit to wash stones of such a size to the cliffs about
the eastern end of Preston Lane.

As to the period when the tmnsportation occurred, it was
certainly after the district had acquired the surface configura-
tion which now characterizes it. Hollacombe Valley was
already in existence, and, at least, almost as deep as it is at
present. Again, the stones are so prevalently angular, and
so lacking in arrangement, that it seems impossible to believe
that they have ever been subjected to the rolling and
assorting power of the sea. A glance at the existing beach at
the foot of the cliff, a study of the Eaised Beaches almost
within sight, must suffice to show that no part of the
accumulation at present sub-aerial was at or beneath the

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THE N0RTH-EAJ5TERN COAST OF PAIGNTON. 201

sea-level when it was first brought together, or has been
submerged since that time. And yet, when the Torbay
Raised Beaches were formed — now standing at about 30 feet
above the sea level — almost the entire district from the
Mouth of Hollacombe Valley to Paignton Harbour must
have been submarine. In short, it seems impossible to avoid
the conclusion that the bed of angular stones capping the
Triassic cliff in the north-east corner of Paignton parish was
lodged where it is now found at a period subsequent to the
elevation of the Torbay Eaised Beaches.

It has been already stated that at the Jiorthem angle of
the eastern end of Preston Lane the Trias occupies no more
than the basal foot of the low cliff. At the southern angle
of the lane there is no Trias to be seen, the southerly dip
of the formation having carried* it below the level of the
beach ; the cliflf, not more than 5 5 feet high has the bed of
angular stones at its base, and at the height of about 3 feet
there is overlying it a bed of yellowish or lead-coloured clay,
fi*om 3 to 6 inches thick ; over which again is vegetable soil,
about 2 feet thick, with grass on its surface.

The bed of angular stones, with the bed of clay above it,
dips southward, conformably with the Trias beneath the
whole. At about 100 feet south of the lane this dip has
carried the clay down to the level of the tidal strand, as
well as the bed of stones below it, and the latter are seen no
more except, here and there farther south, where the waves,
by occasionally stripping oflf the shingle and cutting furrows
through the clay, disclose the angular stones in their place
underlying the clay bed.

Though the clay becomes gradually thicker, its character
is not strongly pronounced until at and beyond 40 feet south
of its first appearance at Preston Lane end. Its lower portion
is a mixture of sandy clay and stones, including many of
the angular fragments of Devonian Sandstones already men-
tioned; whilst the upper portion is occasionally very dark,
from the presence of vegetable matter. From about 100
feet, to upwards of 380 feet, south of Preston Lane the clay
forms the landward margin of the tidal strand, with a
covering of sand and shingle at intervals ; but at the distance
just mentioned a peaty bed is found overlying the clay.
That this bed of vegetable matter extends continuously
beneath the sand and shingle to, at least, the low-water line,
and for considerable distances southward, has been placed
beyond any doubt, not only by exposures after heavy gales,
but also by excavations made by workmen at various times,

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202 THE NORTII-EASTKRN COAST OF PAIGNTON.

in different directions, and for noteworthy distances. On
24th September, 1877, when visiting the spot, I was so
fortunate as to find Mr. Evans, a contractor, there, whose
men were engaged at the time in building a sea-wall for the
protection of the Green or Esplanade immediately north of
Eedcliff Tower. He was so good as to take me to an exca-
vation, about 4 feet deep, which he had made in the beach
that day near the eastern end of the walL In this excavation
the bed of peat, 2*75 feet thick, was lying on the characteristic
clay. Mr. Evans informed me that in excavating for the
foundation of the wall he had never reached the base of the
clay; that in the peat he had found stumps of trees measuring
in girth as much as himself ; that in some places the peat
was so loose and yielding that carts sank into it to the axle
of their wheels, as had happened to one of his own carts
that very day ; but that in most places it was quite compact
and firm. The bottom of the excavation Mr. Evans showed
me was some feet below spring- tide liigh- water level, and
this he told me was the case also with all the stumps of
trees he had mentioned.

In short, this mass of peat is one of the numerous examples
of the well-known Submerged Forest of Torbay. The clay on
which it lies and in which the trees grew is, of course, more
ancient than the period of the forest growth ; and the bed of
angular stones beneath the clay is more ancient stilL This
mass of stones has been already shown to be more modem
than the Eaised Beaches of Torbay ; and thus, thanks to the
angularity of the stones, and to the lack of arrangement
amongst them, we are furnished with proof of what had
previously been considered probable by most, that in Devon-
shire the Submerged Forests are more recent than the Raised
Beaches ; that during the growth of the Forests, the Beaches,
in common with the district generally, were considerably
higher than they are at pi-esent ; and that since the elevation
of the Beaches the district has never been at so low a level
as it occupied during their formation.

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ON THE GEOLOGY OF PAIGNTOK

BY W. A. E. USSHER, P.O. 8.
By permission of the Director-General of the Geological Sarrey of England and Wales.
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

A STUDY of the geological features of Paignton may be
termed in every sense threefold. The rocks and recent de-
posits are referable to three widely-separate geological epochs :
1st, The Pleistocene or most recent period ; 2nd, The Triassic ;
and 3rd, The Palaeozoic. Taking each in turn, we shall find
that a threefold division of the Pleistocene deposits — the
Triassic rocks, and the older strata surrounding them — may
severally be made.

The Pleistocene deposits, with the exception of thin
strips of alluvium bordering streams near Cross and Colleton
Kirkham, are confined to the seabord. They consist of (a)
old fluviatile deposits, capping the low cliffs between Liver-
mead and Preston Sands ; of (b) peat, with traces of a sub-
merged forest, associated with bluish clay, which is exposed
on Preston Sands. The peaty matter slopes seaward from
under the recent alluvial deposits of Paignton Marsh. Mr.
Pengelly is acquainted with the details, but I am not aware
that he has published them. Mr. Godwin-Austen* says that
traces of submerged forests lay on lacustrine mud at Broad
Sands, in which Paludina shells were obtained; and that
traces of lacustrine marl were noticed near Goodrington.
Thirdly, (c) we have in the alluvial deposits of the Good-
rington and Paignton flats, and in the blown sands extending
from Boundham Head to the north part of Preston Sands,
and in the present sea-beaches, the latest evidences of Pleisto-
cene deposition. Of these three phenomena the gravels near
the gas-works are probably the oldest ; that is, their formation
dates back to a recent geological time, when the cliffs on

♦ Trans. Oeol. Soc.f vol. It., " Geology of South-Eaat Devon," p. 439.

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204

ON THE GEOLOGY OF PAIGNTON.

which they I'est extended further seaward. This is further
proved by the isolation of a small gravel-capped pinnacle of
Triassic sand and breccia near the cliffs. Prior to and during
the formation of this gravel a belt of forest-land may have
flourished on a more extended coast line ; but the recent date
of the gravel renders it more probable that during its forma-
tion the sea had so far gained on the existing seaward land
as to convert the low-lying tracts of vegetation into peat-
mosses, damming up the valleys, and causing the landward
peat-growth to be buried in the alluvial sediments brought
down by the streams whose seaward outlets had been choked
by gravel-bars. Finally, in gaining its present bounds the
sea swept away its dams, whereby the little lakes, which we
may compare to Slapton Lea and the Fleet, were drained,
and the dried beach -sand was drifted landward over the
alluvium.

All these events transpired within that most recent part of
the Pleistocene period which succeeded the formation and
elevation of the old beaches of Hope's Nose and other
places. Running water, wind, and wave were the three
agents at work. An old river-bed, dry ; an old land-surface,
partly buried beneath river sediments, partly beneath sea-
sand; and a low bank of sand, shifting with the shifting
winds, are the three phenomena accounted for.

TRIAS.

The Triassic area of Paignton is joined to the main mass,
extending to the north of Cockington and Tor Abbey, by
a fringe of breccia and sand, forming the promontory of
Livermead and Corbons Rock. A part only of the lower-
most division of the Trias is represented in the Paignton
district, the beds being probably contemporaneous with part
of those exposed in Oddicombe Cliflf, and at Watcombe and
Petitor.

The Paignton Trias exhibits three distinct lithological
varieties, in places occupying stratigraphical horizons; but
on the whole apparently interchangeable, and due to local
derivation attendant on changing sources of supply.

The three varieties are breccio-conglomerates, breccias, and
rock-sands.

(A) The breccio-conglomerates are largely used for building
purposes, and have been quarried in Paignton, West of
Polsham, near Cross, to the west of the Naval Hospital, and
to the north of CoUaton Kirkham. They form a hard, dis-
tinctly bedded rock, composed of limestone and grit pebbles.

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ON THE GEOLOGY OF PAIGNTON.

205

and subangtilar fragments of limestone, grit, slate, and quartz,
in a consolidated matrix of calcareous sandstone. The upper
beds of the rock contain fewer limestone fragments, and
apparently pass into a bond Jide breccia.

(B) Breccia, containing grit, slate, quartz, and limestone
fragments, occurs at livermead, Corbons Bock, and Paignton
Quay, in a matrix of soft sandstone or loamy sand. Breccia,
of a rubbly character, and strictly local derivation, forms the
western limits of the Trias towards Berry Pomeroy, and its
southern boundary to within a mile of the Naval Hospital,
from near Colleton House, eastward. The rubbly breccia in
the last case is very similar in places to a heading of the
slates on which it rests; it appears to underlie the breccio-
conglomerates in this part of the area A band of breccia
running in a North and South direction through Paignton
separates the sands from the breccio-conglomerates, and prob-
ably in part overlies, in part passes into the latter.

(C) Bed rocksands are confined to the environs of Paignton,
not extending westward of the church. The sands are false-
bedded in places. It is diflBcult to determine whether as a
whole they overlie the breccias and breccio-conglomerates,
or pass horizontally into them, dying out along certain
horizons from a local mass. The latter idea seems to be
borne out by the general impersistence of sandstones in
association with coarser materials, and by the following
observations.

A thick bed of sand occurs in the breccia and breccio-con-
glomerate forming the southern cliff of Eoundam Headland,
marking by its displacement several small faults, and atten-
uating westward to the Head where it plunges beneath
the beach with a northerly dip of 10°. To the north of
Preston Sands the sand appears to pass downward into
breccia; whilst in the cliffs forming Livermead promontory
the sand is overlain by breccia, in which fragments of igneous
rock, and Beekite-coated limestone are abundant. Corbons
Bock consists of breccia overlying red, yellowish, and grey
banded sandrock.

That peculiar form of chalcedony called Beekite seems to
be confined to the limestone pebbles in the breccias and
breccio-conglomerates of the Paignton area. I was glad to
find my observations on the absence of beekital structure in
the limestone fragments of the Oddicombe and Watcombe
conglomerates confirmed by Mr. Pengelly, Mr. Vicary has
found Beekites in the Crediton Valley at Slade and Solton,
where hard breccia occurs. I observed somewhat similar

VOL. X. N

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ON THE GEOLOGY OF PAIGNTON.

structure in a fragment near Sandford, in the same district.
The breccias of Livermead, and the railway cutting by
Roundham Hill, are the best localities for obtaining Beekites.
The limestone is often dissolved away, leaving the hard
chalcedonic coating.

FAULTS.

Faults are very numerous on the coast. They cannot be
traced inland, probably owing to their small effect. In
Boundham Headland I noticed eight faults; in Livermead
fifteen; in Corbons Rock six. None of these appear to be
important.

OUTLIERS.

Near Blagdon Cross there is a smsdl outlying patch of
breccia.

Two outlying patches of brecci% at Smoaky Ho and
Ockham (south of Marldon) prove the original connection of
the Paignton Trias with the main mass on the north in that
direction. These outliers consist of rubbly breccia derived
from the slates and shales on which they rest.

Proceeding southward from Boundham Head traces of
marginal Tnassic deposits are noticeable in several places.
They generally consist of hard breccio-conglomerate, with
limestone fragments, and dip seaward. A small patch occurs
on the south of Groodriugton Sands, where the railway crosses
the lane to Goodrington. About one hundred yards to the
south the cliflFs are composed of breccio-conglomerate for
about two hundred yards, a small fault is shown, and at the
north end the unconformable position of the outlier upon the
slates is well exhibited.

In Saltern Cove two blocks of breccio-conglomerate were
observed.

Between Saltern Cove and Broadsands the cliflFs are com-
posed of breccio-conglomerate for two hundred yards.

At the north end of Broadsands a patch of breccia, of a very
crystalline character in places, appears to be faulted against
the limestone. A boss of sandstone, intersected by numerous
veins of calc spar, is shown on the beach.

At Galmpton Point two blocks of breccio-conglomerate
were observed.

FISSURES.

Partly owing to rubbly character, partly to chemical changes
in consolidation, fissures filled with Triassic matter are diflScult
to detect. In the Broadsands Railway cutting, in two places,
pockets in limestone are apparently filled with Triassic debris;

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ON THE GPX)LOGY OP PAIGNTON. '207

also in two places, by the high road south of Goodrington, in
one of which (a small quarry) the relics are much indurated.

EXTENSION OF THE TRIAS.

The position of the Paignton Trias and its outliers is
sufGuuent to warrant a belief in a former greater extension
westward; whilst the outliers toward Brixham evidence its
prolongation to the south.

The outlier of sand and breccia of Slapton, and the Thurl-
stone patch which we visited last year, are further indices of
extension toward Plymouth.

The abnormal colour of the Thurlstone outlier, accounted
for by its strictly local derivation, is worthy of note.

Mr. Townsend Hall tells me that, on a visit to Cawsand,
with Mr. Whitaker and others, during the recent Meeting of
the British Association, they observed a Triassic outlier
associated with the trap rock. Having never visited Cawsand,
and never found trap, as coloured on the old survey map,
unassociated, by contact or proximity, with Trias, I was
startled by its, happily only apparent, isolation in this case.
How far the Trias may have extended along the Cornish coasts
no evidence is forthcoming to show ; but even though such
evidence should prove an extension to Gorran Haven, I still
submit that it is not to the present limits of Cornwall and
Devon that we must look for sources of derivation for
Budleigh pebbles, but to the Channel area, wherein rocks of
the Gorran type may be much more abundant.

PALAEOZOIC.

Having a very limited acquaintance with the Palseozoio
districts near P£iignton, I cannot attempt a detailed descrip*
tion of them, which, thanks to the excellent work and un-
tiring zeal of Mr. Champemowne, is not necessary.

The Triassic area of Paignton is bounded by reddish-brown
slates and shales with beds of grit Near Cockington red-
brown grits or sandstones occur, whilst the limestones of
Brixham extend to within half a mile of the southern mtirgin
of the Trias. I am inclined to think that the relations of the
beds are often obscured by faults. On the whole my limited
experience affords no grounds for doubting the triple division
of the beds and their succession as given by Messrs. Champer-
nowne and H. B. Woodward ; viz. (1) Limestones upon (2)
slates and shales, upon (3) sandstones.

I experienced much difficulty in ascertaining the dip of
the limestones, in some places being unable to distinguish

N 2

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ON THE GEOLOGY OF PAIGNTON.

planes of stratification, and was disposed to regard the junc-
tion of the slates and limestones as irregular, allowing the
intercalation of masses of limestone in the upper part of the
shales and slates.

If we suppose the limestones to have been coral reefs, I
cannot see why they should be persistent over a large area,
even as an upper zone, or why it is necessary to connect
isolated masses by anticlinal curves in all cases. The reef
builders would no doubt progress in their upward labours
whilst on the subsiding sea- bed fine mechanically -worn
materials were being spread. An early colony might com-
mence their structures before the reef-building became
general ; and in any case the abrupt termination of the reef
against mechanically- derived sediment would be not more
extraordinary than the abrupt termination of a mass of sub-
marine lava quickly entombed in water-borne matter. In
the present state of the Devonian question we may safely
regard these three groups as subordinate to the bluish-grey
culm measures.

I for one should be glad to see the south-east Devon rocks
proved parts of the Carboniferous system, and partly equiva-
leQt to Old Eed Sandstone. How long the local epithet of
Devonian may weather the assaults of Mr. Ghampemowne
it is hard to say ; but if the existence of a period between
the Carboniferous and Old Eed Sandstone is sufficiently
demonstrated on the other side of the Atlantic and in
Germany to justify the correlation of Devon rocks with
either area, when the stratigraphical relations of the Devon
beds inter se are ascertained, the broad facts of local physical
conditions will perhaps prevent the absolute fixture of definite
horizons of correlation.

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MYLES COVERDALE.

BT THB RBY, TBEA8UEBB HAWEBB, M.A.
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

There is scarcely anything, so far as I have been able to
make out by search and enquiry, recorded of Myles Coverdale
in the county, beyond a few ofl&cial acts during his two years'
tenure of the Bishopric of Exeter. And there is absolutely
nothing in connection with the pleasant spot where the
Devonshire Association is now assembled, except the fact
that he was the last episcopal occupant of the Palace hera

The stately building itself has well-nigh disappeared.
There are remains of the tower, walls, and what appears to be
the former chapel ; also traces of a gateway. The park seems
to have been large, and remains of trees are seen at low-
water at the mouth of the harbour, which, tradition says,
were in the park. Whatever property belonged of old to the
Bishops of Exeter is no longer identified with the See, and
the visits of our present diocesan are now pedd, not for his
recreation, but to discharge the duties of his high office. The
Precentor of Exeter Cathedral derived much of his income
from lands in " Peynton," as it is spelt in the old deeds ; but
however well he may chant now, he is not likely to recover
them.

Still it is impossible, and it would be disrespectful to such
a name, to pass over without any notice so eminent a person
as Myles Coverdale. His piety, his industry, his scholar-
ship, above all, his remarkable translation of the Bible,
demand attention, to say nothing of his chequered career in
the troublous times upon which he fell " There were giants
in those days," we may boldly affirm, when we take note of
the many learned works brought out, amidst difficulties and
distractions, by those who set themselves to serve God by
advancing divine knowledge, and Myles Coverdale stands in
the foremost rank. The list of his treatises, sermons, ex-

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MYLES COVERDALE.

positions, religious letters, and spiritual songs is a long one,
besides his great task of translating the Holy Scriptures.

As a proof of Coverdale's careful, skilful rendering, I may
quote the following verse (Mai. ii. 15), where our version
seems hardly intelligible nor in accord with the context. My
att-ention was drawn to the verse, and the point elucidated
by that well-known Biblical scholar, the Venerable Arch-
deacon Woollcombe, whose industrious researches into the
Holy Scriptures have been known to me, his quondam pupil,
more years than I and probably he would care to remember.
Our present version is this : *'And did not he make one ? Yet
had he the residue of the spirit, Afid wherefore one ? That
he might seek a godly seed. Th&refore take heed to your spirit,
and let none deal treacherously against the wife of his yoiUh."
In the preceding verse the prophet is reproving the Jews for
their frequent use of the Mosaic right of divorce, and it is
diificult to see how our version of the fifteenth verse applies
in the first half. Ck)verdale*s rendering is : " So did not one,
and yet had he an eoccellent spirit, Whai did then the one t
He sougM the seed promised of Ood, Therefore look well to
your spirit, and let no man despise the wife of his youth,'' And
he places this note in the margin, "The one. This the
interpreters reke \i.e, probably reckon] to be spoken of
Abraham." The Jews of the time justified their habit of
divprcing their wives by the example of Abraham taking
Hagar to wife. The prophet, in this verse, shows why
Abraham did so. It was in despair of having children by
Sarah, and so failing to inherit the promise made him by
God of a son. He was seeking the promised seed of God. In
calling Abraham "the one," the prophet refers to Isa. li. 2,
"him alone;" Ezekiel xxxiii 24, "Abraham was one."

The Vulgate runs thus : " Nonne unus fecit et residuum
spiritus ejus est ? Et quid unus quserit nisi semen Dei."

The exact rendering of the Hebrew seems to be this : "And
did not one do it, and the excellency [or the residue] of the
spirit was his ? And what was that one seeking ? A seed
of God;" i,e, the promised child. Others render it: "And
this \i,e, divorcing a wife for any cause] no one does, who has
any remnant of spirit [i.e, of understanding]. And what did
that one ? [t.e. Abraham.] He was seekii^ a seed of God."
How our present version of the verse was substituted for
Coverdale's would be a long enquiry.

His early history is obscure; and his name of Myles
Coverdale is supposed to have been assumed from the district
of Coverdale, in the North Riding of Yorkshire, where he is

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MYLES CJOVERDALE.

211

said to have been bom in the year 1488, at Coverham,
near Middleham. He was educated at the convent of the
Augustines, in Cambridge, of which Dr. Eobert Barnes was
Prior; and he became a monk of the order. He threw in
his lot with those who were beginning then to think that a
refonnation of the Church was necessary, such as Bilney,
Stafford, Latimer. His ordination to the priesthood is said
to have taken place at Norwich in 1514; and he took the
degree of Bachelor of Canon Law at Cambridge in 1531,
becoming Doctor of Divinity later on at Tubingen. There
is no evidence of his having taken a curacy, or any parochial
charge, after he was ordained. He appears to have still
resided at Cambridge Probably he shared in the dis-
cussions and disputations of the day, private and public ; for
the University pulpit was frequently made the arena of
conflicting topics between the old and new views. When
Dr. Barnes, the Prior of the Convent, was apprehended, and
a search made for prohibited books, Coverdale laid aside the
habit of a monk, and {issuming that of a secular priest, went
about, like Wesley, preaching to the people, until it was
evidently prudent for him to quit the country. He joined,
some say, Tyndd in Germany. This, however, is doubtful ;
and Anderson, in his AnncUs of the Engli9h Bible, seems
quite to disprove the story that Coverdale helped Tyndal at
Hamburgh in translating the Pentateuch. Tyndal, in 1526,
had pubUshed the New Testament in English, having printed
it at Antwerp, and imported it into England from thence.
There was a prohibitory law against any fresh translation,
and he could not therefore print in England.

Nothing certain is known about Coverdale until 1535, in
which year he published his translation of the whole Bible.
It was printed at Zurich. So great and laborious a work
demanded the closest attention and utmost assiduity for no
small period. This probably would account for the silence
about Coverdale for so many years. He was encouraged to
publish his translation, no doubt, by the tacit sanction of
the bishops of the day. Despite the excesses and extra-
vagant language of the reforming party — unavoidable, perhaps,
with pioneers in any cause — ^most of the bishops behaved
wisely and charitably towards them. They saw that some
concession must be made to the cry for a version of the
Scriptures in the vulgar tongue ; and if they did not openly
welcome, they did not generally oppose Coverdale's small
folio. We may wonder that a man, fresh from the trans*
lation of the Holy Book, could in his dedication have so

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MYLES GOVERDALE.

grossly flattered Henry VIII., or could have so fiercely
attacked the Eomish party in the Church, an offence against
charity, and a thorough blunder, inasmuch as it set Eomanists
still more against the new doctrines. Some allowance must
be made for him on the score that such language to kings
and great people was the usage of the age; and we may
turn away from Coverdale's unpleasant adulation to the
mighty work he had wrought — an untold blessing to
generations of men yet unborn.

Wordsworth, in his TwejUy-fifth Ecclesiastical Sannety has
put the gain of the translation of the Bible as truly as
happily. Speaking in the previous sonnet of the Crown's
"assuming a voice of reckless mastery hitherto unknown,"
he says —

^ Bat, to outweigh all harm, the Sacred Book,
In dusty sequeetration wrapt too long,
Assumes the accents of our native tongue ;
And he who guides the plough, or wields the crook.
With understanding spirit now may look
Upon her records, listen to her song,
And sift her laws — much wondering that the wrong.
Which Faith has suffered, Heaven could calmly brook.
Transcendant boon ! noblest that earthly king
Ever bestowed to equalize and bless
Under the weight of mortal wretchedness."

On the accession of Edward VI., Coverdale returned from
Germany to England, where he was made almoner to the
Queen Dowager. When Lord Eussell was sent down to quell
the rebellion in the West of England in 1549, Covel^iale
attended him as a sort of army-chaplain, and — to quote
Mr. Froude's eloquent description of the scene — " preached
among the bodies of the slain, as they lay with stiffening
limbs with their faces to the stars." Ikiward VI. promoted
him on account, we read, "of his extraordinary knowledge
in divinity " {^'Bonus textuarim, honm theologm'* is the old
and true maxim), " and his unblemished character ; " so that
in 1551 he was appointed coadjutor to Veysey (also called
Voysey and Harman), Bishop of Exete?, Practically he
superseded that prelate, for he was seldom resident, and
neglected the diocese. How far Coverdale joined or was
privy to the persecution that arose, we do not know ; but he
preached at Paul's Cross when an anabaptist did penance,
and he sat on the commission in 1551 under which Van
Paris was burnt for Ariamsm. " The whirligig of time brings
round strange revenges ; " and on his return after his second
flight to the Continent, his views were so altered, that his
preaching was much sought after by Nonconformists.

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MYLES COVERDALE.

213

At the death of Edward, his tenure of the See of Exeter,
and his pleasant days of relaxation at Paignton (for Paignton
must always have been, as it is now, pleasant and fair),
ceased. He indeed escaped marvellously from Mary's per-
secution, by the direct personal interference of the King of
Denmark, whose favourite, Dr. MachabaBus, had married a
sister of Coverdale's wife. Thus marriage saved him ; whilst
another, Kogers, had his brave martyrdom at the stake em-
bittered by his being a married man.

Whilst in banishment — for that was the condition of his
release from prison, after much difSculty — Coverdale resided
at Wesel and Bergzaberm, in Holland, and at Geneva, his
time being occupied in teaching and preaching to exiled
Protestants and others. But at Greneva also he joined other
English exiles in that translation of the Bible usually called
" the Geneva translation," which had explanatory notes, and
of which there were above thirty editions in folio, quarto,
and octavo.

On Elizabeth's accession he returned with somewhat dififer-
ent views from those which he held as Bishop of Exeter, at
least as regards ecclesiastical habits and ceremonies. We do
not know that he was worse for the change in any essentials.
There are matters of faith and matters of order in every
Church, and there is a wide difference between them. Great
consideration for his position, and much compassion for his
narrow means, was evidently felt by those in authority. Twice
he was excused a payment, of which the hity—fm^tunati
nimivm — are altogether ignorant, called " First Fruits," a
crop belonging to Queen Anne's Bounty, and of so early a
nature that they are demanded before there has been any
real enjoyment of a bishopric or benefice. Exfperto crede,
Grindal especially desired to help him, saying to the Secretary
of State that "it was not well that Father Coverdale, who
was in Christ before us all, should be now in his age without
stay of living." And he recommended him for the bishopric
of Llandaff, which Coverdale declined, probably from his
advanced years and infirmities, besides that he had only just
recovered from the plague. In lieu he was collated to the
rectory of St. Magnus, London Bridge, which he held for two
years, resigning it in 1560. His resignation however was, it
is likely, more because of the increased strictness of the
government against nonconformity with the Liturgy, than on
account of age and weakness ; for he continued to preach in
private houses, and was much sought after. But he did not
live long afterwards. He died, aged eighty-one, in the be-

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MYLES COVEHDALE.

ginning of 1569, and was buried honourably in St. Bartholo-
mew's Church, behind the Exchange. The crowds who
attended his funeral bore ample testimony to their esteem
for and love of him.

We have thus given a slight sketch of the last Bishop of
Exeter who occupied the Palace in Paignton. I have not
noticed, and I do not desire to notice, the charge of cowardice
which has been brought against him. It would be a difficult
charge to disprove, or indeed to weigh justly, by us in this
generation. I prefer to quote finally some wise, true, and
charitable words of Professor Huxley, who says, speaking of
Descartes' timidity and half-recantation : "'Very cowardly,'
you may say, and so it was. But you must make allowance
for the fact that in the seventeenth century not only did
heresy mean possible burning or imprisonment, but the very
suspicion of it destroyed a man's peace, and rendered the
calm pursuit of truth difficult or impossible. . . . Let those
who are sure they would have done better throw stones at
him. I have no feelings but those of gratitude and reverence
for the man who did what he did when he did." *

♦ DUeourUy p. 813.

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BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

A BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH.
BY EDWARD WIKDBATT.
(Bead at Paignton, July, 1878.)

In the skeleton sketch of notables of our county appended
to the first report of the Committee on Devon Celebrities,
published in the Transactions of last year, appears the name
of Benjamin Kennicott, a Devonshire Worthy but little
known, the date of whose birth the compilers of that list
appear to have been unable to obtain.

As he was bom only six miles from the town in which we
are now assembled, I venture, in accordance with the sugges-
tion of that report, to present to you a more lengthened
notice of one who is entitled to claim no mean place on the
roll of Devon's Worthies.

Benjamin Kennicott was bom at Totnes, on the 4th of
April, 1718, and was the son of Benjamin Kennicott, the
parish clerk of that town. The family of Kennicott appears
to have been resident in Totnes for a lengthened period, and
at one time to have occupied a good position in the borough,
in 1606 one Gabriel Kennicott being mayor of Totnes.

Toung Benjamin was educated at the Totnes Grammar
School, a school founded by Edward VI. in 1554, and still
held in a building adjoining the ancient Guildhall, and with
it forming almost the only remains of the priory of Totnes.
Tliis school was endowed by the tmstees of EUzeus Hele ;
the corporation in virtue of the endowment sending three
boys to the school, who were educated free of expense ; and
as Kennicott's father held his office of parish clerk by the
appointment of the corporation, it seems probable that his
son was one of the free boys.

After leaving school he obtained the office of master of the
Charity School a school for poorer children, boys and girls,

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BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

who by the endowment of two fields, given in 1741 by one
John Phillips, were, in accordance with the wishes of the
donor, not only instructed in the knowledge and practice of
the Christian religion professed and taught in the Church of
England, and taught to read and write, but also provided
with a grotesque costume, which in later years was more
prized than the instruction.

On obtaining this appointment Kennicott no doubt thought
he was indeed fortunate, and that he could hardly expect to
attain to a much higher position than this. Prior to this he
had tried for the leadership of the choir in the parish church
of Totnes, and on failing to obtain the appointment appeared
to think his prospects blighted.

As a young man he was very musical, and composed some
sacred music. He also took great delight in bell ringing.

In 1732, when he was only fourteen years of age, the bells
of Totnes Church were recast by Abraham Rudhall, of Glou-
cester, the well-known bell founder. At this early age young
Kennicott was a ringer.

In the belfry of Totnes Church is still preserved a curious
eight-light brass candlestick, with the following inscription
engraved on it :

"This Candlestick was given by the Public Ringers of this
town (whose names are here mentioned) to be kept in this
place for the Ringers use for ever.

Benjamin Kennicott, John Harris,

Richard Luscombe (fecit), Peter Harris,

John Tucker, James Cole,

John Taylor, Christopher Pinhey,

John Cox, Richard Cole,

Mark Cocking, Benjamin Kennicott, Junr.

William Baddaford,

Anno Domini 1732."

The youngest ringer in ten years more becomes leader, and
in 1742 draws up regulations to be observed by the Totnes
ringers. These regulations were printed in Polwhele's History
of Devon, p. 320, and are also to be found in the appendix to
the Rev. H. T. EUacombe's Church Bells of Devon, and are, I
think, worthy of insertion here. They bear date November
8th, 1742, and are as follows :

" Among the many recreations approved of by the sons of
pleasure, ringing is a diversion that may be emphatically said
to bear away the bell, and so much does it engage the natives

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BENJAMIN KBNNICOrr, D.D.

217

of Great Britain beyond all other nations that it has even
the distinguishing appellation of the ' ringing isle.'

•* The art then for which this kingdom is renowned shows
a judicious taste in those of its inhabitants who have by their
performances contributed thereto, since this art wants no
foreign encomiast, but the harmonious bells are the heralds
of their own praise. The ingenuity required for the diversion
administered in, and the health subsequent upon this exercise,
give it a particular sanction among mankind, and recommend
it as an employment at vacant hours worthy the regard of all
denominations.

"We therefore, whose names are subscribed, taking into
consideration the great pleasure that results from this manly
employment, the innocence with which it is performed, and
the advantage enjoyed from so healthy an exercise of our
bodies, and also having the peculiar satisfaction of ringing
with ease a set of bells of established fame and applauded
excellence, do hereby agree to meet together in the usual
place of ringing, every Monday evening at six o'clock, for
our improving this science ; and for the greater certainty of
attendance, we do hereby severally promise to forfeit the sum
of three pence if not attending at the hour aforesaid, and six
pence if not present at seven o'clock, to be deposited in the
hands of the treasurer for the time being, and spent as the
major part of the Society shall seem fit. And for the better
regulation of our fraternity we do also hereby agree that we
remain in the belfry during pleasure, and then for the further
pleasure and benefit of conversation adjourn to any house the
company shall choose, and there tarry till the hour of ten and
no longer.

"And whereas the stays supporting the bells are liable to
damage from unskilful hands, we agree that whoever hurts
shall repair the same at his own proper charge.

"We make no rules for conversation, nor penalties for mis-
behaviour in it, resolving to render it innocently agreeable to
each other; and whenever a breach of this rule is committed,
that a reprimand be administered from the Society. In all
cases and disputes not hereinbefore decided, the majority of the
company shall determine, that so this Society, amicably begun,
may be amicably carried on, and not meet the fate of others
that have gone before it."

It would be well, I think, if such wise regulations were
observed in all our belfries to-day. No doubt one so interested
in bells and bell-ringing would often ring the "day belle"
and curfew. This practice, which is still r^ularly continued

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BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

at Totnes, is probably a relic of the angelus bell, nmg in
old English fashion, just as when the monks lived in Totnes
Priory, and mass was said in the conventual church of Totnes.
However that may be, Totnes records show that for over
four hundred years this practice has continued, and I trust
that singular relic of ancient days may not be allowed to
die out

Little did Kennicott's fellow-ringers imagine that their
leader was, in so short a time after drawing up these rules,
to leave them, enter one of our universities, and step by step
to rise to an unrivalled position as a scholar; but scarcely
two years had elapsed before a great change took place in his
circumstances, brought about by what would appear a trifling
incident Kennicott's sister was lady's-maid to the Honour-
able Mrs. Elizabeth Courtney, of Painsford, Ashprington,
near Totnes, and in 1743 that lady had a narrow escape from
death, she having eaten some poisonous herb which was con-
cealed amongst some water-cress. The charity schoolmaster
hearing of this, and the lady and her family being highly
respected, he composed a poem on her recovery, which he
** humbly inscribed to Kellond Courtney, Esq., and his Lady."
It consists of no less than three hundred and thirty-four
lines, and by this effusion he attracted the attention of the
family, was taken by the hand, and in 1744 sent by his
patrons to Oxford, where he became a student of Wadham
CoUega

The poem was published for private circulation, and in
1747 he republished it, and in the preface speaks of being
indebted to it (under Providence) for the happiness he then
enjoyed."

He also wrote Bidwell (Dartington) an epistolary poem to
a Mr. Kichard Hicks. It consists of 212 lines.

Though the Courtneys appear to have been the first to
take notice of him, they were not his only patrons ; for he
dedicates one of his works to a long list of benefactors, first
among whom were Kellond Courtney, Esq., and the Hon.
Mrs. Elizabeth Courtney — a list which includes Archdeacon
Baker, Rev. F. Champemowne, and H. Fownes Luttrell, Esq.
And he says in the dedication, " 'Tis to some of you I stand
indebted for that generous subscription which has placed me
in this theatre of learning, and to others of you for that
favour and condescension by which my situation here has
been rendered still more happy and delightful."

At college he distinguished himself by his application to
the higher branches of theology, and in 1747 he published

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BENJAMIN KBNNICOIT, D.D.

219

Two Dissertations : the Jirst on the Tree of Life in Paradise ;
and the seconS 07i the OhlaMon of Cain and AbeL This work
brought him into uotice, and he was soon after elected Fellow
of Exeter Ck)llege ; and as a tribute to his merit was admitted
to his B.A. d^jree without the usual fees, a year before the
usual time. He took his M.A. degree in 1750, about which
time he entertained a design of collating the Hebrew manu-
scripts of the Old Testament, a subject to which he called
public attention by the publication of a pamphlet entitled.
The State of the Printed Hebrew Text of the Old Testament
OonsiderecL The project, says Kennicott, was just this, to
collate all the manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible in Great
Britain and Ireland ; and whilst this work was carrying on,
that collations of as many of the best foreign manuscripts
should be procured as time and expense would allow.

In 1753 he published his first volume on the state of the
printed text of the Old Testament, which was translated
into Latin, and published at Leipsic in 1756 by Zeller. In
1760 he produced a second volume on the same subject,
which was also translated by Zeller, and published, with
additions, in 1765. In these works he pointed out various
discrepancies in the Hebrew text, and proposed an extensive
collation of manuscripts.

The work was warmly encouraged by Dr. Seeker, then
Bishop of Oxford, and shortly afterwards Archbishop of
Canterbury, whose example was extensively followed. Sub-
scriptions were obtained, and arrangements made for carrying
out the collation ; and between 1760 and 1769 no less than
je9,117 78. 6d. were raised for the work. The collation was
done partly by Kennicott, but chiefly, under his direction, by
Professor Bruno, of Helmstadt, and others. The progress of
the work, which occupied ten years, was made known by
annual instalments, which were afterwards collected and
published, with an introduction, in 1770.

To aid in the work, persons were employed to collate the
manuscripts in all parts of Europa Each received a copy of
instructions in Latin, entitled "Methodus vaHus lectiones
notandi," &a In 1769 Dr. Kennicott stated that of the 500
Hebrew manuscripts then in Europe, he had himself seen
250 ; and of the 16 manuscripts of the Samaritan Penta-
teuch, 8 had been collated for him. Of the Hebrew, 140
had been collated throughout. Subsequently the numbers
were increased, the collation extending in all to 581 Jewish
and 16 Samaritan manuscripts, and 40 printed editions of
Jewish works, &c. — of which, however, only about half were

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220

BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

collated throughout, the rest in select passages. The collation
of the manuscripts of the Samaritan Pentatetich was very
important, as these manuscripts were unknown in Europe at
the time the last translation of our Bible was made.

In 1776 appeared the first-fruit of all this labour, being
the first volume of his Vettts TestamerUum Hebraicum cum
variia lediombus; the second volume appeared in 1780. The
text is Van der Hooght's unpointed. The various readings
are given below. Comparisons are also made of the Jewish
and Samaritan texts of the Pentateuch, and of the parallel
passages in Samuel and Chronicles, &c. To the second
volume was prefixed a second dissertation on the Hebrew
Old Testament, which had been published separately.

A great work like this was sure to be severely criticised ;
and the result of all this labour, it is said, on its first pro-
duction disappointed the expectations that had been raised.
Happily, however, this had not been anticipated, and thus a
Herculean task was once for all performed with a thorough-
ness for which, to the end of time, scholars may well be
thankful.

The labours of Kennicott were supplemented by those of
De Sossi, professor at Parma, but on a somewhat difi'erent
plan, and he collated a large additional number of manu-
scripts. Notwithstanding the immense amount of labour
required for the collation of the manuscripts, and the pre-
paration of his Hebrew Bible, Kennicott found time to write
other works. Among them are critical remarks on Psalms
xlii, xliii., xlvii., and Ixxxix., A Dissertation on the Samaritan
Pentateuch, A Short IntrodtLction to Hebrew Criticism, A Letter
to J. D, Michadis, and a defence of his Hebrew Bible against
the Gottingen Ephemerides. This last appeared in 1782,
and throws some light on the conflicting opinions entertained
of Kennicott's work abroad, and is interesting as apparently
the last production of his pen published during his lifetime.

In 1761 Kennicott took his degree of d.d., and received
from the crown a pension of £200. In 1767 he was chosen
keeper of the Eadclifife Library, and three years afterwards a
prebend of Westminster, which he afterwards exchanged for
a canonry at Christchurch. He was also rector of Culham, a
valuable living, which, it is said, he resigned because liis
studies prevented his residing on it. He devoted more than
thirty years of his life to the study of the Hebrew text of
the Old Testament.

It is said that after Dr. Kennicott had attained distinction
as a scholar he came to Totnes, and was asked to preach in

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BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

221

the parish church. On going into the vestry prior to the
service, his father, still the parish clerk, waited on him, and
wished to assist in robing his son. The son, however, objected
to his father doing so ; but so persistent was the old man, that
the son had to give way, and allow his proud father to robe
him.

On the death of his father and mother Dr. Eennicott
erected a table tomb over their remains in the churchyard on
the north side of the parish church of Totnes. No date is to
be found in the inscription, which is as follows :

AS YIRTUB SHOULD BB OF GOOD REPORT,

BB THIS HUMBLB MONUIIBNT
TO THB MBMORT 01

BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, Parish Clbrk oi Totnbs,
AND ELIZABETH, his Wifb.

THE LATTER
Air BXAMPLE OF EVERT OHRISTIAN DUTY ;
THB FORMER
ANIKATED WITH WARMEST ZEAL,
BBOULATED BT THB BEST GOOD SENSE,
AND BOTH CONSTANTLY EXERTED
FOR THB SALVATION OF HIMSELF AND OTHERS.

SOON SHALT THOU DIE ALSO,
AND AS A OANDIDATB FOR IMMORTALITY,
STRIKE THY BREAST, AND SAY,
«Let me die the death of the BighteouB,
That my last end may be like his."

TRIFUNO ARB THB DATES OF TIME,
WHBRB THB SUBJBOT IS ETERNITY.
ERECTED

BY THEIR SON, BENJAMIN KeNNIOOTT, D.D.,
CANON OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD.

A good story is recorded of the worthy doctor, who it is
said was a great lover of figs. On the walls of Exeter
College there grew a patriarchal fig-tree, which in one par-
ticular year only produced one particular fig. This the
doctor watched bom day to day, and when it assumed sub-
stance and colour, to prevent any interference with it he
afiKxed a card over it a few days before it ripened, bearing the
words, "Dr. Kennicott's fig;" but the very morning on which
he had hoped to eat it, an irreverent undergraduate stole it,
and, worse still, reversed the card, and left it where the fig

VOL. X. 0

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222

BENJAMIN KENNICOTT, D.D.

should have been, with the slightly changed inscription, ''A
fig for Dr. Kennicott"

Dr. Kennicott died September 18th, 1783, in the sixty-
sixth year of his age.

After his death, in 1787, a volume was published containing
an introduction by him, which referred to his great work, and
urged very strongly a revision of our present translation of the
Scriptures by public authority. On reading the very clear
and able arguments in favour of a revision one ia surprised
that nearly a century should have elapsed before the work
was undertaken.

The volume referred to was published by three friends
appointed by his will to examine his sermons and papers,
and to publish, at the expense of his executrix, such as they
might think at all likely to illustrate any parts of Holy
Scripture ; about half the volume he had proceeded to print
before his death.

In addition to the introduction referred to the work con-
tained remarks on selected passages in the Old Testament
These remarks include re-translations of a number of the
Psalms. The volume concludes with eight sermons of the
doctor's, which he also requested by his will might be pub-
lished.

Whatever difference of opinion there may be as to the
value of Kennicott's great work, it is certain that he was a
most laborious and conscientious editor, and that his name
must always stand high among Old Testament critics. His
writings display great power and originality, profound learn-
ing, and independent thinking.

It is easy to record the rise of men who, like Dr. Kennicott,
from low levels attain positions of fame; but are we not
sometimes apt to forget how severe the struggle has been to
overcome early disadvantages, and how great the industry
and perseverance necessary to reach such eminence ?

** Ah, who can tell how hard it is to dimh
The steep where Fame*B proud temple shines a£ar P"

Totnes boasts several sons who are examples of self-help,
and who have attained positions of distinction, and not the
least of these is Benjamin Kennicott.

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THE FIEST VISIT OF CHAELES 1. TO DEYON, 1625.

BY PAUL 0. KABSEBK.
(Bead at Paignton, August, 1878.)

In the course of events incidental to the progress of the
thirty years' war, the Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James
L, was dispossessed of his hereditary dominions by the
Catholic party imder the Emperor Ferdinand and the King
of Spain. James endeavoured to reinstate him, and sent an
army of six thousand men under Count Mansfield to the
Low Countries; where it effected nothing, and laige num-
bers of the men died from want, or deserted. In the first
year of Charles L (1625), he, in continuance of his father's
policy, dispatched both naval and military expeditions to the
same end, and with almost the same result He concluded
alliances with the King of Denmark, the King of France,
and the States General; and in order to give the King of
Spain occupation in his own dominions, a great expedition
was proposed for an attack on Cadiz. It was arranged to
start from Plymouth in September, and Charles came himself
to inspect the fleet and army there assembled. This royal
visit to Devon has been mentioned by no county historian
except Lysons, who found some notes among Chappel's
papers; and in the following essay an attempt has been
made to supply an almost omitted chapter of Devonshire
history.

Early in May* warrants were issued to the deputy-
lieutenants of each county ordering an impressment of a
certain quota of men. Ten thousand! was the proposed
number; of these eight thousand were to assemble at
Pljrmouth, and the other two thousand at Hull. These latter
were to be sent to the Low Countries, from whence a similar
number of veterans were to be dispatched to Plymouth, and

* CaUtuhr of Donuttie State Fapertt 1626, page 21.
t Ibid, page 23.

0 2

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224 THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES L TO DEVON.

thus leaven the raw troops which would be gathered there
with a little military experience. The date fixed for the
rendezvous was May 25th ; but very few were there by that
time. In the Secord Office are still to be found some of
the numbers of men supplied to this expedition — Rutland,
Radnor, and Cardigan sent fifty each; and Essex, Buckingham,
Northampton, Berks, and Suffolk two hundred each. Devon-
shire was divided into four districts, of which Exeter was one,
and supplied thirty men; East Devon, one hundred and
twenty-three ; North Devon, one hundred and twenty-three ;
and South Devon, one hundred and twenty-four.

The following interesting document gives the names and
abodes of the men impressed in the Southern Division :

" This Ifidenture made the five and twentieth day of May in
the first year of the raigne of our Sovraigne Lord Charles by the
grace of God King of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland,
defender of the Fayth, Betweene Sir Thomas Wyes of the noble
order of the Bath, Knight, one of the Deputie Livetenants of the
County of Devon of the one partie. Aiid William Fortescue of
Stoke Damarel in the said countie gentleman, conductor of the
other partie : Whereas by verteu of letters from the Kings Most
Excellent Ma^? and letters from the Lords of his MaH? most
honorable Privie Councell, directed unto the R' Honorable Francis
Lord Russell, Lord Livetenant of this Countie of Devon : and by
verteu of letters from his Lordshipp imto the Deputie Livetenants
of the said countie directed- The said Livetenants have levyed
and Impressed fouer hundred men within the counties of Devon
and Exon of which the said Live^ of Exon (upon conference had
with them) have undertaken for Thirty men and the other three
hundred and seavintie men are levyed and Impressed by us the
Deputie Livetenants within the aforesaid Countie of Devon, vizt
One Himdred twentie and three out of the East division; One
Hundred twentie and three out of the North division; and One
Hundred twentie and fouer out of the South division : which in
all amounts to the full number of Fouer hundred men, to be
conducted to their place of randavouz being at the porte Towne of
Plymouth, on the abovesaid five and twentieth day of May, To be
employed for the service of his Ma^.*.

Now these presents do witness that I the said Sir Thomas Wyes
knight (one of the Deputie Livetenants) the daye and yere above-
said at Plymouth in the said Countie of Devon, Have dehvered
over and by these presents do deliver over, unto the said William
Fortescue : the foresaid One Hundred twentie and fouer men,
whose names surnames and places of abode are hereunder ex-
pressed ; to be by him kept in readiness untiU such time as he
shall receive warrant for delivering them over unto such com-
manders as shall have power for their receiving, which said One

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THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES L TO DEVON. 225

Hundred twentie and fouer men impressed out of tlie South
division, the said conductor William Fortescue doth by these
presents acknowledge to have received of and from me the afore-
named Sir Thomas Wyse, Deputie Livetenant at Plymouth afore-
said the day and yere abovesaid to the end and purpose before in
these presents expressed

In tdtneas whereof the parties abovesaid to these present In-
dentures his hand and Seale Interchangeablie hath put

Geven the day and yere first above written. Anno Dom* 1625.

Philipp Barry
William Kemp
Thomas Turpyn
William Carpenter
Roger Glandvill
Henry Ireland
William Sithcott
John Tooker
Gabrael Vidimus
Christopher Mudge
John Searell
John Bridham
William Harvie
John Landbole
George Geeke
Thomas Colcott
William Carpenter
James Shilston
William Endicott
William Easton
Michael Tavemor
Frances Hull
George Gaye
Eichard Carpenter
Gabrael Lake
Thomas Lane
Thomas OUiver
John Derrant
John Battishill
Alexander Wav
Eichard Pudbery
Barnard Salter
Edward Mounstor
Yallentene Amore
Eichard Harris
Christian Hawkins
Lawrance Sparkwell
John Prist
John Tamm

of Ipplepen

of Woodland

of Littlehempson

of Newton Abbott

of the same

of Coffinswell

of S' Marye

of Berry Pomery

of the same

of Paynton

of Brixham

of Churstonferris

of Ashburton

of the same

of Heighweeke

of Ilsington

of Morton

of the same

of Bovietracie

of the same

of Topsham

of the same

of Poltimoor

of the same

of Stoke Cannon

of Drewstenton

of Soutiitawton

of Chagford

of Affington

of Christo

of Bredford

of the same

of Tedbume

of Westalliogton

of Churchston

of Kingsbridge

of the same

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Goo<

THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES L TO DEVON.

Thomas Glandvill
John Trigs
William Lane
William

William Crovcomb
Nicholas
"RlflTftuft Lange
Eichard Maddock
Richard Wyott
John Bendle
Peter Trencher
Samuell Pope
Henry Johns
John Maye
William Broadmaid
William Henwood
Leonard Duck
Leonard Moor
Leonard Nicholas
Alexander Wood
Hugh Wallis
Thomas Band
John Snowdon
Henry Peeter
John Pearce
Peter Stoyell
Nicholas Pottell
Symon Cradock
Moyses Scambe
Pancaris Bovie
Thomas Willinge
Henry Kelland
Thomas Shutt
Emerideth Capper
Ambrous Berry
James Pasmoor
Greorge Pnddicomb
William Crute
Thomas Prest
Andrew Anthony
Thomas Merry
Greorge Casely
Eichard Dingell
David Thomas
Anthony Rogers
John Stephens
Dannyel Gitson
John Hole

East Allington

Dartington

Tarmoune

Shesford

Newton 8* Cyers

Colbrook

Buckfurslee

the same

North Hewish

Crediton

the same

Sandford

the same

Tottnis

the same

Ashberton

the same

Dartmouth

the same

Blakeawton

Awton Gifford

Ashbrenton

Southpoole

Slapton

Washfield

the same

Shabbrooke

Shidley

the same

Bishopps Taynton

West Tynmouth

Ashton

Kenton

Exminster

the same

Kenn

Powdrum

Eede

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THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES L TO DEVON. 227

Kichard Lucumbe

ShiUingford

•Tohn T^iiffett

John Hunti

Okflhamnf^'n

Micliael Sartlott

•Tolm PomftTv

"RTfit.f Jin r^l ftir a1 1 V

tTolm Saiaiit

Thrishelton

Honrv S>taiidoii

JlU.cn V Mil T Iw

William Willis

Sourton

Tlioinaa Horton

Bridifltow

John Fitz

Tavistock • gent

Benianien Cmnbo

the same

Hftiirv TookoT

thn RATnA

Nicholftfl Criniitfi

f.hA ftom A

Henrv Saundf^TS

thft RAinA

Thomas Rowo

Milton Abbott

John James

Wakhampton

Walter Damryell

the same

Eobert Mitchell

the same

William Kider

Beerferris

John OUivfir

S>tonAhniiRA

William Dawkinge

the same

Joseph Pomery

W^eston Peverell

Richard Tyllan

Plymouth

William Beswarthick

Modbury

ZakflTV JftTvis

tho flAmA

John Walker

Holberton

Anthony Baker

the same

William Chubb

£mington

Tldward BlackAller

T TcrboTon£?h

lUchaid ITamebliiifire

X VA\> I lot A xt%i tj v> p^y 111! 1

Plvmouth

Thomas Whiddon

the same

Thomas Snellinge

Plympton Morish • gent

Tymothy PoUexphen

X eampbOu

Symon Ager

the same

Indico Bennet

the same

Henry Damarell

Brixon

Jonas Bown

Plympstock

Signed

[ Thomas Wyes

Willia Fortescue

This document, of which the seals are wanting, is endorsed,
"A role of impressed souldiers in the counties of Devon and
Exon," and is referred to in the Calender of Domestic State
Papers, 1625, at p. 28 (May 25). The spelling of the original
has been strictly adhered to; but the parchment being
damaged by damp in one or two places, the reading has been
somewhat obscured. It may be safely assumed that the

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228 THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES I. TO DEVON.

whole of these men were peasants or artizans, with but two
exceptions; viz., John Fitz, of Tavistock, and Thomas
Snellinge, of Plympton Morish, who are dignified by having
the word " gent " appended to their names. Doubtless these
were members of the well-known Devonshire families con-
nected with Tavistock and Plympton.

It is interesting, in looking through this list, to compare
the quota supplied by the different towns and parishes.
Times have changed since then, and some of the parishes
have changed with the times. For instance, the relative
sizes of Totnes and Torquay are somewhat different. Totness
sent nine men, and Tarmoune, or Tormoham, or Torquay,
sent one, William Lane, a member of a very old and still
well-known family.

From various sources we are able to describe fairly ac-
curately the mode adopted for selecting the recruits. The
Deputy-Lieutenant gave impressment warrants to such
person as he thought fit in each district, with orders to
bring him so many from each parish, according to a list
supplied him, leaving the matter of choice entirely in his
hands. This individual proceeded to the district assigned to
him, and in each parish had brought before him the list
of men liable to serve. The only exceptions were the men
in the train-bands.* The parish constable, and perhaps the
magistrate, were present on the occasion ; but the recruiting
ofl&cer had the game entirely in his own hands, and did just
what he liked, and generally managed, by " pricking " f ^otq
than he had any claim to, and selling them discharges, to
make a purse for himself. The men selected were left in
charge of the constable, with orders to produce them at the
rendezvous for the district, under penalty of having to serve J
himself, if the men were not forthcoming. The gaols were
frequently called on for contributions. The Deputy-Lieuten-
ants § of Suffolk during this impressment wrote to the
Council, " that two prisoners had been convicted at the last
assizes for small offences; the judge would have allowed
them to claim the benefit of their clergy, but could not, as
they had had that on some previous occasion. They there-
fore left them in prison to the end, that if the Council gave
consent, they might be pressed for his Majestie's service.*'

The men from each county or subdivision were brought

• Fifth Report of Sist. MSS. CommitsioH, p. 401.

t Roberts's Memorandum Book,*' in this volume of Trant, Devon Astoe,

{Fifth Report of Hist MSS. Commission, p. 401.
Calendar of Domesiie State Papers, p. 39.

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THE FIKST VISIT OF CHARLES I. TO DEVON. 229

by their parish constable to some appointed place, and
handed over to the ofl&cer who had already selected them,
called the conductor, who gave a receipt for them to the
constable, and who then undertook to deliver them to their
future officers at the general rendezvous. The county was
supposed to pay the cost of impressment, to supply the men
with coats, and the conductor with money * sufficient to pay
all expenses on the march to their destination. It is easy to
imagine what a terrible infliction the continuous march of
troop after troop of these men must have been to the inhabit-
ants living on the line of route. Walter Yonge,t in his
Diary, implies that it was one of the greatest of plagues.

The mode adopted for finding food for powder could not
on the whole be considered satisfactory. Shakespere has
described the scene in a much more graphic manner than
can be imitated by any number of quotations from the
documents in the State Record Office. He had evidently
seen impressment, knew the method and its results, and his
description of FalstaflTs ragged regiment is just what might
have been expected from such a process.

" If I be not ashamed of my soldiers, I 'm a soused gurnet. I
have misused the King's press damnably. I have got, in exchange
of a hundred and fifty soldiers, three hundred and odd pounds.
I press me none but good householders, yeoman's sons ; inquire me
out contracted bachelors, such as had been asked twice on the
banns; such a commodity of warm slaves, as had as lieve hear
the devil as a drum ; such as fear the report of a caUver worse
than a struck fowl or a hurt wild duck. I pressed me none but such
toats-and-butter, with hearts in their bellies no bigger than pins*
heads, and they have bought out their services; and now my
whole charge consists of ancients, corporals, Heutenants, gentlemen
of companies, slaves as ragged as Lazarus in the painted cloth,
where the glutton's dogs licked his sores ; and such as indeed were
never soldiers, but discarded unjust serving men, younger sons to
yoimger brothers, revolted tapsters and ostlers trade<fallen, the
cankers of a calm world and a long peace, ten times more dis-
honourable ragged than an old-faced ancient : and such have I, to
fill up the rooms of them that have bought out their services, that
you would think that I had a hundred and fifty tattered prodigals
lately come from swine-keeping, from eating drafif and husks. A
mad fellow met me on the way, and told me I had unloaded all
the gibbets and pressed the dead bodies. Ko eye hath seen such
scarecrows. I'll not march through Coventry with them, that's

* The cost of impresnng the Cardigan men (fifty), coats, and conduct
money came to £90 \OB.—Cdkndar of Domeatie 8taU Faper9^ p. 40.
t Waltfr Yong^i Diaiy, p. S2.— Oim. 8oe, Fub,

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230 THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES I. TO DEVON.

flat : nay, and tlie villains march wide betwixt the l^;s, as if they
had gyves on ; for indeed I had the most of them out of prison.
There 's but a shirt and a half in all my company ; and the half-
shirt is two napkins tacked together and thrown over the shoulders
like a herald's coat without sleeves; and the shirt, to say the
truth, stolen from my host at Saint Alban's, or the red-nose inn-
keeper of Daventry. But that 's all one ; they 'U iind linen enough
on every hedge."*

The clothing of the men was doubtless made a nice little
job for some protigi of the Deputy-lieutenant, who acted
on FalstafF's theory, that "they would find linen on every
hedge." The Conmiissioners at Plymouth complained to
Secretary Conway that the men of Devon were "badly
clothed, owing to the defect of one Pinney, of Exeter." f
When Sir John Ogle, who was to organize the expedition,
reached Plymouth, he wrote to the Council, that "the
number J of officers was very insufficient; the men were
unfit by reason of age, impotency, and sickness ; their clothes
none of the best, being only cassocks — no shirts, shoes,
stockings, or breeches; those out of Hampshire were even
without cassocks." § And Sir W. Leger, writing only a few
days before the departure of the expedition, says, " The army
is in a miserable condition for want of clothing, many not
having the wherewithal to cover their nakedness." ||

In order to infuse some sort of discipline among the
wretched creatures assembled at Plymouth, the King em-
powered the Mayor of Plymouth and Sir John Ogle to
administer martial IT law in the counties of Devon and Corn-
wall ; for it was found impossible to billet the whole of the
men in and about Plymouth, and some of them were drafted
into the villages of the neighbouring county. In July
Captain Eobert Gore,** acting as sergeant-major, inspected
those quartered in Devon; and Captain Edward Leigh ft per-
formed the same duty for those in ComwaU. The former
reported that "there were 4,534 serviceable men, 196 unser-
viceable, 9 runaways, and 2 dead ; " the latter intimated that
in his division there were 2,455 serviceable, and 192 unser-
viceable. So that out of 8,000 who were ordered to assemble
at Plymouth, only 7,388 were to be accounted for, and of
these nearly 400 could not pass the sergeant-major or adju-
tant of those days.

* E$nry IV,, act iv. soene 2; see also second part of Henry IV., act iii.
scene 2. t Calendar of Domestic State Papers^ p. 84. J Idid, p. 43.
. § Cassocks, "a loose outward ooat, particularly a military one." —
Halliwsll. y Col, of Dom. State Fapert, p. 102. f Ibid, pp. 23, 42*
Ibid, p. 59. tt p. 78.

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THE FIBST VISIT OF OHARLES I. TO DEVON. 231

The allowance made to each soldier was 8d.* per day, or
4s. 8d. per week. Of this, 2s. 6d. per week was allowed to
pay for food and drink, and the remainder was retained to
provide two suits of clothes a year. The yearly pay of each
soldier was thus supposed to cost the government £12, of
which £5 10s. was kept back for clothing, &c., and £6 10s.
was assigned for his nourishment, less the hundredth f penoy
which the paymaster kept for himself. Complaints were
made that that 2s. 6d.^ was not sufficient to provide meat
and drink ; and even this small sum the hungry soldier did
not often get; for very soon the supply of money ran short,
and then Sir John Ogle's letters teem with prayers for this
the most requisite of all the munitions of war. On July 30th
he wrote § ''that the treasury was exhausted, and that he
could not satisfy with words the hungry bellies of the
souldiers, nor the empty pockets of the hosts." Again, on
August 12th, the commissioners write, || "they are not humble
petitioners, but importunant solicitors for a second supply of
money. The hosts have not been paid these three weeks,
the souldiers complain, their diet is impaired, and they are
of a dejected spirit; the countryman also complains of the
charge and trouble of the souldiers, and that although his
money is not paid, the subsidy is shortly to be collected."

The Londoners did not take this state of things quite so
quietly as the recruits from the provinces, and consequently
mutinied ;ir and order was not restored until one of them
had been hanged by martial law.

On August 30th the troops** from the Low Coimtries (2000)
arrived, imder Captain W. Courtenay. But by this time
Plymouth and the neighbourhood must have been bordering
on anarchy. The commissioners sent letter after letter to
the coimcil, begging and praying for money.ft "The poor
countryman is no longer able to entertain the souldier, and
in some places has thrust him out of doors, whilst the souldier
has taken away the countryman's goods, robbed on the high-
way, carried away sheep before the owner's face, and dressed
them in the open view of the world."

By September 12th the army was still 500 short of 10,000,
and an urgent press $| for that number was made in ''the
counties of Dorset, Devon, Somerset, and Cornwall, to be
conducted to Plymouth with all speed."

The medical department of the expedition seems to have

* Calendar of Dome$i%e Stats Fmptrt^ p. 88. f Ihid^ p. 60.

X Ibid, p. 88. { Ibid, p. 77. I Ibid, p. 88. Y Ibid, p. 84.
Ibid, p. 92. ft Ibid, p. 96. It Ibid, p. 103.

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232 THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES I. TO DEVON.

been particularly weak, for the goverament pressed one
William Goodridge,* of New Sarum, to serve as surgeon, and
for whose release the mayor and burgesses petitioned, on the
plea that he had borne the officje of mayor, and was now
alderman ; that he was about the age of three score, subject
to gout and stone, and had not sufficient skill in chirurgery
for his majesty's service. What answer was granted to the
petition is not known; but doctors must indeed have been
very scarce to necessitate the compulsory service of an old
and sickly man such as Goodridge is described to have been.

At this time the plague was killing thousands each week
in London, and the Court had moved to Windsor to escape
infection. Here one of the Eoyal Guards f died of the com-
plaint ; and once more the Court moved, and this time into
Hampshire, the King going to Beaulieu,J in the New Forest,
and the Queen to Titchfield. Eumours were common in
Oxford § to the effect that the King himself had been ill of
the plague, but that he had recovered.

Leaving the Queen in Hampshire, Charles determined to
see for himself into the condition of his army at Plymouth.
He reached Hinton St. George, near Crewkerne, the seat of
Mr. Powlett, afterwards Baron Powlett, on September 14th, ||
where he slept, the Duke of Buckingham, the Earl of
Holland, the Earl of Derby, Sir Eobert KiUegrew, and others
of his suite sleeping at Ash, the seat of the Drake family,
in the parish of Musbury. The next day, passing through
Colyton, where he was joined by the Earl of Essex and the
Earl of Arundel, he made for Newton Abbot, his next resting-
place. The plague had been very busy in Exeter, so much
so that it required an order from the Court to compel the
Mayor,ir Thomas Walker, to remain at his post, though that
worthy would have much preferred withdrawing himself to
the country, and leaving the city and the plague to get on
together as best they could. Under these circumstances the
King did not deem it advisable to enter the city, but crossed
the river, probably at Topsham, and was mot by the High
Sheriff** and his retainers at Powderham. At the dinner at
Ford, near Newton Abbot, the honour of knighthood was
conferred on Bichard Eeynell,"!-}- of Ogwell, nephew of Sir
Richard Eeynell, the owner of Ford, on Thomas Eeynell,

* Calendar of Domestic State Papert, p. 97.

t Court and Times of Charles /., p. 44. Ibid^ 47. § Uid, 49.

J Walter Yonge's Diary, p. 86. Cam. Soc. Pub.
4 IzAOKB, History of Bxeter, *• '^Kobertfl's Memorandam Book."
tt Diary of Walter Yonge,

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TBE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES L TO DEVON. 233

his Majesty's sewer, and John Yonge, son of Walter Yonge.
Lysons, * quoting from Chappell's collections, gives the
steward's account for the provisions at the royal feast :

" The provisions for the first visit consisted of a buck and
a side of venison sent by Mr. Eeynell of Ogwell ; and a
buck from Mr. Pawlett of Henton. Among the fish three
dories, two mullets, two gurnets, 25 peels, two salmons, and
eight pair and a half of soles. Of game and fowls 140
partridges, seven pheasants, 61 chickens, 46 capons, ten
ducks, 14 pullets, six geese, 71 turkeys, 28 pigeons, one pea
hen, two mallards, two green plovers, eight plovers, one gull,
three dozen of larks, 38 rabbits, and one hare, besides mutton,
veal, lamb, etc. Six artichokes were among the vegetables.
The whole expense of the first entertainment was £28 13s.
5d."

The ceremony of knighthood was performed in the dining-
room, in the presence of the wives of the new knights and
"divers lords and ladies," after which the King kissed the
ladies.

On his road to Plymouth the King visited the good town
of Totnes, and the Mayor, Eobert Gwyne, has left an account
of the expenses incidental to his Majesty's reception. A
fair purse containing £200 was presented, and an oration
(the orator was paid £1) was delivered. Of the two the
King doubtless preferred the purse and its contents. Sir
Edward Seymour, of Berry Castle, and Sir Edward Giles, one
of the borough M.P.'s, with divers other gentry, were invited
to be present at his Majesty's entry, and a good deal of sack
and claret was provided for their delectation. The King's
servants received between them £33 38. 4d. Altogether this
visitation of Eoyalty to the town of Totnes must have been
an expensive aflfair.t

We know nothing of what the King did at Plymouth, or
where he stayed while thera There is a document among
the Plymouth records which proves that the visit of the
king was a source of expense to the town, inasmuch as his
servants and retainers received certain fees to the amount of
£33 3s. 44

" Mayor of the towne of Plimworth
Ffees dewe to his Ma** servants from the said Mayor for his
homage to his Ma*^^ passing through his saide towne the fiveteene
day of September 1625

• Lysons' Devon, ja. 666.

t Jntiquitics of Totnes,— IsD. WniDBAtT.

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234 THE FIBST VISIT OF CHAKLES L TO DEVON.

To the gent vshers dayly wayters
To the gent vsliers of the privy Chamber
To the S^aints at Armes
To the Knight harbinger
To the Knight Marshall
To the gent vshers Quarter wayter
To the sewers of the Chamber
To the yeomen vshers
To the groomes and pages
To the footemen
To the fewer yeomen
To the Porters at the gate
To the S'aint Trumpetter
To the Trumpetters
To the Surveyor of the wayes
To the Teoman of the fields
To the Coachman
To the Yeomen harbingers
To the Jester

Sm* xxxiij'* iy* iij'*

iy' vj* viy^
iij' yj' viy*'

xLr
xl*

Rec the some abovesaide this 23 of Septem 1625 to the use of

Some notion of the King's retinue may be formed from this
list, and evidently he had a considerable following. The
mayor of Plymouth at this date, according to Mr. Worth's
edition of James Yonge's Memoirs, was Thomas Ceely, and
his year of office must have been far from an easy time.
Thomas Ceely did not leave a record of his official difQculties
and labours, which is a great loss. It would be exceedingly
interesting to see a picture of a county town during its
occupation by an army such as was gathered together on this
occasion.

It would appear from an expression in Boberts's Memo-
randum Book that the king held some sort of a review, as he
gives the number (country-side rumour) of troops " that did
trayne before his Majesty." Charles was back again at Ford
House by Saturday, the 24th, so did not see the fleet set saiL
On this occasion another grand banquet was given, of which
the steward's accoimt is also to be found in Lysons :

" For the second entertainement. Sir Amias Paulet gave a
buck, Mr. Luflf of Torre a doe. Dr. CUfiford a hunted teage (a
doe of a year old); Mr. Beard gave a mutton, killed and
dressed. The fish consisted of eight score mullets, three
dozen and a half whitings, four salmons, seven peels, seven

hi mats servants by mee

Tho Kynnaston."

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Google

THE FIRST VISIT OF CHARLES I. TO DEVON. ^236

dories, twenty-one plaice, twenty-six soles, forty-eight lob-
sters, 550 pilchards, etc. Among the fowls and game, sixty-
nine partridges, five pheasants, twelve pullets, fourteen capons,
112 chickens, four ducks, six geese, thirty-seven turkeys,
sixty-nine pigeons, ninety-two rabbits, one barnacle, one
hemshaw, twelve sea larks, eleven curlews, twenty-one and
a half dozen of larks, one heath-pult, two nynnets, six sea-
pyes, one stone curlew, four teals, three pea-hens, and two
gulls. Among the more substantial provisions were six oxen
and kine, five muttons, two veals and a half ; besides several
entries of ribs of beef, quarters of mutton, chines, tongues,
a side of lamb, and a Westphalia gammon. The liquors
enumerated are, two hogsheads of beer, a barrel of canary
wine, and thirty-five quarts of white wine. The whole
expense of the second entertainment was £55 5s.

The next day being Sunday, the King attended divine
service at Wolborough Church, after which he touched a
child for the evil, which, it is to be hoped, was much the
better for it. The following morning the King returned by
the same route as he came, and reached Hynton St. George
the first day.

The expedition the King came to inspect left Plymouth in
October, and after narrowly escaping a storm reached Cadiz,
its destination, where it failed to effect anything whatever ;
but for details of its history, reference must be made to the
national historian of that date. It need only be said that it
was badly managed from beginning to end, and turned out a
miserable failure.

Addenda. — ^The following is an extract from a journal
supposed to have belonged to Sir Richard Eeynell, of
Ogwell :

"1625. King Charles, the Duke of Buckingham, with
divers other lords, came from Mr. Pawlets of Keynton,
Wednesday the 15th of September 1625, to my Unkell
Sir Eichard Eeynell's House of Forde, and the Thursday
after dinner in the dining chamber, which was then the
Chamber of Presence, knighted myself and my brother Sir
Thomas Eeynell, who was his Magestie's servant and sewer
in ordinary to his Person, in the presence of our wifes and
divers Lords and Ladies, saying to us, God geve you joye,
which wordes he also used to our wifes, and kiste them at
his departure towards Plymouth, wheare, having settled
Businesses concerning his Fleete, which Expedition was for
Cades, returned again unto my Unkell's house the 24th being

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236 THB FIBST VISIT OF CHAKLES L TO DEVON.

Satterdaye, and the Sondaye was at Woolborough Church,
and at my Unkell's suite cured a Child which was troubled
with the king's eviL The Mondaye his Magestie returned
to Heynton. Mr. Pawlet was shortly after made a Lorde."

It will be seen from this extract that the King was at
Ford House on September 15th. Walter Yonge's Diary
gives the same date ; Kynnaston must therefore nave made
a mistake in his account by saying that the entry into
Plymouth took place on that day.

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ON SOME ANCIENT DOCUMENTS EELATING TO
CREDITON MINSTER

BY J. B. DAYIDSOK, M.A.
(Bead at Paignton, Angost, 1878.)

The subject of the following paper is a manuscript in the
British Museum, marked Cotton Roll IL 11. The roll is
four feet nine inches long, and nine inches and a quarter
wide. It contains altogether twenty -one documents, all
relating to Crediton. Of these the photograph represents the
first five, and upon these it is now proposed to offer a few
remarks.

It should be observed that the subject is not entirely new.
The whole roll was commented on in a paper read by Mr.
Edward Levien before the British Archaeological Association
at Exeter, in 1861,^ and the fourth document of the series
was the subject of a paper by Mr. John Tuckett, also read by
Mr. Levien on the same occasion.^

We now proceed to print these documents as they stand,
appending in a note some words and phrases, fix)m which it
is possible that the strange forms to be found in this MS.
may have been derived, or of which they may be imitations.

Hich^ egger^ bischob be bude^ alle mine afther comende
to cridintones minlstre. J?at J?e geuenlsse^ )?at hich be het^
afther J?at J^at hich for soc sainte marie ministre for mire pride

^ Journal of the Arehaologieal Association, v. xviii., p. 134.

* Ibid 92. The writer hhs had the advantage of seeing a translation of
the Saxon instruments which was used by Messrs. Levien and Tuckett, in
1861, made by an assistant of the late ur. Bos worth, bat not corrected or
authorised by him This translation is partly printed in Mr. Levien'spaper.
It has been consulted and used, but not imphcitly foUowed, here. To Mr.
Tuckett we are indebted for having first caUed the attention of Mr. Levien,
and through him of the Archaeological Association, to the subject.

' Ic. * -ffliSelgar. * bebeode. • i.e. for-gifennes. ^ begeat.
VOL. X. P

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238 ON SOME ANCIENT DOCUMENTS

and to rome hy wende'. and J?ar hich hontromede' sove yer^
and more an thar me Wfore hylomp.'* J^e reue quene on
heuene marie, ad nedede^ me to serif te go. to }7an holfapopa*
leon and be bfs lore^ do. And he me radde^ anbidia ones
similis-amnis ' on rome. and behithe'° to gluenisse to bote
mire mere leuedie " and to mire cherche. And Jmr hich be
geth " of souentlne archebischobes to J?ousent dages to giiien-
esse of hure slnna. alle Jmne mfnistre criditones aglnnas an
godievas"^ of but^ hende heuereche day to comde. and the
worke bftrende'^ and for adj>elstan synge.'^ And of oJ?er
bischopes on estende romes burg and on westende of )>as
mountes mougeus feour }K)usent dages. and sonne*' dages.
T;. of hoJ?er archeWschopes Si. bissopes on Jrisser side )?as
mountes on wale londes J?e Ich alle hi sogte ho}?er bl wise
sonde, so ml scrift was. J?ru J?ousend dage .T;. souene. Of
Jthi archebischopes on bruthude Si, of hyre onderbischopes.
on Jwusent dages Si . sixsti dages. Of feour archebischopes
of hlrlonde Si of hire ondersetele bischopes nunhenne''
honderd dages. ^ . tin dages. And J?o ** hich com hom to J^an
gete'* on Jwn cherchay.** hich silf slnfol hi astahelede'^ J?ar on
hondred dage In helf }>an gete euemore** wo so"s bith** for
wrecche'7 edger. And J?o hich halgede }>ane cherichay at
hechere ^ hume at hondreld dage. And eft hich busnide to
rome for mire lacthere** to bote Si. se hollapopa lion J?ay
geuenisse luasnede^' .T; morede hit mid on Jwusend dage .T;
a wirgede alle J>aye ]>e hit asplde^ .1. J^dne mlni8?r of
cridlantone wlj? sette. Suma die^ xiL cccc. Ixxx.

II.

Hondret blschoe. glef ^ on hondred dage. Porte bischop on
hondreid dage. .T; bl het^ Jnrou^ hondrelt dage. Leueger
bischop bl het to hondrelt dage. Eadb^ bischop bl get frou
hondrelt dage. and tin dage. Eansb^ bischop bl get sonne
hondrelt dage. Ealnod bfechop bl get and hondreit dage.
Alger bischop bl het J?ru hondreit dage Si . souentl and J?ru
dages. Eadluf bischop bi get sixsti dage. Luhlng bischop
to hondreit daga and on oJ?er leon popa hit ivasnede^ on
echenisse ant aywilday. Suma die^. ij. D. xl. iij.

^ gewende. ' on-trumode. ' seofon. * gelamp.

' nydde. ' \>km halgan papan. ^ lare. ^ raedde.

• an ^aemisaU-annusP' begitan. leode. " begeat.

aginnendas. ^* godiendas. ^ betriende. ^* cyng.

" 8e6fon. geB6lite. nigon. ^ iSonne.

to ]>am geate. " oiroan-hege. " astealde. "* git sefre mk.

" hwk 8wa. *• bit wrssoca. ieg)>eTe.

be-8ilSode. ^ leahtere. afsdstnode. aspiwiS.

" gaf. ** behet " \>Teo. afajstnode.

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RELATING TO CREDITON MINSTER,

239

Her Iried on jTfse Iwrite )>at hich luufg' bischop at mine
fuyrsij^e ' wram cditofl hi ministre to Jmre cherche of exam-
chestre for mine leue bro}?eren ^ to h wreyrighe * at mine out
ganhes * iuasnede * )?ay geuenlsse J?at egger }>e Inf minetheude'

bischop bl tende ® into ?dlamtones ministre and heg^ }>at alle
oJ?ere bischopes sldj^e" of mine dages were Igeue" and bl
glte" of oJ?er bischopes hek'^ hich habbe out igadere"^ of
bokes fale'5 Si. idd*^ in on o]>e masse boc at salnte marie
weuede to gadre hi broght J>ar ma hit schel 1 su.'^ And
In on o]>eT boke J?at hatte * penltenclalis bodde to hourde "
and ich hit Itrlmde" mid on hondrert dages of bute ende and
Ich on^ cursle J>at hit oJ?erulse Isette** Si. hek alle J?are
churcha yvo.^

Summa tosci^ ^ venle xU ann cc. dies Si . xvl dies.

Et p^t^ hoc dns W Exo8 eps dedlt ad colibj ^ altare eece

xlll dies In remissione pcco^.

IV.

In noie dni nfi ihu xplsti Ich eadnod blschob klj^e on
J)is prlton ])at ihc onborgede .xxx. marca goldes be lead
plgte* to mlnre lond reddlnge at beorhtuo^Se . and ich ge
sealde him ane gurde londes to underwedde bl cridla to J?an
foreword J?at he habbe his dels . ou^ his dels be quej>e J?ane .
schuch J?a J?e him luuest bu.^ J?e In }7an londe stent . Jrfs his
slnt J>alondes Imeara . J>are gurd bl cridla. Erest on schoke-
brokes ford . J>anne east on fan paj?e . on J>a litel gore . estward
su^ . on J?a dede lake on ?dla. Opon gen strem . on ]?an
elpenlan aker**. J?anne est on J?a h^pa^' ]>e est^ eft on schoke-
broces ford . Jrfs her is towltnesse cnut chlng wolstan arche-
bischop Si . luping archebischop Si . britgloj? bischop, and
gednod bischop, and burthloj? bischop . ad adj^lplne bischop

^ laaing. " foriS-siiS. * mina leofena broiSra * to-hreowe.

' nt-gang. < afsBstnode. ' le6f minre |7e6de. ^ betynde.
» efeo. w Bi««an. " gifen. " behet.

" e&c. ^* nt-gegadrod. " teala. ^* ged6n.

we6fod. ^' gebr6ht. " J>aDr man hit sceal seon. *^ hmt
" bodde to-hyrdej?) getrymede. an.

gesette. «• gefynd. totius. adcolentibas.

^ Be le6d-^ewihte ; i.e. by national or oommon-law, as opposed to
customary, weight. In a charter of Cnut, k.c.d. dccxly. (iv. 37), mention
is made of silyer marks measured by ** hustings" weight.
" And ofer his dsBgas hit becwsebe )>&m swilce |7e him leofost be6.
^ adnlipigan sfec. " herpa)>.

t2 |g undennarked to show that it was a mis-script for eft."

P 2

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240

ON SOME ANCIENT DOCUMENTS

and bristyne bischop . and adj^elpold eljnjrne man . and
adJ>elpold abbot . and )?at hyred of exancestre . and Jmt hired
of cdihamton^ . and J>ls ij>idde ' J?e bischop J>ane borg ton to
examcestre and to tottenesse . and to lidauorde . and to
beardestaple. Pax sit hoc sit hoc fran-

gentib3. And J?isses ij?rites Idoua ' is on cridiamtone . mid
hure elder boken.

Universis sanctae matris ecclesise filiis banc praesentem
paginam visuris vel audituris, Willelmus Briwer, miseratioue
divina Exoniensis episcopus, seternam in Domino salutem.
Noverit universitas nostra quod nos, divinae caritatis intuitu,
indulgentias suprascriptas per diligentiam preedecessorum
nostrorum epLscoporum Creditonensium et Exoniensium
diversis temporibus ecclesise Sanctae Crucis et Ipsius Cru-
cilixi Genetricis semper virginis Mariae de Crediton, ad piam
et perpetuam consolationem fidelium adquisitas, quas oculis
propriis inspeximus, atque coram nobis recitari fecimus, et
sicut ex antiquis dictae ecclesiae instrumentis veraciter sus-
cepimus, ipsas a summis pontificibus misericorditer fuisse
confirmatas, dictorum praedecessorum nostrorum facta per
omnia in h&c parte illaesa conservare volentes, et perpetuft
permanente auctoritate nobis a Domino credit^, dictas indul-
gentias, necnon et sententiam quam memorati praedecessores
nostri in perturbatores sen violatores earundem provide
tulerunt — confirmavimus. Nos itaque, de Dei omnipotentis
* misericordigl, et omnium sanctorum meritis contisi, gratiam
gratiae adcumulare cupientes, omnibus dictae ecclesiae benefac-
toribus, sive piae devotionis causft illam quocunque tempore
visitantibuSjdeinjunctdsibi poenitentiaquadragintadies miseri-
corditer relaxamus. Et, ne istud futuris temporibus aliquibus
vertatur in dubium, prasentem paginam, secundum consuetu-
dinem temporis moderni, sigilli nostri impressione duximus
roborandam. — Datum Criditonae, anno gratiae M**cc~xxx** vf*.
xij°. kaL Januarii, scilicet die sancti Thomae apostoli.

TRANSLATION.
I.

I, Egger (iE^elgar), bishop, declare to all my successors
at Crediton minster concerning the indulgence which I
obtained after that I forsook St Mary's minster (i.e. Crediton)
for my pride, and went to Bome. And there I fell sick seven

* gecydde. " g©d6n(?)

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RELATING TO CREDITON MINSTER.

241

years and more, and there there appeared before me the com-
passionate queen in heaven, Mary, and bade me go to shrift
to the holy Pope Leo, and act according to his direction.
And he told me to remain another half year at Eome,
and obtain indulgence for the benefit of my people and my
church. And there I obtained from seventeen archbishops
two thousand days' indulgence of their sins for all the
founders and benefactors without end of Crediton minster,
who should day by day come and aid the work ; and for
King iE^Selstan. And from other bishops on the east of the
city of Eome, and on the west of Mons Jovis, four thousand
and seven days. And from other archbishops and bishops on
this side of the mountains in Wale-lond, whom I sought, or
to whom I otherwise sent — so my shrift was — three thousand
and seven days. From three archbishops in Bruthude, and
from their under-bishops, one thousand and sixty days. From
four archbishops of Ireland, and from their under-bishops,
nine hundred and ten days. And when I came home to the
gate of the church enclosure, I, my sinful self, established
there one hundred days for the benefit for evermore of him
whosoever shall pray for the wretch (exile) Edger (^E^elgar).
And when I consecrated the church enclosure — at each
corner, one hundred days. And I journeyed back to Eome
for the benefit of my health ; and the holy Pope Leo con-
firmed the indulgence, and increased it by one thousand
days ; and cursed all those who should reject it, and oppose
the church of Crediton. Total of the days, 12,480.

Bishop Hondret gave one hundred days. Bishop Porte
one hundred days. Bishop Leveger promised two hundred
days. Bishop Eadberht promised four hundred and ten days.
Bishop Eansberht promised seven hundred days. Bishop
Ealnod promised one hundred days. Bishop Alger promised
three hundred and seventy-three days. Bishop Eadulf pro-
mised sixty days. Bishop Living two hundred days. And
another Pope Leo confirmed it for ever and aye. Total of
the days, 2,543.

III.

Here is made known by this writing that I, Living, at my
exit from Crediton minister to the church of Exeter, feeling
at my departure compassion for my dear brethren, confirmed
the indulgence which Egger (-^thelgar), the bishop dear to
my people, bestowed upon Crediton minster, and also (the

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ON SOME ANCIENT DOCUMENTS

indulgences) which were given by other bishops since, (and)
of my day, and which were promised by other bishops ; also
which I have gathered out of many books, and have brought
together done (copied) into another mass book at St. Mary's
altar, where it may be seen. And in another book that is
called "Penitential — Commandments Fulfilled." And I
confirmed it with one hundred days without end. And I
invoke curses on those who shall otherwise appoint, and also
on all the Church's foes.

Total of the whole indulgence, forty -one years, two
hundred and sixteen days.

IV.

In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ.

I, Eadno^, bishop, make known by this writing that I
borrowed thirty marks of gold, of public weight, for the
management of my land, from Beorhtno^; and I delivered
to him one yard of land by the Creedy in pledge, on the
understanding that he should have it for his day, (and) after
his day bequeath it to whomsoever might be dearest to him
of those who are in the land. These are the boundaries of
the land — of the yard (of land) by the Creedy. First at
Schokebrook ford; then east along the road to the little
gore; eastward south to the still lake on the Creedy; up
against the stream to the solitary oak; thence east to the
high road that (leads) back to Schokebrook ford. There are
to witness : Cnut, king ; Wolfstan, archbishop ; Living, arch-
bishop ; Brihtwold, bishop ; Eadno^, bishop ; Burhwold,
bishop ; -^^elwine, bishop ; Brihtwine, bishop ; iE^elweard,
ealdorman ; and -^^elwold, abbot ; and the household
(monsistery) at Exeter; and the household (monastery) at
Crediton. And of this the bishop sent notice to the city of
Exeter and to Totnes, and to Lidford and to Barnstaple.
Peace be to those who maintain this, and hell be to those
who break it. And of this writing there is a copy at Crediton
amongst their old charters.

To all the sons of holy mother Church who shall see or
shall hear read the present page, I, William Brewer, by the
divine mercy Bishop of Exeter, desire eternal salvation in
the Lord. Be it known to our universal community that we,
by the instigation of divine charity, have confirmed the above
written indulgences, obtained by the diligence of our pre-

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decessors, bishops of Crediton and Exeter, at various times,
for the Church of the Holy Cross, and of the Mother of Him
who was crucified, the ever- Virgin Mary of Crediton, for the
pious and perpetual consolation of the faithful, which we
have seen with our eyes, and have caused to be read in our
hearing — in the same manner as, from the ancient instru-
ments of the said church, we have certainly ascertained they
were graciously confirmed by the highest prelates, desiring
in all things to preserve undiminished the acts of our pre-
decessors, and acting upon the perpetual authority reposed
in us by the Lord — (that is to say) as well the said in-
dulgences, as also the penalty which our aforesaid prede-
cessors have with forethought imposed on the disturbers and
violators of the same. We, therefore, through the mercy
of the eternal God, and relying on the merits of all saints,
desiring to add privilege to privilege, for all the benefactors
of the said church, and for all who at any time shall visit it
for the sake of pious devotion, from the penance which is
laid upon them, mercifully deduct forty days. And, in order
that this may not at any future time be rendered uncertain,
we have caused the present page, according to the custom of
the modern day, to be confirmed by the impression of our
seal. Given at Crediton in the year of grace 1236, the
kalends of January, that is to say, the feast of the holy
apostle Thomas (21 December, 1235).

Such being, as far as can be ascertained, the purport of
these documents, we are enabled by the light of the last of
them to perceive the nature of the series — that is to say of
the first three — the fourth, which relates to the plot of
ground on the bank of the Creedy, being foreign to the rest.
Taking the first three and the fifth together, we find that the
last is a copy of a deed of confirmation, executed at Crediton,
by William Brewer, bishop of Exeter, on the 21st of Decem-
ber, 1235, and sealed with his seal, whereby he confirms to
the church of Crediton certain indulgences therein above-
written, which, as the instrument is careful to state, the
bishop saw with his own eyes and heard read.^

These "above written" indulgences referred to in the

< We are here reminded of a dmilar expression which occurs in a dedica-
tion deed by the same Bishop Brewer, of the charoh of St. Burian, in
Cornwall, in 1288, recorded in Bishop Qrandisson's Raguter, ii. fol., 26 b.,
and printed in Oliver's Monaatieon^ p. 8. The deed recites a foundation
charter of St. Barian's by King ^iselstan, of the date 948 ; and the bishop
is represented as saying that he had seen this actual charter in the church
of St. Burian—'* Sicnt in eoclesilt ips^ scripta {tie) vidimus.'*

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bishop's confirmation deed are the first three of our series,
the dates of which we now propose to ascertain.

The first purports to be a declaration in person by iE^Selgar,
the second bishop of Crediton. King ^S^^elstan is spoken of
as living ; hence the date must be prior to the 27th of October,
940. Moreover, a pope Leo is referred to. During -^E^elstan's
reign there were two popes Leo — Leo VL, who succeeded in
928, and died seven months afterwards, and Leo VIL, who
succeeded in 937, and died in 939. The narrative speaks of
an interview with a pope Leo, followed by another interview,
considerably more than half a year afterwards, with a pope
of the same name, and to aU appearance the same person.
It follows almost necessarily that the pope referred to is
Leo VII. The date of the document is thus brought to either
A.D. 938 or 939.

The second document mentions Bishop Living, and hence
must be subsequent to 1027. It also mentions " another
Pope Leo," with evident reference to the first document. The
pope who came next after 1027 was Leo IX., who was elected
in 1049; ix, three years after Living's death. The date of
the second document, which is a narrative in the third person,
is thus brought down to after a,d. 1049.

The third document purports to be a declaration by Bishop
Living himself, and hence must be of a date between 1027
and 1046.

The first question which arises is this : Irrespective of the
subject-matter of these declarations, inasmuch as, if genuine,
they must be renderings of real compositions of the dates
ascertained, is it possible to believe that there ever existed
Anglo-Saxon originals, which by repeated copying, or by
having been written from dictation, could have become dis-
torted into the singular forms which appear here ? This is a
question upon which only experts are qualified to speak.
Some have suggested that the peculiarities of this composition
are due to a Devonshire dialect of Anglo-Saxon, or to the
west-country mode of pronouncing the Old English tongue.
Again, it has been noticed, and must be admitted, that some
of the expressions which seem the strangest are not the most
unaccountable. Nothing is at first sight more monstrous than
the phrase, " To than holiapopa leon." Yet this is not very
far off in sound from the words, '* To tham halgan Papa Leo."
Worse distortions of spelling than this occur in the names in
Domesday. " AdJ?elstan synge" again may have been written
from the dictation of some one who, seeing **cyng" in the
charter, read it with a soft c, as we pronounce "cincture."

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Still, when every allowance has been made, the verdict is on
the whole unfavourable. Professor Earle, though desiring
not to speak confidently on a matter of such obscurity, thinks
it impossible there ever could have been genuine originals
of which these sentences can have become perversions. This
judgment however does not extend to the fourth — the land
charter — which, in Mr. Earle's opinion, does show traces of
having been derived from a genuine source.

If these views should be borne out upon further ex-
amination, it must follow that the documents in question are
fictitious.

I. Let us for a moment^ however, assume the first of them
to be genuine, and examine the story it purports to tell.
Bishop -^^elgar represents himself as having left St. Mary's
Minster, Crediton, "for his pride," going to Eome, there
falling sick for seven years and more, when he sees a vision
of the Blessed Virgin, who bids him go to Pope Leo. The
Pope commands him to remain another half year at Bome,
and obtain indulgences for his people and church. This he
does, and then returns to Crediton, where he consecrates the
church enclosure. Then he goes back again to Rome, and
obtains Pope Leo's confirmation of the indulgences ; and also,
it would seem, absolution for himself. The narrative thus
covers a period of eight or nine years prior to the papal con-
firmation, which must have been, as we have seen, a.d. 938
or 939.

Now -^E^Selgar was appointed Bishop of Crediton in 934.
The name of Eadulf, the former bishop, appears for the last
time in a charter dated the 28th of May, 934*

The first signature of ^E^elgar, as bishop, occurs in a
charter of the 16th of December, 934.^ His consecration then,
or at least his appointment, must have taken place between
the 28th of May and the 16th of December, 934. But
at this date, according to the narrative before us, he was
at Eome. Not only, according to the narrative, was he
absent from this country when he was made bishop, but
he was absent at a date when he is represented as having
been one of the witnesses to this grant of land by King
^^elstan at Frome, on the 16th of December, 934.^ Moreover
it is quite obvious that when, according to the narrative,

* K. C. D. OOCLXIV (it 194). The subsequent «gnature in ♦ CCCLXX
(ii. 206) cannot be relied upon in point of date.

* K. C. D. MCX (v. 216).

* Jio one of the Mi^eLstaxL ohartera has better marks of genuinanets
than this.

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-^^Selgar left St. Mary's Minster " for his pride," it was not
as bishop that he left, for at that time his predecessor,
Eadulf, was living. Neither was he bishop at the time
when he is represented as saying that the Pope told him to
obtain indulgences " for my people and my church." These
circumstances, though not perhaps fatal, are not favourable
to the genuineness of the naiTative.^

The apparently insuperable objection remains, that at the
date ascertained, namely, the first half of the tenth century,
the practice of granting indulgences for long periods of years
had not come into vogue. This criticism, first suggested to
the writer by Mr. F. H. Dickinson, is borne out by the
evidence of historians. Turning to Migne, we find in the
twenty-seventh volume of the Nouvelle Encyclop4die ThSolo-
gique, an introductory sketch of the origin and growth of
the doctrine and practice of the Church as to grants of
indulgences. From a statement in this introduction,^ it is
evident that the first instance of such a grant known to the
writer occurs in the year 1006, when an indulgence for one
year only for " a third part of the greater sins for which the
penance was imposed " was granted to a penitent who came
and. assisted in the work of the church — it is presumed in
building and repairing. The writer observes, however, that
we must suppose partial indulgences to have been in use
before the eleventh century, inasmuch as an archbishop of

7 It may be asked why, when the indulgences were obtained, ^^elgar
did not obtain the Pope's confirmation at once ; and why, instead of that,
he first came to England, and consecrated the enclosure, and then went
back to Borne for the oonfirmation. The answer might be, that he needed
the Pope's confirmation for his own grant at the gate, and the four corners
of the enclosure ; and, moreoyer, he had his own shrift to obtain.

* Le premier document authentiqne que j'aie pu trouver jusqu'ici, c'est
one indulgence pi^tieUe accord^e par Pontius, archeveque d' Aries, k la
d^dicace de la basilique du monast^re de Mont-Majour en 1006, c'est-4-dire,
au commencement dn xi* sidcle. Rambert, abb4 de ce monast^re, ayant Mt
rStablir cette basilique, pensa, dit Mabillon, k renrichir du tr^sor c^este dee
indulgences : Coelesti indulgentiarum thesauro. . . . Ce qu'il y a de certain,
c'est que I'archevdque Pontius oondescendit aux instances de Rambert, et

aocorda I'indulgence en difft^rentes manidres aux difil^rents penitents

If a penitent condemned to the severest penance should come to the church
on the dedication -dajr, or once in the course of a year, '<et adjutoriimi
dederit ad opera ecclesias," he would be absolved, ''ex parte Domini nostri
Jesu Christi, et ex nostrd " {i.e. on part of the archbishop) firom the third
part of the greater sins for which the penance had been imposed (unde
poenitentiam habet susceptam) until the same day of the following year.
As to one who had been subjected to a lesser penance, '* If three da^ in the
week have been prohibited (vetati) by way of penance, we remit lum one,"
&c. And those who have confessed sins of the lightest kind, and have had
penance imposed for them, we absolve from half their penance to the end
Qt a year." Page U6.

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Aries would not have introduced a practice of this kind on
his own responsibility ; and if he had done so, other prelates
would have opposed it as a dangerous novelty.

Further, from the expressions "we absolve," and "those
who have confessed," the writer shows that the penance
referred to is a sacramental penance ; that is to say, a tem-
poral penance due for sins within the spiritual jurisdiction
of the church, in foro conscientice — not a temporal punish-
ment inflicted by an ecclesiastical court of temporal juris-
diction, such as line or imprisonment. He proceeds to cite
other similar instances of remission of temporal penances
for sin in 1029, 1060, and 1070; and then in 1092 there
appears a remarkable indulgence granted by Pope Urban II.
to the monastery of Cava, in the principality of Citra, near
Salerno, about twenty-ftve miles south-east of Naples. "Who-
soever," says this indulgence, " being through the divine aid
in a state of penitence, shall visit this holy church on the
day before the day of consecration, and on the day itself —
that is to say, on the 4th and 5th September — and moreover
on the holy days of the Lord's Supper and the Passion of
our Lord, shdl merit the same indulgence as he would have
merited if he had performed a journey to, and returned from,
the shrine of St. Jago of Compostella," which was in Galicia,
in the north-west extremity of Spain. "On other days of
the year, any one visiting the church for devotional purposes
is to be entitled to an indulgence of four years and as many
periods of forty days." Then, at a council in 1095, the same
Pope Urban is found for the first time granting a plenary
indulgence to all who assumed the badge of the cross in
token of their devotion to the recovery of the Holy Land
fix)m the infidel — in short, to all who should become cru-
sadera This was again a remission of penance for sins
committed in foro conscientice.

The following instance, quoted from Mabillon, approaches
as nearly in its circumstances to our presumed Crediton
indulgences as any other. The historian relates that Geoffry,
a native of Orleans, who was made Abbot of Croyland by
King Henry L in 1109, having found on his induction his
abbey half consumed by fire, l3:e a bi-and plucked from the
burning, and not yet restored to its becoming dignity, under*
took the enterprise of building a new church, and of recon-
structing the whole monastery in stone, in place of brick or
clay, and, if his means should permit, with a foundation of
marble. Inasmuch, however, as the resources of his mon-
astery were not adequate to such an outlay, he besought

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from the bishops of England an indulgence for all those who
should contribute money to this great undertaking of one-
third part of their penances ; and by his messengers he
caused this indulgence to be proclaimed throughout not only
England, but Scotland and Ireland, and even through Flan-
ders and France, sending to those countries monks bearing
relics of saints, and circular letters admonishing the faithful
to supply means for the undertaking. This, says the historian,
he so successfully accomplished, that his collectors not only
brought him in a large sum of money, but even induced many
to adopt the monastic life.^

It would be needless and beyond our scope to follow the
history further, down to the famous protest of Luther, in
lol7, against the preaching of John Tetzel, and the open
and scandalous sale of indulgences by him.

In a subsequent page of the introduction in Migne is dis-
cussed the question of indulgences for such long periods as
ten, fifteen, and twenty thousand years, and many opinions are
cited to the effect that these so-called grants were spurious,
and inventions for the purposes of licentious indulgence,
not justly attributable to the Holy See. Other casuists have
argued that if a plenary indulgence could be granted by the
Pope, an indemnity for any term of years however large
must be within his power, as being less than infinity. But
with these speculations we are not concerned, inasmuch
as the utmost length of the Crediton indulgences is such
as might easily be compassed by the life of a living
person.

The result of the whole seems to be, that, the earliest
known instance of an authentic grant of indulgences being
as late as in 1006, a declaration of a grant of indulgences
sanctioned by the Pope in 938 or 939, sixty-six years before,
must necessarily be a fabrication. The second and third
documents being as late as 1049 and 1046, are not open
to the objection of anachronism ; but nevertheless they are
so worded, and come in such a dubious shape, that they
must be received with the greatest caution, if not with abso-
lute incredulity. The strong probability is, that all three
compositions are due to the perverted zeal of some monks
of Crediton, anxious to invest their house with privileges
which might add to the renown and profit of the minster,
and indifferent to the goodness or badness of its title to
such distinctions.

* MabilloQ, AnnaUt Benedict^ lib. Ixxi. No. 87, vol. vi p. 538.

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A suggestion has been thrown out that this assumption of
special privileges by the church of Crediton might have been
tolerated by ecclesiastical authority, as a compensation for
the loss of the see. Another observation, due to Mr. Earle,
is this. The declaration of Bishop -^^e^r purports to be
addressed to " all my successors at Crediton Minster." This
injunction laid upon posterity shows a degree of forethought
inconsistent with the simple idejis of the tenth century, and
betrays the hand of the too ingenious inventor of the thir-
teenth. Perhaps the reference in the fifth document, put into
the mouth of Bishop Brewer, to the "forethought" of his
predecessors, has reference to this opening phrase.

II. The second document contains a list of donations of
days of indulgence by nine bishops who are named. Of the
first six — Hondret, Porte, Leuegar, Eadberht, Eansberht, and
Ealnod — none were bishops of English sees at the date of
the document, unless Bishop Leo^ar, of Lichfield, whose
name occurs once in 1020, were one. Of Algars and Eadulfs
-we have some examples in the list of English bishops
of the time, and the list is closed by the name of Living.
The fact of the donors being foreign bishops would not stand
in the way. The practice seems rather to have been for a
priest who wanted indulgences for his church, to go to a
foreign country for them. Unfortunately the names, though
not those of English bishops of the period, have a very
English sound, and the list reads like a random compila-
tion, with the names of Eadulf and Living, the first and last
bishops of Crediton, thrown in at the end to give an air of
probability to the whole.

III. In the third document the statement that Bishop
Living on a certain occasion took, as it would seem, his final
departure from Crediton for Exeter, to the grief of his brethren
of the former community, would deserve serious attention
were not the source of this piece of information as much open
to suspicion as the rest. There is no trace of such a migration
in the well-known history of Living ; and we must conclude
that the fabricator of the document in this instance was
unacquainted with facts which have been preserved to us,
and are well established. The see was not transferred till
after Living's death.

What then remains ? Certainly this, and perhaps not
more than this, that here we have a striking instance of the
systems that were practised, and, it may be, of the religious

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frauds which were permitted and sanctioned, in the thirteenth
century. Taking this as a point of departure, we may well
congratulate ourselves on the theological and ecclesiastical
changes which have taken place since such an imposture as
this is supposed to have been was possible.

Incidentally there are several minor points of interest.
Originally, as appears from King iE^Selstan's charter to
Crediton,' the dedication saint of the church was St Mary.
Afterwards, as appears from Dr. Oliver,' the church was
dedicated to the Holy Cross. Here, as Mr. Levien has pointed
out, we find the double dedication in one and the same in-
strument.

The geographical ideas also are worthy of notice. Mons
Jovis appears to have been a name for the Cottian Alps, from
the Great St. Bernard southwards, at some part of which
Hannibal was believed to have crossed. In King Alfred's
version of Orosius we find the following: "Afterwards he
(Hannibal) went over many nations, tiU he came to the
mountains [named] the Alps, and these also rushed over,
though he was often withstood in battle, and made the way
over Mount Jove."^ In the original of Orosius there is
no mention of Moimt Jove, or of any other mountain crossed
by Hannibal. The explanatory interpolation is thus due
solely to Alfi^ himself. "The way" evidently means the
road over the pass either of the St. Bernard or of C^nis.*
Thus the bishops west of Mount Jove would be bishops in
the south of France.

"Wale-lond," though a common phrase for any foreign
country, is here, no doubt, Walsch land, or Italy ; and the
bishops on this side the mountains in Wale-lond, mean
" Transalpine " bishops.

" Bruthude " has been rendered Brittany, but Mr. Eichard
John King, with great probability, suggests "Bruttia," or "the
Abruzzi," standing for South Italy generally.

1 M8. Cott. Auff. n. 81 ; printed K.O.D., CCCLXII. (ii. 191.)

* Monattieon^jD. 447.

* From Dr. Bosworth's translation. The original clause is this: <<And
bone w6g gewohrte ofer [munt Jof]," the words "munt Jof" being in
Draokets, showing that they exist in the Idstuderdale manuscript only, and
not in the Cotton manuscript of Alfred's Orosius.

« JSISelweard, in relating tiie fact that King iB^elstan sent two of his
daughters to Otto, afterwards King of the Germans, tiiat he might take his
choice, adds that the one whom Otto did not ohoose (who was named
^Ifgifii) was married to a certain king *Muxta Jupitereos montee." This
king is stated by the editors of the Jf. S. B. to have been Lewis the BHnd,

explains " jnxta Jupitereos monies" as descriptive of a prince possessing a
territory near the Alps."

Lappenberg (Thorpe's Ed. IL IIO)

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The mention of " Ireland " as a name for the sister island
in the tenth century htis been thought very suspicious ; and
it has been questioned whether there ever was a period when
there were as many as four archbishops' provinces at one
time in Ireland.

In the paper above referred to Mr. Levien found some
diificulty with the arithmetic, as to the number of days ; but
if we read " nunhenne of the manuscript as signifying not
** nineteen," but " nine," there will be found very little error.
The table stands thus :

Days.

Seventeen archbishops . ... 2000

Other bishops E. of Rome and W. of Mons Jovis 4007
Other archbishops and bishops on this side of the

mountains in Walo-lond . . . 3007

Three archbishops in Bruthude and their suffragans 1 060
Four archbishops of Ireland and their sufiragans 910
Bp. iE^elgar himself for the gate . . 100

The same for the four comers . . . 400

The Pope . . ... 1000

12,484

Amongst the greatest obscurities is the passage in the third
document which seems to name a certain book, "Penitentialis
— Bodde to-hourde," literally, " Penitential ; Commandments
obeyed," seeming to suggest the existence of a book of ac-
count, in which were entered the various penances to which
penitents had become liable under the rules of some peni-
tential before they could obtain shrift, with a list of such
penances as had been fulfilled.

IV. As to the fourth document, we are on safe ground, and
feel with confidence that we are dealing with a genuine in-
strument. The date is not given, but may be gathered from
the names of the signatories. These are — King Cnut ; Wol-
stan. Archbishop of York ; Living, Archbishop of Canterbury ;
Britgloth, or Brihtwold, Bishop of Ramsbury; Yednod, or
Eadnoth, of Crediton ; Burthloth, or Burhwold, of Cornwall ;
Athelwine, of Wells ; and Bristyne, or Brihtwine, of Sher-
borne; the ealdorman ^Ethelweard, and an abbot named
^thelwold. Without going into minutiae of dates, inasmuch
as the names of these personages are all to be found, with
others, as witnesses to a grant by King Cnut to the church
of St. Germans, preserved at Exeter, and printed by Kemble

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from a copy in the Lansdowne MSS.,^ we may safely assume
the date of this to be the same as of that, viz., 1018.

The identification of the land is equally clear. The follow-
ing are the boundaries :

First at Schokebrook's ford ;

Then, east along the road to the little gore ;

Eastward south to the stiU lake on the Greedy ;

Up against the stream to the solitary oak ;

Then east on the highroad back to Schokebrook's ford.

This Schokebrook is the little stream which comes down
from the village of Shobrook, to which it lends its name, and
flows into the river Greedy ; and the ford is the pljtce where
the present road crosses the stream.^ The little gore, the
" dead " or " still " lake in the river, and the place even where
once stood the " solitary oak " (a very common object in these
boundaries), may be ascertained by reference to the accom-
panying plan, taken from the ordnance map. The land is
found to be a farm of about three hundred acres, in the
parish of Newton St. Gyres, now known as Lower Greedy.
The northern, western, and part of the southern boundaries
of the estate are those of the parish also; that is to say,
Lower Greedy Farm, though in Newton St Gyres, projects
into the parish of Grediton towards the east and north.'

The principal manor of Newton St. Gyres, as we learn from
Domesday^ p. 101 (4), belonged at the time of the survey to
St. Peter's, Exeter ; and we are further told that it appeared
from certain charters which were produced to the suiTey
commissioners by Bishop Osbern, that the manor had be-

» K.C.D. DCCXXVIU. (iv. 2).

* The deriTation of tliis word Schokebrook is peculiar. No doabt it comes
from Sceocca," the old pagan Saxon name for the devil. Sceocca-broc/*
the devil's brook, occurs in the boundaries of the Monkorton charter, pre-
sented to the British Museum by Sir W. C. Trevelyan, of which photo-
lithographs may be obtained. There it is a name for the brook that flows
past Great Wonford, near Exeter. Why this sinister appellation was g^ven
to these small streams is not very evident. Often they seem to be slug-
g^h and muddy waters ; but more probably the rivulets so caUed were sudi
as from being used as house drains were tmfit for drinking or washing
purposes. The more usual name for the Evil One in Anglo-SsuLon is de6fol.
Is *<de6for' one of that class of words which, being derived from the Latin,
or from the Greek through the Latin, came in only with Christianity, like
** engel," " preost,** and a number of ecclesiastical terms P The question is
not witiiiout bearing on the subject of nomenclature. On the one hand it
seems highly probable that Dofliso (the modem Dawlish) and Dewlish, in
Dorset, are derived from de6fol ; and yet these ^ces must have been named,
one would suppose, before the introduction of Christianity.

^ The line of the North Devon Railway crosses this piece of land just
beyond Newton St Gyres Station.

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RELATING TO CREDFTON MINSTER.

253

longed to St Peter's, Exeter, ever since the accession of King
Edward — that is, before 1041, and consequently before the
removal of the see from Crediton to Exeter. In other words,
Newton St Cyres was not transferred with the see from

Crediton to Exeter; it belonged to St Peter's before. The
principal manor of Newton St Cyres may never have belonged
to Cr^ton at all

On the other hand, it appears that this small manor of
Lower Creedy did belong, before the year 1018, to Crediton,
and that it was alienated from it in that year by the trans-
action of which the deed before ns is the record.

This transaction is not in all respects clear. Bishop Eadno*
seems to have borrowed from one Beorhtno* thirty marks of
gold for the purpose of improving the property of the see.

VOL. X. Q

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254 DOCUMENTS RELATING TO CREDITON MINSTER.

Then he delivers to the lender this manor " as a pledge," at
the same time with the understsmding that he (the lender)
was to hold it for life, and then bequeath it to whomsoever
he might think fit The meaning perhaps is that the land
was to be redeemable on repayment of the money, but that
if the debt should not be repaid in the lifetime of the lender,
the land was to be forfeited. The opportunity was still left
to Beorhtno^ of restoring the land to the church of Crediton
after his death, if he shovdd think fit. This he does not seem
to have done; for there is no reasonable doubt that this small
manor of Lower Greedy is the "one ferling" of land "in
Credie" which appears in Domesday, p. 114 (3), and is there
stated to have been held in 1066 by a Saxon named Edwin»
and after the Conquest by a certain William, under Balph de
Pomeroy, having land for one plough, having also one acre of
meadow, and stated to be worth two shillings. If the manor
had gone back to Crediton, it would have gone over with
Crediton to the see of Exeter.

The sum for which this land was pledged was thirty marks
of gold, of l^od, or standard, weight The " mark " here, then,
is a measure of weight, and does not signify a coin. la
money, a Saxon mark was equal to thirty penings.* If we
are at liberty to assume that, in weight, a mark was equal to
thirty pennyweights, it follows that a mark of gold weighed
one and a half ounces. Thirty marks' weight of gold would
thus be forty-five ounces, or three and three-quarter pounds
weight of gold. And if we may further assume that the
ratio of weight to value of gold has not varied very materially
since the date we are considering, it follows that the thirty
marks borrowed by the bishop would be represented by a
sum of about £275 in modern reckoning.

It is interesting to note in the statement at the close the
germ of a system of registration of title, and also of title*
deeds. Notice of this transaction was sent by the bishop to
the four principal towns of Devon — Exeter, Totnes, Lidford,
and Barnstaple; and, whilst the document itself was no
doubt given over to the lender of the money, a copy^ of it
was preserved at Crediton amongst their old charters.

^ Thorpe's Zaw$ of Enaland, 8yo ed. voL ii. Gloesary, Art *' Money."
» Such is supposed to be the meaning of the faulty word " idoua."

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE.

BT W. PSKGBLLT, F.e.8., BTO.

pabt n.

(Read at Paignton, August, 1878.)

During the year which has slipped away since we met l^t,
I have prepared a second instalment of Notes on Slips connected
wUh Devonshire, which I now beg to oflfer to the Association,

I. Baring-Gould, Mr. S.

1. Sir Walter Raleigh :— In Curious Myths of the Middle
Ages, by S. Baring-Gould, M.A. (New Ed., 1877), the Fifth
paper or essay is devoted to the story of William Tell, and
the author, having an early opportunity of saying to his
readers " We shall in the following pages demolish the very
story," makes, by way of illustration, the statements given
below : —

"Sir Walter Raleigh, in his prison, was composing the
second volume of his history of the world. Leaning on the
sill of his window, he meditated on the duties of the historian
to mankind, when suddenly his attention was attracted by a
disturbance in the court-yard before his cell. He saw one
man strike another whom he supposed by his dress to be an
oflBcer ; the latter at once drew his sword and ran the former
through, the body. The wounded man felled his adversary
with a stick, and then sank upon the pavement. At this
juncture the guard came up and carried ofif the ofiScer insen-
sible, and then the corpse of the man who had been run
through.

" Next day Raleigh was visited by an intimate friend, to
whom he related the circumstances of the quarrel and its
issue. To his astonishment, his friend unhesitatingly declared
that the prisoner had mistaken the whole series of incidents
which had passed before his eyes.

•* The supposed oflScer was not an oflBcer at all, but the servant

Q 2

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256 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIBE.

of a foreign ambassador ; it was he who had dealt the first
blow ; he had not drawn his sword, but the other had snatched
it from his side, and had run him through the body before
anyone could interfere ; whereupon a stranger from among the
crowd knocked the murderer down with his stick, and some
of the foreignei-s belonging to the ambassador's retinue carried
off the corpse. The friend of Raleigh added that government
had ordered the arrest and immediate trial of the murderer,
as the man assassinated was one of the principal servants of
the Spanish ambassador.

" ' Excuse me,' said Ealeigh, *but I cannot have been deceived
as you suppose, for I was eye-witness to the events which
took place under my own window, and the man fell there on
that spot where you see a paving-stone standing up above the
rest.'

"'My dear Ealeigh,' replied his friend, *I was sitting on
that stone when the fray took place, and I received this
slight scratch on my cheek in snatching the sword from the
murderer, and upon my word of honour, you have been de-
ceived upon every particular.'

*' Sir Walter, when alone, took up the second volume of his
history, which was in MS., and contemplating it, thought —
' If I cannot believe my own eyes, how can I be assured of
the truth of a tithe of the events which happened ages before
I was bom V and he flung the MS. into the fire."

"This anecdote," says Mr. Baring-Gould, in a foot-note,
"is taken from the Journal de Paris, May, 1787; which
derived it from 'Letters on Literature, by Eobert Heron'
(i.e. John Pinkerton, K.A.S.), 1785. But whence did Pinkerton
obtain it?" pp. 114-6.

Probably every one reading the passage just quoted would
ask at least two questions : —

(A.) Is there not more than one version of the anecdote
respecting the fray Sir Walter witnessed ?

(B.) Has not the burning of the manuscript, supposing it
to have really taken place, been ascribed to a very different
cause ?

(A.) The following extracts from Notes and Queries will
furnish a reply to the first question : —

" Mr. John Aldis, jun., says of it : " The story I have often
met with, differing much, however, in details. Carlyle, in the
following passage, clearly refers to a different version from
that of the Journal de Paris : —

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE. 257

*' * The old story of Sir Walter Ealeigh as looking from his
prison window on some street tumult, which afterwards three
witnesses reported in three different ways, himself differing
from them all, is still a true lesson for us.' 'On History/
Essays, vol ii. p. 171."— iV. and Q., 3rd S. xi. 56.

Mr. William Bates, writing to the same journal, gives, as
follows, the story as it stands, he says, in Pinkerton's Letters of
Literature, fix)m which it was derived by the Journal de
Paris, according to Mr. Baring-Gould; who, it may be as
well to remark, says Letters on Literature : —

"Sir Walter Ralegh, when confined in the Tower, had
prepared the second volume of his immortal history for the
press. He was standing at the window of his apartment,
ruminating on the office of an historian, and on the sacred
regard which he ought to pay to truth, when of a sudden his
attention was excited by an uproar in the court into which
his prospect was directed. He saw one man strike another,
whom by his dress he judged an officer, and who, drawing his
sword, run the assailant through the body; who did not,
however, fall till he had knocked down the officer with his
list. The officer was instantly seized, while lying senseless,
and carried away by the servants of justice ; while at the
same time the body of the man he had murdered was borne
off by some persons, apparently his friends, who with great
difficulty pierced through the vast crowd that was now
gathered round.

"Next day an acquaintance of Sir Walter called upon
him, a man of whose severe probity and honour Sir Walter
was convinced from innumerable proofs, and rated his friend-
ship accordingly. Ralegh, after their first compliments, told
the story of yesterday's fray ; which had impressed him
deeply, as being a spectator of the whole affair. What was
his surprise when his friend told him that he was perfectly
mistaken in the whole story ! that his officer was no officer,
but a servant of a foreign ambassador ; that this apparent
officer gave the first blow ; that he did not draw his sword,
but the other drew it, and it was wrested out of his hands,
but not till after he had run its owner through the body
with it ; that after this a foreigner in the mob knocked the
murderer down, in order that he should not escape; that
some foreigners had carried off the servant's body ; and that
orders had arrived from court for the murderer to be tried
instantly, and no favour shown, as the person murdered was
one of the principal attendants of the Spanish ambassador.

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258 NOTES ON SUPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE.

' Sir/ says Ralegh, * allow me to say that, though I may be
mistaken as to the officership of the murderer, yet I know of
a certainty that all my other circumstances are strictly true ;
because I was a spectator of the whole transaction, which
passed in the very spot opposite where you see a stone
of the pavement a little raised above the rest/ * Sir Walter/
says the friend, ' upon that very stone did I stand during the
whole affair, and received this little scratch in my cheek, in
wresting the sword out of the fellow's hand ; and as I shall
answer to God, you are totally mistaken !' * You grow warm,
my friend, let us talk of other matters/ said Sir Walter ; and
after some other conversation, his friend departed.

" Ralegh took up the manuscript of the second volume of
his history, then just completed : * How many falsehoods are
here !' said he. * If I cannot judge of the truth of an event
that passes under my eyes, how shall I truly naiTate those
which have passed thousands of years before my birth, or
even those that have happened since my existence ? Tnith,
I sacrifice to thee I' The fire was already feeding on his
invaluable work, the labour of years ; and he calmly sat till
it was utterly consumed, and the sable ghost of the last leaf
flitted up the chimney." 3rd S. xi. 201-2.

As both Mr. Baring- Grould and Mr. Bates derived the
anecdote from PinkertcnCs Letters on Literatture^the former,
however, through the Jowrrial de Paris, but Mr. Bates directly
— it might have been expected that the two transcripts
would have been essentially identical This, however, is very
far from being the case; and so far as the merely literary
differences are concerned, they are no more than wdre to be
expected, seeing that the narrative had to be translated from
the English of Pinkerton into French for the Journal d4
PariSy and then translated back again into English in the
case of Mr. Baring-Gould* The facts, however, might have
been expected to be a little more in harmony in the two
versions. Sir Walter Ralegh, speaking through Mr. Baring-
Gould, makes the wounded man fell his adversary with a
stick; but through Mr. Bates, to knock him down with his
Jist. The visitor told Sir Walter, according to Mr. Baring-
Gould, that he was sitting on the paving stone; but Mr.
Bates makes him say he was standing on it. Mr. Baring-
Gould is silent about any display of temper on the part of
either of the friends ; whilst, according to Mr. Bates, Sir
Walter found it needful to say, " You grow warm, my friend ;
let us talk of other matters."

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIBB. 259

B. With regard to the second question, Kbcnac, writing to
Notes atid Queries^ asks: "What is the story of Kaleigh's
burning the second volume of his history ?" 1st S. vii 287.

To the query the following reply is appended by the
editor : —

" The story is this : — few days previously to his death,
Baleigh sent for Walter Burre, who printed his History ; and
asking him how the work had sold, received for answer, * So
slowly that it had undone him.* Upon which Sir Walter
brought from his desk a continuation of the work, to his own
time, and, throwing it into the fire, said to Burre, ' The second
volume shall undo no more ; this ungrateful world is unworthy
of it/ (Winstanley's English Worthies, p. 256). There is,
however, no satisfactory authority for the truth of this anec-
dote ; and it has been rejected by Arthur Cayley, and his
other biographers." — Ibid.

II. FoRTESCUE, Sir E.

1. ACCOUNTS: — A paper entitled Sir Edmvmd Fortescue
and the Siege of Fort Charles, By Pavl Q. Karkeek, printed
in the Trans. I)evon. Assoc., voL ix. pp. 336-350, contains a
document headed "Payments and Disbursebements on Fort
Charles ..." in which there are the following remarkable
arithmetical slips : —

£ B. d. jS B. d.

"48 bushels of pease at 7d. per bushel 16 16 C instead of 1 8 0
"6000 of dried whitings at 8cL per cent 24 0 0" „ 2 00
« 1200 weight of butter at 5s. per hundred 30 0 0" „ 3 0 0

Again, in adding up the various items, of which the fore-
going are three, the total is made to amount to £740 Is. 6d,
whereas, as the figures stand, it should be £848 lis. 6d., or
if corrected for the errors just pointed out, £784 4s. 6d.

The foregoing account is followed by the following supple-
mentary one, in which it will be seen there are two Slips : —

£ s. d. £ 8. d.

"forty halberds at 6s. 8d. each halberd 15 6 8" instead of 13 6 8

"86greatbasketes...at5s.6d.eachbaskettes23 2 0*' „ 23 13 0

"46 less ba8kettes...at lOd. each baskett 1 18 4" = 1 18 4

"This summe is . . 38 7 0" instead of 38 18 0

It will be seen that the accountant is not only wrong in
two of his items, but also in the sum of the three, whidi
as his figures stand should be £40 78. Od. instead of £38
7s. OA, or when corrected for the two errors pointed out,
£38 18s. Od.

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260 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE.

Finally, the accountant makes the sum of £1355 IBs. 9d.
+ £1031 198. 9d. + £740 Is. 6A + £32 17a, 6A = £3157 178. 6A,
whereas it really is £3160 178. 6d.; and by adding £38 7s. OA
to £3157 17s. 6d. he gets £3196 14s. 6d., whilst in the present
day no more than £3196 4s. 6d. would be obtained.

It is obvious that Sir Edmund was, or employed, a bad
accountant^ or that grave errors have bBen made in copying.
There are Slips somewhere.

III. Harper's New Monthly Magazine.

1. Sir Francis Drake : — Harpei^s New Monthly Magazine,
for December, 1868, voL xxxviii, No. 223, contains an
unsigned article entitled South-coast Saunterings in England
(pp. 24r-41), in which there are a few Slips respecting Sir
Francis Drake, as the following passages will show : —

" When Drake returned from the famous discovery of the
Pacific, Queen Elizabeth, on knighting him, gave him, as a
device on his coat of arms, the figure of a Moor, which meant
simply a compliment to the then highly respectable business
of negro slave-trading

" At Plymouth tradition points out the spot where his five
ships weighed anchor on the 13th of December, 1577, for the
famous voyage . . . and that at which, two years later, four
of those ships laden with the gold of California, cast anchor
again, and Drake stood on a deck where the Queen was proud
to visit him, to partake a banquet, and knight him as he

knelt there But few at Plymouth, however, knew or

remembered, amidst those grand stories, one thing which
Drake really did of importance — ^he devised a scheme, and
at a heavy expense to himself carried it out, of supplying
Plymouth with pure water by a leat running from Dart-
moor."

It is obvious that the writer believes of Drake :

(A.) That he discovered the Pacifia

(B.) That Queen Elizabeth gave him, as a device on his
coat of arms, the figure of a Moor.

(C.) That his voyage of circumnavigation was accomplished
in about two years.

(D.) That he brought back four of the five ships he took
with hiuL

(E.) That the Queen knighted him at Plymouth.
(F.) That few of the inhabitants of Plymouth know that
he brought them water from Dartmoor.

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NOTES Olt SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE. 261

(G.) That the water scheme was carried out at a heavy-
expense to himself.

There is but little if any doubt that in each of these points
the author has slipped into an error; and the aim of the
following considerations is to show that he has.

(A.) Discovery of the Pacific : — The Pacific was discovered,
not by Drake, but by Vasco Nufiez de Balboa, the Spanish
governor of Darien, who crossed the isthmus in 1513, and
was the first European who saw it (See P. Cyclo. vol. iii.,
p. 314; £ncy, Brit. voL xvii. p. 462, Eighth ed.; or Irving's
Companions of Columbus, ch. ix.) Nor was Drake the first
European commander who navigated the Pacific, as this
honour had been secured by Fernando Magalhaens, a Portu-
guese, who entered it through the Strait which bears his
name, on 27th November, 1520. (See P. Cyclo., vol. xiv. p.
277 ; or Uncy, Brit., 8th ed. voL xiii. p. 808.)

(B.) The device given to Drake by Queen Elizabeth: — The
question of Drake s Coat of Arms has been much discussed,
as is well known to every reader of Notes and Queries. The
writer, however, has mixed up two famous Devonians, for the
device which he says was given to Drake, was really given
to his contemporary and relative — Sir John Hawkins of
Plymouth. Prince, speaking of Hawkins, says : " In this
expedition [1564] he was so successful against the Moors,
the Clarentieux Hervey, that then was, in the year following,
added for his crest of arms, a Deraie Moor, in his proper
colour, bound in a cord. . . . This seems to signify as if he
had taken prisoner some roytelet, or chief person among the
Moors. {Worthies of Devon, ed.. 1810, p. 472. See also p.
476 ; or Lysons' Devonshire, 1822, p. cxlviii.)

There can be little doubt that, notwithstanding Prince's
innocent hypothesis to the contrary, the crest was, as the
author states, " a compliment to the then highly respectable
business of negro slave-trading," for it is well known that in
1562 Hawkins obtained on the Guinea coast a cargo of slaves,
whom he carried to the West Indies where he sold them;
that he was similarly engaged in 1564 — the year mentioned
by Prince — and in 1567. (See P. Cyclo. xii., 68; or Ency.
Brit, xi., 249.)

(C.) Duration of the Voyage of Circumnavigation : — There
seems to be a general concurrence amongst writers that Drake
left Plymouth finally on his famous voyage on 13th December,

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262 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNBCTED WITH DEVONSHIBB.

1577 (See Froude's Hist, qf England, voL xL p. 374), but
there is a diversity of statement respecting the date of his
return ; Prince ( Worthies, p. 322) and the Penny Cydopcedia
(ix. 122) making it the 26th September; Mr. Froude (xL
396), the beginning of October; and the Encydoposdia
Britannica (vol. viii. p. 133) as well as the Plimouth Memoirs
(Trans. Flym. Inst. vol. v. p. 524), the 3rd November, 1680.
In any case, the voyage occupied upwards of 2*75 years, and,
fractions omitted, must be termed three years, not two. In
accordance with this are the lines which, with others, are
under Drake's portrait in the Plymouth Guildhall (See
Worth's Hist, of Flym., p. 41) :—

'* Great Drake, whose shippe about the worlde*8 wide waste
In three years did a golden girdle cast."

(D.) Number of Ships he brought back: — As the author
states, Drake's squadron consisted of five ships — the largest,
the Felican, of 120, or, as some say, 100 tons, and the
smallest^ the Christopher, of but 15. Of these, one was fired
and abandoned soon after leaving the Plate River; the
smallest was left behind at Port St. Julian, in Patagonia ; a
third went down soon after entering the Pacific; and the
Elizabeth of 80 tons, which also reached the Pacific, aban-
doned the voyage, and reached England in June, 1579. (See
Froude, vol. xL pp. 372-8). Of the five, therefore, one alone,
the Felican, circumnavigated the globe; and this was the
only ship Drake brought back.

(E.) Where was Drake knighted?: — The impression left
on the reader of the article under notice, is of necessity that
the Queen went to Plymouth and knighted the brave navi-
gator there; but according to Mr. Froude — and this is in
harmony with all the other accounts I have seen— "The
Pelican was brought round to the Thames, and drawn up on
shore at Deptford to be preserved as a remembrance of the
voyage. A banquet was held on board, at which Elizabeth
was present, and the occasion was used to give Drake the
honour of knighthood." (xi. 402).

(F.) The alleged ignorance of the people of FlymoiUh gen-
erally on the subject of the Water: — The author must have
been singularly unfortunate in the acquaintances he made at
Plymouth, as well as in his studies of the town, to be able
to say on leaving it that **few knew or remembered that
Drake carried out a scheme of supplying Plymouth with

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE. 263

pure water by a leat from Dartmoor/* A visit to the Guild-
hall would have shown liim the following lines amongst those
beneath the portrait already mentioned : —

Who with fresh sireams refresht this Towne at first,
Though kist with waters, yet did pine with thirst;"

be might have learned firom the Old Town Conduit, in
Tavistock Eoad, that "Sr Francis Drake first brought the
"Water into Plymouth in 1591 at least, any one who was,
or had ever been, a member of the Corporation, could have
told him all about the annual "Fishing Feast" in August,
when the Mayor and Corporation inspect the leat, and at the
Weir Head drink first, in water, "To the pious memory of
Sir Francis Drake," and then, in wine, " May the descendants
of him who bi-ought us water never want wine." (See Worth's
Mist, of Flym,, pp. 41, 309-11).

(G.) At whose expense was the water scheme carried out !: —
The following entries occur in the Plimouth Memoir's Collected
by James Yonge. 1684: —

" 1589-90 ... In m' Blythman's Mayoralty I finde the
town agreed with s' F, Drake, to bring in y* watur and give
him £200 in hand.

" 1590-1. Dec' 1590 F. Drake began on the Rivulet,
and brought It into the town (25 myles) 24 Aprile following,
and before Michaealmas built 6 mills, 2 at Wythy, 4 at y* town,
also divers conduits." (See Tram. Flym. Inst., vol. v. pp.
526-7.)

Mr. Worth says : " Drake was — and is even now by some —
supposed to have brought the water into Plymouth at his
own cost. ... A Corporation entry, under date 1590, states :
' Agreed with Sir Francis Drake to bring the water into the
town, and paid him £200.' Subsequently he is said to have
been paid for his great care and diligence £352 16s. 8d. He
also had a lease for sixty-seven years of the grist mills which
he built — two at Widey and four in the town," {Hist, of
Flym., p. 309.) •

It may be concluded then that Drake did not discover the
Pacific ; that Queen Elizabeth did not give him as a device
on his coat of arms, the figure of a Moor ; that his voyage of
circumnavigation was not accomplished in two years; that
he did not bring back four of the five ships he took with
him ; that the Queen did not knight him at Plymouth ; that
more than a few of the inhabitants of Plymouth know that

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264 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE.

he brought them water from Dartmoor; and that the water
scheme was not carried out at a heavy expense to himself.

IV. Hunt, Mr. E.

1. Plymouth or Liskeard? The following occurs in
Popular Romances of the West of England; or. The Drolls^
Traditions, and Superstitions of Old Cornwall, Collected and
Edited by Robert Hunt, F,R.S. First and Second Series in
One Volume, (No date on title-page.)

''WBATHBE AT LI8KBARD.

<* The south wind always brings wet weather ;
The north wind wet and cold together.
The west wind always brings us rain ;
The east wind blows it back again.
If the sun in red should set,
The next day surely wiU be wet ;
If the sun should set in gray,

The next will be a rainy day.' t» ■., , >.

^ ^ Bond 8 Lfioe,

Mr. Hunt has made a Slip here, and has thereby robbed
Devonshire and enriched Cornwall. The lines certainly
occur in Mr. Bond's History of Looe (1823), p. 140 ; but
they are introduced with the words *'The Plymouth Calender
states that there " (then follow the lines which Mr. Hunt has
quoted verbatim). Baluolensis, however, claimed them for
Plymouth as long ago as 1854 (See Notes and Queries, 1st S.
ix., 585 ; or Trans, Devon Assoc. viiL 724.

The Devonshire Calendar and Register for 1876. London,
Percy and Co., Paternoster Kow, p. 5, applies the lines to
Dartmoor exclusively.

V. Kabkeek, Mr. P. Q.

1. Amy Robsart: — In "-4 my Robsart. A Lecture read before
the Natural History Society, Torquay, on February 2nd, 1874,
By Paui Q, Karkeek, Esq," pp. 39, the following passage
occurs : — " Much as I should have liked to trace a connection
between Amy Robsart and this county [Devonshire], I was
not able to do so, and from the other facts I have given, I
fear we have no claim to the honour of clanship with the
heroine." p. 14. In short, the author is of opinion that
Amy Robsart was bom, not at Lidcot Hall, N. Devon, but at
Stanfield Hall, Norfolk.

In the First Report of the Committee on Devonshire Cele-
brities {Trans. Devon, Assoc,, vol. ix., pp. 103-119, 1877),
however, the following entry occurs: — "Robsart, Amy: b
Ludcote Hall, near Barnstaple," p. 117.

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE. 265

I venture on no opinion on the question, being, indeed, in
possession of none ; but unless the same person can be born
in two places, there is a Slip in at least one of the foregoing
statements.

In a Query put by Mr. Alfred Eimmer in Notes and
Queries of 3rd November, 1877 (5th S., viii., 349), it is clear
that he is of opinion that Amy was the daughter of Sir John
Eobsart of Sheen Court, Surrey.

VI. Walker, Patricius.

The following statements occur in an article entitled
Jtanibles, By Patriciiis Walker, Esq. In Devon and Cornwall,
'which appeared in Fran's Magazine for November, 1877,
pp. 575-91. (Vol. xvi.. No. xcv. New Series.)

1. IvYBRiDGE AND Plympton : — " On the wings of the
South- Western Eailway I fled along the fringe of Dartmoor,
glancing down wooded valley and up rocky fell, by Oke-
hampton and Tavistock, Ivybridge and Plympton, and so,
skirting a broad inlet of sea-water, alighted in the famous
town of Plymouth." p. 575.

The " South- Western Eailway" would, no doubt, take a
traveller to Plymouth by way of "Okehampton and Tavi-
stock," but not by way of " Ivybridge and Plympton ;" since
the latter two lie on the route of the South Devon Eailway.

2. Plymouth, Stonehouse, and Devonport: — "Devonport
is a borough with its Mayor and Corporation, and sends two
Members to Parliament ; Plymouth is a borough, with another
Mayor and Corporation and its own two Members; Stone-
house again, wedged in between, is governed by a mere Local
Board and votes for the County. If so anomalous a state of
things exists anywhere else in the United Kingdom, I do not
know where to look for it" p. 582.

The author has made a Slip here, as Stonehouse, instead of
"voting for the county," forms part of the Parliamentary
borough of Devonport.

3. Devonport: — "The Dockyard was only 'Plymouth
Dock ' till 1824, and then suddenly flowered into the dignity
of a Borough Town with the new name of 'Devonport.'
Perhaps because its honours were then in their newest gloss,
the Eeform Act of '32 was merciful to it." p. 582.

The author has again slipped. Devonport, no doubt, re-
ceived its present name in 1824, but it did not then " flower "

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266 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRE.

into either a Municipal Borough" or a Parliamentary
" Borough." The author supposes that " the Befonn Act of
'32 " found it a Parliamentary Borough, and was so merciful
to it" as to leave it as it found it. The truth, however, is
that the said Beform Act found both Devonport and Stone-
house unrepresented in Parliament; it united them as one
Parliamentary Borough, with the right of sending two mem-r
bers to the National Council It was, however, not until
1837 that it became incorporated as a municipality, " when
it was divided into six wards . . . with twelve aldermen
and thirty-six councillors." (See Worth's Hist, qf Devonport
1870, pp, 38-9.)

VIL Waugh, Mr. Edwin.

An article entitled On the Dart, by Mr. Edwin Waugh,
copied into the Torquay Directory of 10th October 1877,
from the Manchester Weekly Post^ contains the following
passages :

1. "And all the air of this green sea-washed Devonshire
seems crowded with the stirring memories of a thousand
years of English renown. This is, indeed, a land of romance,
both in the peculiar beauty of its natural features, and in its
association with men whose very names make the blood of
an Englishman tingle in his veins; for this is the native
country of Martin Frobisher, and of Davis, the Arctic ex-
plorer, who gave name to Davis's straits, and of bluff John
Hawkins, and of that grave English sea-king, Admiral Blake^
and of Sir Walter Ealeigh, and Sir Francis Drake, and the
great Duke of Marlborough. This is, also, the birthplace of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, of Ford the dramatist, of Bobert
Herrick, of Peter Pindar, and Sir Joshua Reynolds, and
Northcote, and Haydon, and Prout, and Eastlake, and a host
of others, whose names will wrestle hard with time. No
wonder that Devonshire men should be proud of their native
county.

" And this pleasant land-locked harbour [Dartmouth], on
the Devonshire shore, has been the scene of strange events in
days gone by. Here, oa the 25th of March, 1190, Richard
the Lion-hearted, mustered the chivalry of England, and
sailed for the Holy Land; and from this port, in 1347, a
large armament set sail, under Edward the Third, for the'
siege of Calais. . . , . . And lastly, but not least interesting
of all, it was from this harbour, in the month of July, 1620,
that the Pilgrim Fathers set sail, in their two little vessels.

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NOTES ON SLIPS CONNBGTED WITH DEV0N3HIBE. 267

the Speedwell and the MayfiaweTy freighted with one hundred
souls, little thinking that in so short a time as this they were
to give rise, in the wilds of North America, to one of the
most powerful nations the world has ever seen "

Devonshire is, without doubt, not only proud of her sons,
but much too proud to think of robbing other counties of
theirs, or of receiving stolen goods from the hands of anyone,
and must decline consequently to receive as hers those names
I have italicised in the foregoing extracts.

(A.) Admiral Blake was a native, not of Devonshire, but
of Bridgewater, in Somersetshire, where he was born in
August, 1599 (Live» of JSminent Persons, in Library of Useful
Knmledgi). The foUowing Memorandum, however, in the
Pliwjoxkth Memoir's Collected hy James Yonge. 1684-, connects
Blake with this county : —

"1656-57. Blake grown sickly, returnes home, and in
sight of this port [Plymouth] dyeth, was embalmed, his
Bowells buried here by the Mayors seat dore, his corps at
Westminster among y* kings." {Frans. Plym. Inst^ vol. v.,
p. 533.)

(B.) Martial Frohisher was not a native of Devonshire, but,
according to Stow, of Doncaster, in Yorkshire. He was no
doubt associated with this county, both in his life and in his
death, for, to go no farther, he commanded the Aid in Sir
^Francis Drake's expedition to the West Indies ; and, on 7th
November, 1594, he died at Plymouth, and was buried in
that town. (P. Cydo., vol. x., pp. 485-6.)

(C.) Robert Herrick was, of course, associated with Devon-
shire, as he was vicar of Dean Prior, near Ashburton, where
he died and was buried in October, 1674 ; but he appears not
to have been a native of the county, as he was the son of
Nicholas Heyrick, of Cheapside, in the city of London, gold-
smith. (See Notes and Qiceries, 2nd S., x., 356.)

That Dartmouth harbour " has been the scene of strange
events in days gone by " will be admitted by all ; it will be
admitted, too, that the scene is connected with the "Third
Crusade," with the siege of Calais by Edward III., and with
the voyage of the "Pilgrim Fathers;" but Mr. Waugh's
narrative is calculated, in each of these cases, to leave a
false impression on the minds of his readers.

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268 NOTES ON SLIPS CONNECTED WITH DEVONSHIRK

(D.) Eichard 1. neither "mustered the chivalry of England"
at Dartmouth, nor was it thence that he " sailed for the Holy-
Land, on "the 25th of March, 1190." We leara from Hove-
den (vol. ii p. 146, Bohn's ed.) that he left England for his
journey on 11th December, 1189, when he crossed from
Dover to Calais ; and (p. 134) that ten of his ships assembled
at Dartmouth, whence they sailed in 1190.

(K) Edward III., according to Mr. Waugh, sailed person-
ally from Dartmouth for the siege of Calais in 1347; whereas
the fact appears to be simply that the inhabitants furnished
as many as 31 ships for the si^e.

(F.) According to Bancroft, as quoted by Mr. Worth in his
History of Plymouth (pp. 59, 60) the Pilgrim Fathers con-
sisted of a small body of English Puritans, who, in 1608,
settled at Leyden, whence, after a residence of eleven years,
they sought a home in the New World. Having chartered
the Mayflower of 180 tons, and the Speedwell of 60, they
sailed for Southampton, and after a stay of a fortnight they
set sail for America ; but the Speedwell needing repairs, they
put into Dartmouth, and resumed their voyage at the end of
eight days. They seem to have nearly lost sight of land,
when, it becoming necessary to return to port, they put back
to Plymouth. From this port a portion of the party only
had courage to proceed on the voyage, which, continued by
the Mayflower sJone, was finally recommenced on 6th Sep-
tember, 1620, there being on board a total of 101 persons,
including women and children.

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NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST.

BY THE BEV. TRBASUREB HAWKEB, M.A.
(Bead at Fadgnton, August, 1878.)

DoGBERBY says to his neighbour Verges, in Much Ado about
Ifothing (iii. v.), "Comparisons are odorous;" and notwith-
standing Mrs. Malaprop's dictum to Lydia Languish, "No
caparisons, if you please, Miss; caparisons don't become a
young woman;" I accept Dogberry's sententious statement.
For in contrasting South and North Devon, Dogberry's words
are literally true. The comparison of their respective beauties
and merits must be " odorous^' because only what is firagrant,
and sweet, and delightful, can be produced by any handling
or collision.

How happy could I be with either,
Were ^ other dear charmer away ! "

exclaimed that somewhat disreputable hero. Captain Mac-
heath, in the Beggar^s Optra. I, a dweller now in the North,
but a native of and sojourner for many years in South Devon,
say, not "How happy could I be with either," but, "How
happy I am to belong to both." In this matter I willingly
own myself to be guilty of bigamy.

It is curious how North and South Devon answer to each
other in their respective features, " Alike, yet not the same."
A very distinguished scholar of my old college (BaUiol), on
being asked by the Master what he meant in his essay by
" metaphysical unity," answered, " Oh, concentrated duality !"
and without pretendiing to understand exactly what perhaps
was not meant to be understood, I accept the phrase for my
county. Of the two divisions, one may quote Helena's
touching remonstrance in the Midsummer Night's Dream
about Hermia —

A union in partition,
Two lovely berries moulded on one stem.*'

Dartmoor and Exmoor at once rise to the lips of North or
South folk, according to their dwelling. Exmoor proper is,
VOL. X. R

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NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST.

I am aware, not in the diocese of Exeter ; but its spurs stretch
into Devon, and the whole is sufficiently close to claim it as
belonging to Devon. The boundary of the two counties, as
well as of Oare and Brendon parishes, is, I believe, defined
by the Bagworthy river.

I cannot say that I know Exmoor nearly as well as Dart-
moor. I have seen some very lovely bits on the skirts of the
former ; as lovely, I think, as Houndtor Ridge, near Manaton,
or the view up the Dart, a little beyond New Bridge, or Dart-
meet, just below Brimpts ; but nothing on Exmoor, or any-
where else that I am aware of in the whole world, equds
the Tors of Dartmoor — one hundred and sixty in number, I
believe, with their strange, weird shapes, and fantastic names.
Nothing either can exceed, I should suppose, the savage,
desolate wildness of the part about Cranmere Pool, and Fur
Tor, or the grim dreariness in a chilling fog of Princetown,
with its granite-walled prison.

It must not be forgotten that Carrington has sung of Dart-
moor in no mean or unworthy verses, but it has yet to be
pourtrayed in pleasant tale, as Exmoor has been by the
fascinating author of Loma Doom. The savages indeed,
amongst whom that fair love of John Rigg was brought up,
had their likeness in the Gubbins family, near Tavistock, who
devoured the baby with onion sauce on a Sunday morning,
and were denounced by the terrified servant, who had hidden
herself in the oven, and witnessed through the chink of the
door her charge's demolition. The future heroine of a Dart-
moor novelist must be of a different type from Lonia Doone,
as the two districts are different in their aspects; the one
answering more to a fine, the other to a pretty woman, being
at any rate on a much smaller scale than Dartmoor.

But perhaps some one, bom and bred in North, as I was
in South Devon, may set against Dartmoor the Valley of
Rocks, near Lynton. I am not going for a moment to de-
preciate a most striking and beautiful feature of the unique
north coast ; still I should uphold the cliff scenery between
the Bolt Head and Bolt Tail, near Salcombe, as, if not so
extensive, quite as fine. The hamlet of Hope, nestling under
the Bolt Tail, renowned for its catches of lobsters, may not be
so picturesque as Clovelly ; yet it has an indescribable charm
under the frowning headland, vexed with continual surges of
the Channel waves. And Bigbury Bay, with Borough Island,
requires only to be made more easy of access to attract
Plymothians by its beautiful scenery and invigorating sea
breezes. Besides, if I may for once be professional, that

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NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST.

271

district boasts of an Archdeacon — almost, fix)m the number
of churches under his pastoral care — a Bishop, and, what is
more to the purpose perhaps on this occasion, not long since
a most worthy President of our Association.

Of course there is nothing in North Devon like the Three
Towns — Plymouth, Stonehouse, and Devonport, now almost
one, with their vast population (for the West) ; the naval
and military establishments ; the mercantile and emigration
traffic ; the host of fishing-boats ; nothing like the Breakwater
at the entrance of Plymouth Sound, or the Eddystone Light-
house further out ; and I suppose the view from the Hoe at
Plymouth can only be rivalled by what I have never seen,
the Bay of Naples. I need not dwell upon the historical
associations connected with the Hoe in the days of the Black
Prince, the Armada, and otherwise.

Torquay too, of sea-side places in the West (may I not say
of sea-side places anywhere?), is the qu^en, facile pi-inceps,
quite to my mind unrivalled in its natural beauty, and from
the skill with which the hand of man has developed its
natural beauty. And the red soil about Torquay, Teignmouth,
and Dawlish seems to me to give a warmth of colouring that
greatly enhances the loveliness of the south coast.

But Ilfracombe has charms — its cliffs are rocks and not
earth — which have yet to be fully developed now that there
are easier means of access to such an Ultima ThtUe, Westward
Ho ! has been patted on th6 back by the genial hand of
Kingsley, as Loch Katrine was brought into notice by Scott's
Zady of the Lake. Clovelly is the quaintest and loveliest
of sea-coast villages, with Lundy Island in the distance.
South Wales, with its teeming population and manifold
industries, may almost be claimed as belonging to North
Devon, from the constant communication between Swansea,
Cardiff, and Newport. The Bristol Channel too, from its
depth, enables ships of large burden to come much nearer
the land than is possible on a great part of the south coast.
American-going steamers of two thousand tons come close to
Ilfracombe, from whence seventy-six steamers have been
counted in the day. Moreover, from some cause, which I am
not scientific enough to explain, there are often seen colours
of the most varied and beautiful hue on its surfaca*

I never realized Homer's Tlop<l>vp€ov Kvixa, the purple wave,
until I saw the exact hue, as I was wdking along the splendid

* Whether this phenomenon arises, as it has heen suggesttMl to me, by the
Boil brought down from the higher part of the Channel, and acted upon by
the salt water and the snn's rays, I do not pretend to say.

R 2

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272 NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST.

coast-road from Ilfracombe to Combmartin. But, why or
wherefore I do not know, the iridescence, to take a long yet
expressive word, of the Bristol Channel, might have led a
Pagan of Old Greece to believe that Juno's messenger, Iris,
was perpetually crossing from one shore to the other, and
shedding her threefold colours over the sea. Again, the
peculiarity has been remarked that the Welsh coast is almost
constantly visible (when it is very clear it is a sure sign of
changing weather) from North Devon; whereas the French
coast, very little farther, is by no means a common object
irom the shore about Dover. Nor is the immediate Welsh
coast of very high character, although no doubt the coast
about Calais and Boulogne is low.

I approach now as tender a point as a lady's age — the
comparison of climate. Notwithstanding the popular distrust
of figures alike with facts, some confidence must now be put
in statistics, especially as regards meteorology ; for they are
in these days carefully kept, certainly by the membei*s of the
Devonshire Association, under precise rules and conditions,
or they are not accepted.

There is no doubt then that the climate of Ilfracombe is
perfect, and something more, for it is half a degree warmer
in winter, and half a degree cooler in summer, than that
favoured spot Torquay. In both North and South Devon —
excepting perhaps that district, a sort of middle passage,
where it is said Pluto caught' cold from the chilling wet —
"the air nimbly and sweetly recommends itself unto our
gentle senses;" but on the North coast it is bracing, not
biting, and less relaxing than on the South.

I am not (it would be base and suicidal in me, bom and
bred in South Devon, so to do) going to apply the lines in
the Tempest to the dwellers there, when Sebastian says
(Act ii. I.),

** What a strange drowsiness possesses them !
and Antonio replies,

*' It is the quality of the climate."

Nor do I, for the same reason, say with Gibbon, what he did
about the Pannonians, "Perhaps the climate is adapted to
the production of great bodies and slow minds." (Vol. L
cap. V. p. 248.) I am of small stature myself, and I have
met with any amount of sharpness in the wildest nooks of
Dartmoor; but I am bound to allow that a great deal of
South Devon is soft and somewhat enervating. The North,
according to my short experience, is far more calculated to

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273

invigorate people fairly robust It gives an appetite, which
has the single inconvenience of swelling portentously for
paterfamilias the butchers' biUs.

The North however, it must be acknowledged, is a windy
r^on (ave/jLo^ra-a Tpoia), and the necessity of walking or
riding firmly against violent blasts sweeping up the Bristol
Channel may account for the remarkably erect figures of the
women, struggling vigorously with adversity.

You can often tell something about a country from the
customs of the inhabitants. When I was a young man and
visited my friends at Plymouth the magistrates always
seemed to me to be trjring people for stealing umbrellas —
almost a necessity of life there. In North Devon you will
see every market-woman jogging along to Ilfracombe witli a
stout handkerchief tied tightly over her bonnet, and looking
anxiously to Wales, as if to pick out a soft place for her
head in case it should be blown off by a sudden squall and
carried across the vexed sea.

The Registrar General's reports would probably show small
difference in the healthiness of the respective divisions of
the county. It used to be said on and about Dartmoor that
the natives lived as long as they pleased ; it may be that the
weak ones are all eliminated early by the climate. When I
first came to my present parish in North Devon, and asked
whether there were any sick persons whom I could visit, I
was told in a tone of surprise, " Oh, no, sir ! nobody is ever
ill in Berry Narbor. There's an old man, to be sure, over 90,
who has taken lately to his bed ; but there han't much the
matter with him that I knows of." I thought to myself of
the story of the Scotchman who said to his doctor, " Ye pu*
a vara lang face, doctor; d'ye think I'm dangerously ill?"
" Na, na," was the reply, " I don't think ye 're dangerously
ill ; but I think ye 're dangerously old."

In the churchyard of the old parish church at Hfraeombe,
at the east end, there are two tombstones giving the names
of some centenarians ; but I have never b^n able to verify
the assertion by any parochial registers, or any other authority
beyond the usual, " They always said ;" " There is no question
about their having lived to a hundred k. t. X."

However, we may fairly, I think, taking the county as a
whole, affirm that for the generality of people they must be
hard to please if they cannot find some spot, either North or
South, where, with ordinary precautions, the usual span of
life may be attained, and the threescore years and ten enjoyed
after a reasonable fashion. Few places are so healthy or

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NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST.

fortunate as that American town where there was only one
aged pauper, and he had money in the savings bank.

It has been said that although " the climate *s delicate, the
air most sweet, fertile the isle " ( Winter's Tale) — for Devon is
half an island — it is not productive of great geniuses or intel-
lects ; in fact that it is a sort of Boeotia, where the natives
are generally heavy and stupid. I have not found North
Devonians dull, in the matter of their own interests, any
more than South Devonians; but I think they sometimes
forget with new-comers that they must be " skilless in these
parts," and ought not to be expected to know all at once
what those bom and bred in North Devon know.

This sort of talk, however, is diflScult to refute, as it is
difficult to refute depreciation of eminent lawyers, or com-
manders, or otherwise. No one, I suppose, will question the
fact of Devonshire's many artists — Northcote, Sir Joshua
Reynolds, Haydon, Samuel Prout, Sir Charles Eastlake, for
instance ; all, I acknowledge, belonging to the South, mainly
Plymouth and its vicinity.

In theology, I would name "the learned and judicious
Hooker," bom at Heavitree, near Exeter, and Jewell, author
of the Apology for the Church of England, born at Berry
Narbor, a small village in the North of Devon. To represent
science, there are four Fellows of the Royal Society at the
present time belonging to Devon— our distinguished president
for this year being one of them ; but all, I am bound to say,
dwell in the South.

Among those deceased there occur to me Newcomin ; John
Tonge, F.R.S.; Sir William Snow Harris, the electrician; Thomas
Fowler, of Torrington. For literature and poetry we can boast
of Samuel Taylor Golendge.clarum et venerahile nomen; Gififord,
Praed, Sir John Bowring, and others ; whilst in the legal pro-
fession— no small test of acuteness of intellect — a host of
names, ancient and modern, spring up — the Lord Chief Justice
Fortescue (immortalized by Shakspere), Dunning, Sir William
Follett — and, amongst living celebrities. Lord Coleridge, Chief
Justice of the Common Pleas ; Sir John Karslake ; Sir Robert
T. Collier, our President for next year. And as for gallant
sailors and soldiers they are not to be counted.

Such are a few of the salient points by way of contrast
between the North and South of Devon. Herrick says, some-
what sourly —

** More discontents I never had
Since I was born than here ;
Where I have been and stUl am sad,
In this dull Devonshire."

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NORTH AND SOUTH DEVON IN CONTRAST. 275

I remember in the early days of the Crystal Palace going in
with the crowd and hearing a woman say to her companion,
who was rather disparaging the place, as not fulfilling her
expectations : " Why, wot would ye have ? Te wants to be
in *eaven at once, ye do/* And if Herrick, with that most
lovely Dean Valley mnning up to the Moor, could speak as
he did of the county, only the Elysian Fields would have
satisfied him. For myself I can safely aver that I have never
found it dull for a single hour in either North or South
Devon. And having got to the end of my slight handling of
their respective beauties and attractions, the best summing
up I can give is perhaps what Sir Walter Scott says of Minna
and Brenda, the two sisters, in the Pirate, cap. iil

" The difference of their tempers and of their complexions
was singularly striking, although combined, as is usual, with
a certain degree of family resemblance."

I desire to add for myself, rejoicing in the delights of North
Devon, and yet mindful of my first love. South Devon, that
the verses with which Sir Walter heads his chapter from
which I have quoted, do not apply to me —

«* O Beasy Bell and Mary Gray,
They were twa bonnie lasses ;
They Digged a housb on yon burn-brae,
And tiieekit it ower wi rashes.

« Fair Bessy Bell I looed yestreen,
And thought I ne*er could alter ;
But Mary Gray's twa pawky een
Have garr*d my fancy falter."

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NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS OF
DEVONSHIEE PLACE-NAMES.

BT B. H. WOBTH, F.G.8., BTC.
(Read at Paignton, August, 1878.)

Important particulars concerning the early and unwritten
history of our county, may unquestionably be gathered from
an examination and analysis of our Devonshire place-names.
The subject is too large to be discussed with adequate fulness
within the limits of a paper like the present : but it is stiU
possible to draw some general conclusions, which may not be
without their value, and to show that the place-names of
Devonshire, unaided from any other source, yield much and
certain information concerning that early period of history
for which we are otherwise obliged to fall back upon legend ;
or to accept the vague, bald, statements of a chronicler, first
reduced to writing when the tradition in which they origi-
nated had been worn down by the attrition of centuries.
Etymological studies are commonly uncertain; the conclusions
often ludicrous. As a rule too much is made of mere coinci-
dences, and conclusions reached unauthorized by any wide
generalization. Many of our derivations are mere guesses —
happy or otherwise, as the case may be. Not long since it was
suggested that because the chief priest of the Thibetan reli-
gion is called a lama, and because heth is the Hebrew for
house, it did not as a matter of course follow that Lambeth
took name from the residence of the primate of all England.
We can all see the absurdity of such an etymology as that,
but there are hundreds of derivations current not one whit
less ridiculous, and we have our share of them in Devon.

To be unfettered in my enquiry, I have endeavoured to
take what seems to me an independent course.* No doubt

* ''Authorities" were not consulted until the results of the investigation
had assumed definite shape, with the exception, for the Saxon words, of
Bosworth's Anglo-Saxon Dietionarp, and, for the Keltic, of Williams's
Lexicon Comu-Britannieum.

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DEVONSHIRE PLACE-NAMES.

277

many of my conclusions will seem as far-fetched to some of
my hearers as those from which I am compelled to dissent do
to me. Be it so. No etymologist is infallible ; but the nearest
approach to certainty will surely lie in the effort to be system-
atic, and in the attempt to pursue the investigation on scientific
principles. At such system and science I have therefore aimed.
The general principles which prescribe the direction of the
investigation are sufficiently clear. Simple coincidence is of
all things to be most distrusted ; and the most plausible deri-
vation may be questioned if some special fitness cannot be
detected either in the place itself or in its belongings, among
which, for the present purpose, may be classed its owners
and its history. All place-names of primaeval character have
their meanings, and are revelations of the early history of
the locality in which they are found. Commonly these names
are descriptive of material peculiarities of the places to which
they were given, not of any accident of ownership. Places
gave name to people long before people gave name to places.
The language of the description indicates the oldest race
associated with the place with whose name we are dealing,
of whom we have any knowledge. Except in one important
class of cases, derivations of mixed language are to be avoided,
save in the rarest instances. It is mere folly to divide a word
into syllables, and then hunt about until we find some tongue
in which each syllable may be twisted into a meaning. We
have had one illustration on this head in Lambeth. Suppose
we take Paignton for another. Paign corresponds very closely
in sound with the French word 'pain, " bread," and ton is an
English measure of weight that needs no description. Are
we therefore to conclude that Paignton means "a ton of
bread," and to see in the name some mysterious reference to
the traditional Paignton charter-pudding ? Mixed derivations
are, however, common where a generic word in one tongue is
supplemented by a specific word in another ; or where, throuj^h
lack of understanding, a common name is taken for a proper
name, a generic or specific name attached, and a compound
reduplicative or fwjcumulative word produced. Finally, no
derivation can be accepted with safety which is not consistent
with the oldest-known form of the name under examination.

I shall deal in the first place with the river names, amongst
which our oldest examples of nomenclature are to be found ;
then with the names of Dartmoor (our mountain names);
and lastly with those of our parishes, supplemented by
examples drawn from an examination of several thousand
names of towns, villages, and farms. With so wide a basis

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278 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

of investigation I hope that individual errors will be of
little importance, and will not materially vitiate my general
conclusions.

First for our rivers.
• Reasoning a 'priori we should conclude that as a rule the
largest rivers would be most retentive of their original namea
This is clearly so in Devon. We have the Tamar, the Tavy,
the Taw, the Torridge, and the Teign, a remarkable group,
and unquestionably related, though Mr. Isaac Taylor ♦ derives
the last-mentioned from dxm. We have in all, however,
the same root that we find in the names of the Thames, Tees,
Tay, Tweed, Taff, and many other rivers ; and thei-e can be
little doubt that this root is a generic word for water, probably
to be found in the oldest branch of the Keltic tongue, and
which we may take as to or iau. For want of recognizing
this relationship there has been much confusion and incon-
sistency in the attempts to deal with these names. Tamar
has been derived from the Gaelic tamh, "gentle j" and it has
been held that the Torridge somehow got its name from
Torrington. If Mr. Kemble f is right in treating Torrington
as the " tun " of the Thurings, this must be so ; but I shall
hereafter give reasons for believing the existence of clan
names in Devon very mythical. Treating the root-word as
meaning simply " water," we find that the final syllables in
Tamar, Tavy, and Torridge, are really nothing more than
distinctive suffixes in a later branch of the Keltic language,
that which descended to the Cornish; closely adlied to the
Kymric, and which, for the sake of distinction, we will here
call the Kornu. Endless difficulty has been created while
attempting to deal with Cornish and Devonshire etymologies
by forgetting that the Gaelic, the Kymric> and the Kornu-
Keltic, or Kornu, were distinct branches of the Keltic tongue,
and by endeavouring to square everything in the West of a
Keltic character to Gaelic modela I think the Gaels, by
whom I understand the Kelts of the wave immediately
succeeding the first Keltic immigrants, understood the root-
word, because they did not attempt further definition. But
the Cornish branch of the Kymry treated this ta or tau as a
proper name, and proceeded to distinguish one tau from the
other by suitable affixes. Ta-??wir is simply H^-mavrr, the
" big Ta,'' "or water;" Ta-i^, Ta-veor, the "little Ta." In the
Tav) we have the root untouched ; but Toi-ridge is Ta-rAyci,

* Names and Places, p. 219. f The 8axoH$ in England, vol. L appendix

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the "ford Ta," the "ford" {rhyd) by which the Romans
crossed that river being one of its most distinctive character-
istics in early times. In Teigii we may have Ta-e^, the
"icy" or "cold Ta." The Exe and the Axe present no difficulty.
They are clearly from the Gaelic uisg, " water," which we find
also in the Esk, the Usk, and many another river name. We
have uisg too in Ockment, but distinguished by a Xornu
suffix, probably maenic, "stony," aptly descriptive of the
boiildered bed of a Dartmoor stream. And it is probable
that uisg also appears in JT'^brook, but here with a Saxon
reduplicant.

In the Avon we have a/on, one of the commonest Kymric
words for a river. The Dart alone of the larger rivers
preserves a name of distinctly Kornu character. It is the
same name as Derwent, which Mr. Taylor* renders "clear"
water, from dur-gwyn. Dwr is the chief Kornu word
for water, but gwyn really means "white;" and the "white
water" is an epithet very fairly descriptive of a stream which
tumbles and plashes so continuously around and over the
obstructions in its course. The old form of Dartington is
Darentun. There are, too, other Darts in Devon.

So far all is clear enough ; but further investigations in
this section are attended with some difficulty. Of the names
of several of the smaller rivers, it would be unsafe to
pronounce definitely whether they are Keltic or Teutonic;
and some may be mixed. The names of many end in y —
Yarty, Coly, Cory, Bovey, Meavy, Tiddy, Becky, Ci-eedy, Torry,
for example — and this y may be either the Kymric wy, Kornu
gy, or Saxon ea, which alike mean " water." I do not think
we can treat it as a diminutiva

There can be little doubt that the names of the Derle, Deer,
Yealm, Bray, Tinhay, Torry, Coly, Kenn, Mole, Plym, and
possibly the Otter, are of Keltic origin. In the Derle and
Deer, and possibly in the Torry, dwr appears, and Otter may
very well be y-dvyr, " the water," though the suggestion that
it was named after the animal of the same name is not
wholly to be cast aside. Yealm, which has been found a
difficult word to deal with, is pi*obably from the Kornu hayle^
a "river." The old form is Yale, and the modem name Yealm
arises curiously enough from the Yale having given title to
Yealmpton, YaU-ham-tun, the "enclosed dwelling on the Yale."
In the contraction to Yealmpton the ham has been lost sight
of, and the word read as the " tun of the Yealm." We have

• Namet and Places, p. 209.

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NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

something of the same kind at Walkhamptou, where a feeder
of the Tavy is made to rejoice in the odd term of Walkham.
The river is really the Walla, a common name for Dartmoor
streams (perhaps from the Komu walla, " lower," though Mr.
C. Spence Bate, with more likelihood, takes it from the Kornu
wheala, to " work " — i.e. in the tin streams*) and its valley the
Walla-cz^. The tun of the Walla-cwm became Walkhampton,
and the river the Walkham. As the familiar name of the place
is Wackington, a golden opportunity has been lost of assigning
it to the Wackings, so named from their stoutness in fight (!).
We seem to have a name of the same class in the Batham,
though here wholly of Saxon origin. Ba^th is a Saxon word
for water, whence "bath." Bampton is really Bath-ham-tun ;
misread as the " tun of the Batham." In Morebath the name
of the river appears in its original form.

Plym has always been a crux, and I cannot be sure that I
have solved its mystery. However, the oldest form is not
Plyw, but Plyri, and "lin " is, with little doubt, the Kornu lyn,
"a lake" (not the Saxon hlynn, a "stream," which we have
in the Lyn river). The estuary of the St. Germans river is
the Lyn-her, or "long lake;" and the P in Plyn may stand
for 'pen, and thus give us the " head lake," or " head of the
lake," if, as is possible, Plympton is the older word. In that
case, I would suggest tliat Laira, or Lery, the name now
given to the Plym estuary, may be the true name of the
river. Liar is, however, " overspreading " in Kymric, which,
with wy or gy, "water," would very well apply to the Laira
as it is ; or we may take the Kornu /e, " a place," and ryn, " a
channel." Still all this is mere speculation, and no satisfac-
tory derivation has yet been suggested for the Meavy, one of
the two streams which unite to form the modern Plym, if
the Cad be a distinct river, and not the Plym itself. Chappie
suggests mwy "enlarged or augmented" water.t We are in
the same position with regard to the Erme, the root of which
Polwhele found in Armenia, and hence held it indicative of
Armenian colonization I Chappie doubtfully hints tar, "a
river," prefixed to am, "water." Nor can I satisfy myself
with regard to the Sid. I know of no Keltic root that will
fit. Sid is "broad" in Saxon, which the river is not; and
ddy or cyd, is "strife or contention," little less applicable.
Nor will Chappie's saethy "an arrow," do any better. J Mr.
Pulman suggests y-Tvant-sidin, "the winding stream." § In
the Kenn and Mole and Bray we have apparently instances

* The Etymology of Dartmoor Names." Tram, Dev. Aas., vol. iv. part ii.
p. 627. t Review of £itdon, p. 64. J Ibid, p. 68. § Local Aomet.cla/w e.

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of transference by Saxons, who, unaware that cein meant a
" ridge " in Keltic, and moel and bre each signified a ** hill,"
called the streams thence flowing by the names of the places
whence they took their rise. Coly would be of the same
class if derived from col, Komu for " neck, or ridge," which
would make Coleridge a reduplication; but coll is Kymric
for " hazel." The Tinhay may be Tin-gy, Komu, the " water
in the bottom;" but query. The Culm may be from the
Komu cam, crooked ; but this is also doubtful.

Only when we come to the smaller streams do we dis-
tinctly trace the Saxon. It is quite possible, nay, almost
certain, that many of the minor affluents of the principal
rivers had no distinctive name in early Keltic times ; nor
would they receive any until the county was more thickly
populated. The Lyn and BathaiH have been mentioned ; the
Yeo is the Saxon ea, ** water;" in the Lyd we have Myd,
" loud ;" Clist is said to mean a " drain or dyke " (?). Chappie
suggests Gaelic leasg, " sluggish." ♦ In the Becky we have the
northern form for a brook, heck, A point of considerable
importance is the variety of the words used to designate
the lesser streams. We have brook, beck, burn, bourn, lake,
water, and fleet, beside the gy or ea which appear in the
terminant y. With the possible exception of fleet, all these
names are used to express precisely the same thing — a small
stream of water, or rivulet — and they are all of Teutonic
origin, though beck and burn and lake may be regarded as
northem forms ; as Norse rather than Saxon. Nor is this all.
These words are not used interchangeably and at haphazard,
but upon what appears a kind of system. It has been often
pointed out that there is a peculiar local character about
certain of our name-words ; and Mr. R J. King, in his presi-
dential address at Torrington,t made some valuable remarks
on this head. Mr. Spence Bate, in his " Et3anology of Dart-
moor Names,'* t also gives important details on this very
point. He says that on the Erme all the streams are known
by the name of lake; on the Avon by that of brooks; on the
Dart mostly as hurm, but with some brooks; while on the
Teign the latter word again reigns supreme. Fleet, always
applied to a little stream having a tidal connection, we find
on the south coast. Stonehouse Lake was once Stoke Damerel
Fleet. There are Pomphlett on the Plym, Coffleet on the
YefiJm, Flete and Pamflete on the Erme, Warfleet on the
Dart, and the stream which flowed down the main line of

• Bevietff of EUdon, p. 62. f Tratu. Devon, Assoc., voL vii. pp. 40-1.
X Ibid, vol. iv. part ii. pp. 626-6.

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282 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

what is now the chief thoroughfare of Torquay to the harbour
was, as we learn from Mr. White's interesting history,*
known by the same name. This peculiar distribution of
different names for the same thing points inevitably to the
conclusion that the earliest Teutonic settlers in Devon were
of various races, each with its own peculiarities of dialect.
Mr. Speuce Bate sees in the occurrence of names of Norse
character in the basin of the Dart traces of Scandinavian
intercourse, and to a certain extent I am inclined to agree
with this, though without following him through all his
deductions from that fact.

Secondly for Dartmoor.

When we turn from out rivers to that which we may term
our mountains — Dartmoor — we are no longer confronted by
words distinctly representing an elder race. The very name
of the district is clearly quite modem by comparison with
such vestiges of hoar antiquity as the names of our principal
rivera Had the size of the issuing streams alone dictated
the appropriation of the title, there is little reason why
TeignmooT or Tatomoor should not have stood on nearly
equal terms with JDartmoov; and hence we may conclude
that the present name was given by men who were more
familiar with the Dart, in its connection with the moor, than
with any other of the moorland rivers. That these men were
of Teutonic race is shown by the fact that they did not use
the original name of the river, but its corrupted and con-
tracted form. Dartmoor once had its distinctive Keltic name.
That name can be traced no longer (unless indeed Dartmoor
was the original Deuffnej/nt, the "land of deep valleys,"
whence we derive Devon), and with it, so far as nomenclature
is concerned, has disappeared nearly all the evidence of
Keltic occupation. At the first glance it may seem strange
that just where there are the most important material traces
of the existence of an aboriginal population; just where the
Britons, driven to their fortresses, made the last stand against
Saxon encroachment; we should now find fewer names of
Keltic origin than anywhere else in the county. But it is
not strange after all. The handing down of place-names to a
race of alien tongue implies contemporaneity of acquaintance,
if not of occupation. When Kelts and Saxons dwelt side by
side, places as a rule would keep the names the elder dwellers
had given them. If on Dartmoor the elder race were abso-

♦ The History of Torquay, p. 100.

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lutely dispossessed, and the two never really contemporaneous,
when the Britons were driven out the work of naming would
have to be done over again by the conquerors. The paucity
of Keltic names on Dartmoor thus leads me to conclude —
first, that in the early days of Saxon colonization in Devon,
Dartmoor remained practically a terra incognita \ secondly,
that when the Saxon did find his way into Dartmoor, the
Briton was wholly expelled. These are two important points
in the history of our county.

It is quite true that there are Keltic names associated with
Dartmoor; but almost without exception they are those of
places on the borders, with which Saxon dwellers in the
lowlands might readily become familiar. Such are Manaton,
maen-y-dun, the "stony hill;" Bowermans Nose, veor-niaen,
the " big stone " — nose, of course, is Saxon ; Coryndon Ball,
caer-y-don^ the " hill camp " — Dr. Bannister * gives " Ball " as
a "rounded hill;" Cosdon (commonly called Caw sand) Beacon,
cors'don, the " moor hill ;" Pen Beacon, and Pen Shiel, now
Shell Top, in which we have the Komu pen, a "head" — shell or
shiel is a northern Teutonic form for a shed dwelling. Hamildon
which may be ymyl-don, the " boundary hill," as Amicombe
may be the "boundary coombe" or valley. And in connection
with Hamildon it is not unimportant to note that grim is a
Teutonic word for boundary. Griraspound is on Hamildon.t
Beyond such names, and some of these are doubtful, those
to which we can assign a definitely Keltic origin are few and
far between. The Walla of the numerous Walla-brooks, is
nndoubtedly Keltic, and everything is in favour of Mr. Bate*s
derivation from wheala, as referring to the tin-stream works; J
but as the Saxons must have had some acquaintance with
these, they present no difficulty. Other names which may
be cited are Clannaborough, which perhaps preserves the Komu
llan, "an enclosure;" Goytsick = cau-izzack, the "lower en-
closure;" Dunnagoat, the final syllable of which is clearly
the Komu coed, "a wood;" while in dun we have "hill" =
dun-y-coedf the "wooded hill;" and Henbury, hen, "old."
MeiTivale and Merripit (Meripit Hill), if they are Keltic in
origin, have nothing merry about them. The most probable
derivation is from the Komu marow, " dead," while ml (query,
whence vale), by the way, is a "thousand." All who know

* Olottarff of Cornish Names.

t The Bimilarity to Scandinavian personal names of several Dartmoor
place-names, instanced by Mr. Spenre bate, may be explained by both being
of kindred origin ; for personal names in these days were descriptive like-
wise.

X See ante, p. 280.

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284 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

the Moor are familiar with the fine series of pre-histoiic
antiquities above Merrivale Bridge.

On the Other hand, the names of most of the minor streams
and of nearly all the tors are distinctive and descriptive in
Saxou. Thus we have the Eattlebrook, Cherrybrook, Blacka-
brook, Kedbrook, Middlebrook, Dedlake, Drylake, Langlake,
Wid(e)burn, Har(higher)bum, and other such among the
streams. Of the Tors we may note : Fox Tor, Vixen Tor,
Hound Tor, Lynx Tor, some of which may be named after
animals; Hey Tor = "high tor;" King Tor; Longaford Tor ;
Ger Tor; Lough Tor = "low tor;" the Staple or Steeple
(? steep hill) Tors ; Mi8(t) Tor ; Pew Tor, perhaps from the
same root as "pew" in a church, in consequence of the singular
rock enclosure of its summit {pew = literally a raised place);
Eippon Tor {rypan to " tear up " — Saxon) ; Sharpitor = the
" sharp tor ;" Sittaford Tor {sith, a " path "—Saxon); Yes Tor
{]f8t " storm " — Saxon).

Lints or Lynx Tor has been derived from the Kornu lynnic,
" moist," and this may be so, though a trivial derivation from
some fancied animal resemblance is not unlikely. Sheeps Tor
is a modern corruption of Shittistor. There is considerable
difficulty in dealing with words commencing with ch and ah,
and sometimes c and k, as all four forms are occasionally
interchanged, to the great confusion of etymology and ety-
mologists; but whatever Sheepstor may have been, it is
clearly not Keltic. Leather Tor has been traced to the Kornu
ledr, a "clifi*;" I would rather connect it with the Saxon
hlith, a " declivity, slope." We see the uncertainty of many
of our etymologies in such a word as Bottor, where Bot may
be Kornu body a "house;" Gaelic hot, "fire;" or Saxon hoU^
a " dwelling," as in Bottle Hill, near Plympton. Stangator
may have a connection with the Kornu stean, "tin." It is
more likely that the stanga stands for "stony," which in
Kornu would be maenic, as in Meneage. And thus with very
few exceptions, even where the origin is doubtful, the Saxon
derivation is at least as likely as the Keltic, while those
names that are clearly Keltic are very few indeed.

Of course this hypothesis altogether annihilates the Dart-
moor Druids. Evicted firom the rock basins by the geologist,
they cease to be tenants of the " wood of wise men." Almost
equally it disposes of the theory which has named so many a
tor after some god of "ancient heathenesse." There is not
the slightest foundation for the supposition that we are to
find a relic of the god Esus in Hessary, which is really His-
worthy ; or to read Miser, the moon, in what is so self-evident

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as Mist Tor. The name of the Dewerstone is as reasonably to
be derived firom the Keltic dwr, " water," as from the Saxon
god Tiw. Nor is there any ground for Mr. Taylor's identi-
fication of Scetere in Satterleigh, or for his finding a mound
dedicated to Woden enshrined in the name of Wembury.
But of these more hereafter.

Bel in Belliver Tor and similar names may, as Mr. Taylor
says, be either Teutonic, Celtic, or Semitic ;* and it is there-
fore a very uncertain foundation for any theory. I shall
found none upon it further than this, that bael-fyr^ according
to Bosworth, means a " funeral fire," and that BeUiver, with
the natural dialectic interchange of v for / common in the
West, is precisely that phrase. The lighting of fires for
various purposes on high places is a practice common to all
nations, £ulopted for a variety of reasons, some superstitious
and some purely secular. It is at least probable that hel
may distinguish some eminences put to such a purpose, as we
know that hrmt did in later times, and still more recently
beacon^ all prefixes or aflBxes found in or near Dartmoor.

The name of one notable Tor has yet to be noticed. That
of Crockem Tor, says Mr. Taylor, " evidently refers to a de-
liberative assembly;"! and he connects it with the Welsh
gragan, "to speak loud," whence he derives "croak." It is
not perhaps going too far to suggest that we should never
have heard of such a derivation as this, had not Crockern
Tor been the seat of the old Tinners Parliaments, which have
been assumed to continue a purely hypothetical ancient
British deliberative assembly. We may reasonably believe
that many of the members who assembled on the Tor were
"croakers;" but that will not help us to the etymology of
the names of such places as Crockernwell and Crockemford,
which have no immediate connection with the Tor or its
belongings, and which it is fair to suppose must have an
allied origin. Crocker means simply "a man who makes
crocks," a rough potter ; and the Crocker family of Devon bore
the canting arras of three crows, or " croakers." Prince not-
withstanding, the Crockers never had anything to do with
Crockern Tor; but there is nothing far fetched in the suggestion
that we may have in its name a Devonshire version of the
Crow Hills and Crow Castles, which are by no means im-
common in other parts of England. The Saxon, however,
also gives us croc, a "barrow," and cm, a "place," or an
" eagle ; " and there is the Kornu cai^eg, a rock.

* Namet and Places, p. 346.

t Jiidf p. 308.

VOL. X.

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286 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

If Wistmans Wood refer to wise men at all, it may hand
down the memory of the legislators whom Mr. Taylor treats
with such irreverence; for they were wise, or should have
been. Those who have su^ested its relation to the Druids,
have overlooked the fact that the name is Saxon, and not
Keltic, at least in its present form. A very plausable Keltic
derivation may be suggested indeed in vdsg-Truten-coed, the
transference of which into Wistmans Wood is much more
easy than the development of cum-ta-coed, "the wooded
valley" in Cornwall, into "Come-to-good!" Only uisg-maenr-
coed would mean the "stony wood by the water," a most
accurate description of the spot, but shutting the Druids out
very completely.

If you compare the current names on Dartmoor with those
of similar districts in Cornwall, you will see how thoroughly
the British, who, as we know from the remains of their
dwellings, inhabited the Moor in large numbers, must have
been extirpated. Not only are the names almost wholly
Saxon, but some of the most distinctive Kornu words appear
to be altogether absent. There are one or two pens, a possible
llan, and perhaps a caer or so ; but the tres and the pols and
the cairns disappear, and tvorthy replaces llan, and bury caer,
to such an extent as to become quite distinctive. There are
"clapper bridges" on the Moor which date back to Keltic
times ; but where is the Kornu pons ? We shall hardly, I
think, agree to see it in Post Bridge ; yet we do find it else-
where in the county.

A fact which is largely suggestive also, is that in addition
to the smaller streams of the Moor bearing for the most part
Saxon titles, we should have such names as the East and
West Dart, the East and West Okement, and the East and
West Teign. These distinctions must have been the work of
men who followed up the rivers from the lowlands at a time
when the original Keltic names of the tributaries hsd been
lost, and who knew as little which was the true Dart or the
true Teign as our African explorers until recently did of the
true Nile.

Thirdly, I come to our ordinary place-names.

For the basis of this branch of the enquiry the names of
the elder parishes and towns, excluding subdivisions of the
latter, are taken. They are fairly typical ; and we may, as a
rule, regard the places to which they belong as having been
of special importance in very early days. They are nearly
five hundred in number; and I have supplemented them

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with a list of names of Keltic type, selected irom the
names of towns, villages, farms, and other places in the
county generally.

The immense majority of our parish and town names are
of Saxon origin ; and with very few exceptions the remainder
are Keltic. They are almost invariably descriptive, either of
the character of the place, of its surroundings, of its position,
of some peculiarity or special feature, or of ownership. Hence
they afford valuable material for tracing the course of early
history. As our first group let us take names indicative of
settlement or residence.

Compounded with tun, an enclosure, whence " town," we
have : — Alvingtoii (East and West), Alphington, Alfington,
Alwington, Arlington, Ashburton, Ashprington, Ashton,
Atherington, Aveton Gifford, Bampton, Bicton, Nympton
(Bishops, Georges, and Kings), Tawton (Bishops, North, and
South), Teignton (Bishops and Kings), Blackawton, Boyton,
Bratton (Clovelly and Fleming), Braunton, Brixton, Burring-
ton, Charleton, Cheriton (Bishop and Fitzpaine), Chittle-
hampton, Clawton, Cockington, Cotton, Colaton (Ealeigh and
St Mary), Colyton, Compton Gifford, Coryton, Crediton,
Collumpton, Dartington, Dolton, Drewsteignton, Dunterton,
Ermington, Feniton, Fremingfcon, Halberton, Harberton,
Hempston (Broad and Little), Highhampton, Holberton,
Honiton, Ilsington, Kenton, Kilmington, Knighton, Lamer-
ton, Lifton, Luton, Lynton, Manaton, Merton, Milton (Abbo*,
Damerel, and South), Okehampton, Monkokehampton, Monk-
ton, Moretonhampstead, Molton (North and South)^ Newton
(Bushel, Abbot, FeiTers, Poppleford, St. Cyres, St. Petrock, and
Tracey), Otterton, Paignton, Pilton, PlympUm (Erie and St.
Mary), Puddington, Salterton (Budleigh and Woodbury),
Seaton, Silverton, Slapton, Sourton, Sowton, Spreyton, Staver-
ton, Talaton, Tauierton (Foliot and North), Templeton, Thor-
verton, Thrushelton, Tipton ^ (Hellions and Pyne), Walk-
hampton, Werrington, Wodrpgton (East and West), and
Yealmpton. '

Of the 117 ttins here set forth, some at least must be cor-
rupted from dun, a " hill," whence " down,'* which like cum or
coombe for valley, is used both by Kelt and Saxon. Don and
ton are very apt to be confounded, and the dons may as weU
therefore be added here — Brendon, Bittadon, Faringdon,
Leusdon, Marsdon, Sheldon.

Stocks come next to tuns in importance. A stodc or stoke was
an enclosure defended by palisading; in short, "stockaded."
And thus we have Culmstock, Frithelstock, Plymstock, Revel-

s 2

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stoke, Stoke Canon, Stoke Damerel, Stoke Fleming, Stoke
Grabriel, Stoke Elvers, Stokenham, Stokeinteignbead, Tavi-
stock, Tawstock, Tunstall ( = Dunstock), Stockland and
Stockleigh (Pomeroy and English).

Stowcy "a place," is nearly allied to stokey and the two
are occasionally interchanged. Of this class are Bride-
stowe, Instowe, Jacobstow, Maristow, Petrockstow, Staverton
( = Stowfordton), and Stowford.

Steady " a place," is only seen in Moretonhampstead.

Worthy is an enclosure of a less definitely defensive kind
than a tun or a Mke. In this county it also assumes a
more individual character. The parishes bearing this suflSx
are — Bradworthy, Bulkworthy, Comworthy, Holsworthy,
Pyworthy, Widworthy, Wembworthy, and two Wolfardis-
worthys. Verstegan* defines a wearth as "a place situated
between two rivers," &c., and traces to this root the weirs
of our rivers.

Buryy on the contrary, is distinctively warlike in its
character, and commonly marks the site of an ancient camp,
while in borough it approaches more nearly to the germ of
our modem idea of a tun or town. We have — Ashbury,
Berry (Narbor and Pomeroy), Bigbury, Blackborough, Broad-
hembury, Cadbury, Clannaborough, Cookbury, Countesbuiy,
Denbury, Kentesbury, Malborough, Membury, Modbury,
Musbury, Payhembury, Posbury, Roborough, Sidbury, Thorn-
bury, Ugborough, Wembury, Wolborough, and Woodbury.

Ham is the common Saxon word for dwelling, and occurs
with moderate frequency — Abbotsham, Brixham, Chittle-
hampton, Chittlehamholt, Dittisham, Georgeham, Gittisham,
Huntsham, Highampton, Huxham, Littleham, Marhamchurch,
Moretonhampstead, Northam, Okehampton (?), Otterham,
Parkham, Powderham, Sydenham, Stokenham, Topsham,
Walkhampton (?).

Cot is one of the characteristic Devonshire suffixes. It
means very much what we now understand by a " cottage," of
which it is the root We find it in the names of only five
parishes — Alverdiscott, Luffincott, Tetcot, Escot, and Harra-
cot. This, as compared with its general comparative frequency,
is some indication that the cots were originally of little im-
portance. Selly a cottage superior to cote, appears in Zeal
Monachorum ; and in Huish we may probably see the Saxon
huSy *' a house."

Weeky for vie or wic, an " abode " (strictly, according to Mr.

^ Restitution of Decapod Inteiligeneo,

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Kemble, a " country house," as of a king or bishop), is found
in Germansweek, Highweek, and Pancrasweek.

Will and well also stand in Saxon for an " abode," though
the latter form is often undistinguishable from well, a spring
or natural reservoir of water. Probably the well in most of
the following has the residential meaning, but Holwell in all
likelihood = Holywell: Abbotskerswell, CoflBnswell, Dun-
kerswell, Kingskerswell, Loddiswell, Oflfwell, Ogwell (East
and West), and ShirwelL We may have here too the Norman-
French vUle,

For our second group we take names indicative of position.

A large number of parishes, and a still larger number of
other places, are named after the rivers on whose banks they
stand. Hence we have —

Ashburton, from the Ashbum, now the Yeo.
Axminster and Axmouth, from the Axe.
Aveton Gifford and Blackawton, from the Avon.
Ermington, from the Erme,

Broad Clyst, Clyst Fomison, Clysthidon, Clyst Honiton, Clyst
St. George, Clyst St Mary, and Clyst St Laurence, from the
Clygt.

Collaton Raleigh, Colaton St Mary, and Colyton, from the Coly.

Crediton, from the Greedy, Mr. T. Karslake suggests a Keltic
dedication to St. Creed as the origin of the name of the town, and
thence of the stream.*

CoUumpton, Culmstock, and Uffculme, from the Czdme.

Dartington and Dartmouth, from the Dart,

Exboume, Exminster, Exeter, Exmouth, and Netherexe, from
the Exe.

Broadhempston and Littlehempston, from the Hems,

Harberton and Harbertonf ord, from the Harbum,

Ide and Ideford, from the Ide; unless indeed the former parish
gave title to the stream, from its dedication to St. Ida — another
hint for which we are indebted to Mr. Karslake.*

Silverfcon, from the Silver,

Thrushelton, from the Thnietle,

Kenn and Kenton, from the Kenn,

Northlew, Lew Trenchard, and Lifton, from the Lew,

Bampton and Morebath, from the Bath{am),

Lydford, from the Lyd,

Lynton, from the Lyn.

North and South Molton, and Molland, from the Mde.
North Bovey and Bovey Tracey, from the Bovey.

* ** Traces of the Ancient Kingdom of Damnonia outside ComwaU." Brit,
Arch, Ass, Journal, vol. xxxiii.

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290 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

Otterham, Ottery St Mary, Otterton, Upottery, and Ven Ottery,
from the Otter,

Okehampton and Monkokehampton, &om the Okement

Plymouth, Plympton, and Plymstock, from the Flym (1). But
see ante on the derivation of the Plym.

Sidbury and Sidmouth, from the Sid,

Torrington (Black, Great, and Little), from the Torridge,

Tawton (North, South, and Bishops), from the Taw.

Talaton, from the Tale.

Tamerton Foliot and North Tamerton, fipom the TaTnar,
Mary Tavy, Peter Tavy, and Tavistock, from the Tavy.
Bishops and Kings Teigntons, Teignmouth, Teigngrace, Drews-
teignton, and Coombe and Stoke inteignhead, from the Teign.
Walkhampton, from the WalJcham.
Yealmpton, from the Yealm,
Yarcombe and Yamscombe, from the Yai*ty.

A numerous class of names is compounded with ford.
This is natural ; for in early days fording places were localities
of the first importance as a means of keeping up communi-
cation. We have Ashford, Beaford (by-ford), Bideford (by-
the-ford), Bradford (broad-ford), Brampford Speke, Bridford,
Brushford,Chagford, Diptford (deep-ford), Dunsford, Eggesford,
Harford (higher - ford), Harpford, Harbertonford, Ideford,
Ilfracombe (originally Ilfordcombe), Lapford, Lydford, Newton
Poppleford, Okeford, Putford (East and West), Rackenford,
Sampford (Courtenay, Peverill, and Spiney), Saudford,
ShilUngford, Sherford, Stowford, Staverton (stow-ford-ton),
Tiverton (two-ford-town), and Washford Pyne.

Bridges are few in number, and all of later date — Bridge-
rule, Horrabridge (higher- bridge), Ivybridge, Kingsbridge,
Swymbridge, and Thelbridge.

Of other names in which a general connection with streams
is shown we have : Bum in Ashburton, Harberton, Harber-
tonford, Tedburn, and Exbourne; hrook in Colebrooke,
Dodbrook, and Shobrook; water in Ashwater; and finally
ahute, in Shute, which means specially a narrow rapid
stream, a "water spout" The Shute brook is also called the
Umbome.

The Keltic cwm and the Saxon coombe — " a valley," supply
many names, and show how much more in favour sheltered
positions were for settlement than those which were exposed.
I find Ashcombe, Awliscombe, Babbacombe, Brauscombe,
Burlescombe, Challacombe, Coombeinteignhead, Coombe
(Martin, Pyne, and Raleigh), Creacombe, Doddiscombesleigh,
"Haccombe, Holcombe (Burnell and Eogus), Hollacombe,

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nfipacombe, Parracombe, Salcombe (salt-combe, and Regis),
Sutcombe (south-combe), Welcombe, Widdecombe, Withe-
comb Ealeigh, Yarcorabe, Yarnscombe.

On the other hand we have only three ridges — Coleridge,
Oldridge, and Witheridge ; but it should be remembered that
a very large proportion of the lurys are in high situations
chosen for defence.

In the next group we may place names indicative of the
condition of the localities at the time the names originated.

The most numerous and important class of this section in-
cludes the names in which leah^ leigh, ley appears, originally
" an open place in a wood." This subsequently came to mean
little more than a field. We may identify it with the pasture
of Domesday^ and may fairly assume that where we find it
large clearings formerly existed. Here we have Bickleigh (2),
Bondleigh, Buckfastleigh, Budleigh (East and Salterton),
Butterleigh, Cadeleigh, Calverleigh, Chawleigh, Chumleigh,
Chudleigh, Clovelly, Cotlei^h, Doddiscombsleigh, Filleigh,
Gidley, Goodleigh, Hatherleigh, Hittisleigh, Iddesleigh, In-
wardleigh, Kennerleigh, Lustleigh, Mariansleigh, Monkleigh,
Morleigh, Northleigh, Satterleigh, Southleigh, Stockleigh
(English and Pomeroy), Stoodleigh, Throwleigh, Warkleigh,
Westleigh, Winkleigh, Woodleigh.

Ing is Saxon for a " meadow," and occurs in several parish
names. It answers to the pratum of Domesday] but has
been interpreted by some authorities in the sense of a clan
name. Mr. Taylor, following Mr. Kemble,* gives as the
clan names of Devon — The ^Elings, whence Allington;
Ecgings, Eckington ; ^Iphings, Alphington ; Arlings, Arling-
ton; Ermings, Ermington; Burrings, Burrington; Cyllings,
Chillington; Dartings, Dartington; Holings, Holington;
Lullings, LuUington ; Paetings, Puddington ; Walsings, Wash-
ington; Wiltings, WiUington ; Waerings, Werrington ; Thur-
ings, Torrington.

This list, however, by no means covers the ings of the
county ; for we have ing parishes in addition — Ashprington,
Atherington, Bickington, Cockington, Faringdon, Fremington,
Usington, Kilmington, and Worlington. Shillingford I do
not include, because I derive it from shealingy a rude shelter,
a word still common in the North. I wiU not go so far as to
say that there are no clan names in Devon ; but we should
require very strong evidence before we admitted the majority
of those assumed. The likeliest is perhaps the uElphings,
who may be held to appear in Alvington, Alphington,

* Namet and Flaces, pp. 618, 537. Saxom, vol. i. Appendix A.

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292 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

Alfington, and Alwington ; but the suggestion that Ermingl^
is not named from the Erme, Dartington from the Dart, and
Torrington from the Torridge, only requires to be stated to
refute itself. These assumed clan names, if genuine, would
infer the existence in the county of the ancient division of
the mark in a well-recognised form; but it does not seem
likely that Devonshire became Saxon at such a date and in
such a way as to allow of this form of common land being
established as a general system* The personal element in
ownership had made some advance when the conquest of
the county was effected.

Tree names play a prominent part in our nomenclature.

The Ash gives us Ashburton, Ashbury, Ashcombe, Ashford,
Ashprington, Ashreigny, Ashton, Ashwater, and probably
Eoseash, though there and in Ashwater uisg may be con-
cealed.

From the oak we have Egg Buckland, Dunchideock,
I^gesford, Haccombe, Hemyock, Hockworthy, Hennock, and
perhaps Ugborough, Okeford, and Ogwell (?), though certainly
not Okehampton.

The Jnrch appears in Bickington (2), Bickleigh (2), Bicton
and Bigbury.

The heech is probably found in Buckerill and Bucks Mill,
doubtfully in Buckfastleigh ; but I do not think it has place
in either of our eight Bucklands. BoAahA^ land held by
charter, is at once the simplest and the most intelligible
etymology. Verstegan, however, makes bocland equivalent
to beechland.

Withycombe, and perhaps Widdecombe, may be named
from vnthy, or, again, may simply express width. Aller —
"alder," is a place-name of tolerably frequent occurrence.
Dodbrook may belong to this class ; but see under personal
names.

Heavi^ree, Lang^ree, and Plym^ree have been regarded as
preserving the Komu trCy " a place," analogous to tun. This
is clearly an error. The Komu tre is riever used as a suffix ;
and we have here simply "Heavy tree,* "Long tree," and
" Plum tree," the Saxon treoio. There is nothing remarkable
in a place being named after some particular trea Appledore,
which occurs more than once in the county, is cepptddre,
Saxon for " apple tree," and not an-pwUdwr, Komu for " the
water-pool," as that near Bideford may very plausibly be
rendered. Eattery is probably a name of the same class;

* Perhaps, as Mr. Dayidson thinks, the "ffive tree.** Trans, Dev, Ast.^
Tol. viii. p. 400.

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OF DEVONSHIRE PLACE-NAMES.

293

and of miscellaneous trees we have Holne, holly} and
Ch&withome and ThomXmxyy &c.

Names denoting collections of trees occur so frequently as
to show that Keltic and Saxon Devon must have been a well-
wooded country.

Wood itself is found in Broadwoodkelly, Broadwood-
widger, Com wood, Dalwood, St. Giles -in -the -Wood, Hor-
wood, Marwood, Woodbury, Woodland, and Woodleigh.

Holty a " coppice," is seen in Chittlehamholt.

Sceaega, "rough coppice," occurs in Chagford (Brushford
has very nearly the same meaning), Shobrooke, Huntshaw,
Meshaw, and Shaugh ; and spinney, an allied word, is found
in Sampford Spiney. Hurst and dingle are rare with us,
and not found in our parish names.

But the most noteworthy word in this connection is the
constantly-recurring beer, which is found in the varying forms
hera, berah, beer, bear, and bere. It enters into the names of
only seven parishes, Aylesbeare, Beer (East Devon), Beer
Ferrers, Kentisbeare, Loxbere, Rockbeare, and Shebbear ; but
it is found in at least eighty other instances in every part of
the county. Mr. Taylor* treats it as identical with the
Danish test word by, which would make Devon rather more
Danish than the counties of the Danelagh. It would not be
diflBcult to show the historic baselessness of the suggestion.
We could not believe, for example, that the Danes, when they
found their way up the Tavy and ravaged Tavistock and its
neighbourhood, were plundering their own colonies, at Beer-
alston and other places in the neighbourhood ; or that after
the raid they would have been suflTered to leave such colonies
behind them ; and yet if Beer was ever a by, one of the horns
of this dilemma must be accepted. Elaborate argument is
not, however, needed. The word is plainly the Saxon beera,
"a grove," and its abimdance is another indication of the
aspect of Devonshire in those distant days. The only by I
know is Huckaby, in Lydford.

Stone, which may in some cases, where the prefix ends in
8, be confounded with tun, gives ns Bradstone, Belstone,
Chivelstone, Knowstone, Lympstone, Thurlstone, and Whit-
stone ; and in another adaptation Stonehouse.

Wash, a "marsh," is seen in Sheepwash, Washfield, and
Washford Pyne. Fen Ottery and Feniton have the same
meaning.

Heath occurs in St Giles-in-the-Heath and Hatherleigh.

• yamet and Place*, pp. 164, 187.

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294

NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CX)NNECTIONS

Down is found in Down (East, West, and St. Mary), Dow-
land, Lew Down, and Koosdown.

Our last group contains names of which the main feature
is the manner in which they are distinguished by means of
adjectival or personal prefixes and suffixes. Here we class
the names which indicate relationship and possession.

The points of the compass are used to distinguish places of
the same name from each other in &e list under review
in nearly forty instances. Thus we have East and West
Alvington, and North and South Molton, and their fellows,
while occasionally we find East, West, North, or South, used
without its correspondent.

High and higher frequently occur ; as in Highbury, High-
hampton, Highweek, Harford, Horrabridge (hearu, Saxon
"higher"). Hoe, or Hooe, an older form, is found both by
itself, and as a suffix ; e.g. Morthoe, *' the highland of Mort*'

Up appears in such names as Uploman, Uplyme, and
Upottery.

Bourn, as in East and West Down, and Lew Down, how-
ever, comes from dun, and belongs to the previous group.

Distinctions of size appear in Great and Little Torrington.

Of age, in the six Newtoua, the Neivport, and probably in
O^ridge, with many other instances outside the parishes.

Colour we find in Wliitsione and Whitchmch.

Blackawton, Blackborough, and Black Torrington may de-
rive &om bleak; while if a Norse origin could be established
we should have to regard black as white, for the latter is the
meaning of blaJcka.

But the most frequent distinction of quality is the use of
the prefix broad, which appears as Broad, Brad, Brat, and
Brid, as in Broadclyst, Bradstone, Bratton Clovelly, and
Bridford. Thirteen parishes are thus distinguished.

Widdecombe may be w^-comb, or withy-comb.

Charlton and Charlwood (Ashcombe) undoubtedly give us
ceorl, a " husbandman."

The second class is a very large one, and includes over
forty parishes, which still bear the name of their former
owners, though, with one exception, the connection has ceased
to exist. Thus, in addition to many manors which do not
come within our present intention, we have parishes claiming
the names of Ealeigh, Giflford, Narbor, Cruwys, Pomeroy,
Tracey, Speke, Brewer, Pyne, Fleming, Fitzpaine, Ferrers,
Hidon, Burnell, Bogus, Trenchard, Damerel, Rowland,
Courtenay, Peverell, Gabriel, Eivers, Foliott, Mohun, Hel-
lions, Eeigney, BusheL Bishop is the usual prefix identifying

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episcopal properties, while that of King indicates Koyal
manors.

These however without exception are posterior to the Con-
quest. The personal names of Saxon date to be found among
our parish names are very few : Alverdiscott (Alwards-cot),
Brixton (Brictrics-ton), Dittisham (Didas-ham), Gittisham
(Githas-ham),Top8ham (Topas-ham ?), Dunkerswell (Doduces-
wiUe in Domesday), possibly Dodbrook and Doddiscombes-
leigh, Loddiswell, Wolfardisworthy (Wolf hards- worthy), and
Wolborough (Ulfs-borough ?). Dodda occurs as a personal
name before the Conquest, and it may have originated from
the water plant dod, which Verst^an says in his time was
called by the boys ''foxtail." It is more likely that Dod-
brook came directly from the plant, than immediately from
the personal form, Dodda.

An important and numerous sub-class contains the names
which show connection with the church, the prefix or suffix of
Abbot, Bishop, Monk, or Prior, being the most usual, and the
later form. Abbots have given a distinguishing title to five
parishes ; Bishops to the same number ; Monks to the same ;
while Priors have to be content with two. The possessions of
these dignitaries are commonly opposed to those of the king ;
and monk-ownership also appears in the Latin form in Buck-
land and ZealMonachorum. Thirty-one (thirty-three if Crediton
and Ide are reckoned) parishes are distinguished by the names
of the saints to whom they were dedicated ; in two appears
minder; in one temple; and in seven church. Thus we have

Abbots Bickington, Abbotsham, Abbots Kerswell, Milton Abbot,
and Newton Abbot.

Bishops Nympton, Bishops Tawton, Bishops Teignton, Cheriton
Bishop, and Morchard Bishop.

Dean Prior and Shaugh Prior.

Buckland Monachorum, Monkleigh, Monkokehampton, MonktoUy
and Zeal MonachorunL

Buckland-tout-SaintSy St. Budeaux, Chrietow, Clyst St. Geoige,
Clyst St. Laurence, Clyst St. Mary, Collaton St. Mary, Down St
Mary, St. Giles-in-the-Heath, St. Giles-in-the-Wood, Germansweek,
St Thomas, Instow (Johns-stow), Jacobstow, Mariansleighy Mary-
church, Mary Tavy, Newton St Cyres, Newton Petrock, Nymett
St George, Ottery St Mary, Pancrasweek, Peters Marland, Peter
Tavy, Petrockstow, Plympton St Mary, Plympton Maurice (also
Erie), Tedbum St Mary, and Virginstuw,

Axminster and Exmimter,

Templeton.

Church Stanton, ChurchstoWy Clmrstan^ Honeychurch, Marham-
church, Marychurch, and WhitchurcL

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296

NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

The most iraportant names here are those italicised, which
clearly date back to Saxon, if not to Keltic times, and mark the
places where, so far as names give any evidence, Christianity
was first planted within this county. The existence of traces
of the British church in Devon is established by Mr. Karslake
in his paper read at the meeting of the Koyal Archaeological
Society at Exeter, based upon the dedications to British
saints still existing in Exeter (the parishes of which are not
included in this Ust),* The Gelt and the Tevion in Exeter ;
and in his Traces of th^e Ancient Kingdom of Danmonia
outside Cornwall^ read at the Cornish Congress of the British
Archaeological Association.-f-

Several names of Saxon origin remain to be noted which,
where they do come within the preceding classes, have yet
some distinctive peculiarity which calls for remark. The
Nymett parishes are among the most important. Mr. Taylor
defines nymett as "a sacred grove;" Mr. R. J. King, in his
presidential address at Torrington,J held it to indicate an
enclosure, what is now known on Dartmoor as an "intake,"
find argued so conclusively that we nmst r^rd Bishops
Nympton, Nymett Tracey, George Nympton, and Nymett
Rowland, as marking sites where in Saxon times the process
of individual enclosure and appropriation, at least in that
district, had beginning. Morchard appears to be a word of
kindred bearing. Mor is no doubt " moor," and chard I am
inclined to derive from sceam, Saxon " cut oflT," which we see
in share. We find no word of like meaning among the Keltic
names yet in being. So, probably, in Sherford and Sherwell
(compare shire).

The peculiar grouping of some of the place-names of Devon-
shire has already been marked. It applies purely to those of
Saxon origin. The tun, the ordinary enclosure, is scattered
all over the county, and can hardly be termed predominant
anywhere, though perhaps less frequent in the north-west
than in the south. The stocks are most commonly asso-
ciated with our navigable rivers, then the great highways
of marauders into the county, and needing to be furnished
with rallying-places and strongholds. The three most notable
marks of Saxon occupation are however to be found in the
words worthy, cot, and hay; and these have a peculiar and
distinctive distribution. Worthy is most common on the
borders of Dartmoor, and particularly to the south and west ;
cot is almost peculiar to the west and north-west ; hxty has its

* Archaoloffieal Journal, voL xxx. t See Journal, vol. zzziii.
t Already cited.

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centre in the east Of the three, cot is the most frequent, hay
next in order, and worthy last. The special distribution of
these words supplies some indication of the manner in which
the Saxon settlement of Devon progressed. We may, as a
rule, assume the tun, as the ordinary form of enclosure, to be
the earliest, and stock to indicate a special need for defence.
Upon Jmry we cannot place much reliance; for very large
numbers of the camps to which the Saxon gave this name
must have been formed and used by his predecessors. The
idea of protection which is so prominent in stock, and which
we recognise in a lesser degree in tun, appears in worthy in a
still more modified sense. It is an enclosure indeed, but
with another object; and although the authorities cited by
Camden vary between a "court, place, fort, isle, possession,
and farm," we may fairly conclude that in Devonshire the
word jissumes rather the latter position. Most of the worthys
in all probability date subsequently to the expulsion of the
Britons, and were farm places, with enclosures to protect the
cattle and sheep and hogs from the ravages of the wild beasts.
The fact that Dartmoor was the chief stronghold of the wolf
in the county will account for the frequency of the worth or
weorthig on its borders. And it is notable, too, that worthys
not unfrequently bear names indicative of their owners —
Gaudsworthy, Bixworthy, Ditsworthy, Troulsworthy, Ebbs-
worthy, Alfordsworthy, CJolsworthy, Tadsworthy, and the
like - a distinct proof of later origin.

Got or cote almost explains itself. Everybody knows what
a cottage is ; and we may regard a cote as a little individual
settlement among the wooded uplands, where some mud-
walled (cob) thatched hut sheltered the squatting Saxon and
his family, who picked up their living in the woods around
as best they might, with the frequent aid of the pig, so dear
to the cotter's heart even now. Cots are of less importance
than worthys^ but of much the same date. They are so far
associated that in many cases we may regard the occupier of
the worthy, and the occupier of the cot, as bearing much the
same relation to each other as the modern farmer and labourer.
The cots have among them not a few personal names. Alscot,
Winscot, Gilscot, Hunscott, Cudscott, Ellacott, Helscott,
Coulscoti Breinscot, Bruscot, Aylescot, Nescote, are probably
of this class; and we find also such names as Upcott,
Goodcot, Westcot, Northcot, Eastcot, Middlecot, Nethercot,
Narracot, Widdacot, and what is peculiarly noteworthy, as
an indication of the character of some of the occupants,
/Swii^Aacott, and jfferrfacott Prestacott, which is of frequent

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NOTES ON THE HISTOBICAL CONNECTIONS

occurrence here, has however nothing to do with priests;
pres is a " common " or " meadow."

Hay, hayes, and hayne are words of a different class. They
have nothing to do with residence, but answer very closely
to a modem pasture-field. They indicate enclosures of pasture
or meadow-land; and their prevalence in the east of the
county seems to show that it was of a less wooded character
at the time when agriculture took this step in advance. There
is more variety in the prefixes of this class than in any other,
and they seem to have been named very much in the same
trivial manner as modem fields are, and as the pares of
Cornwall, which correspond to these Devonshire hays. As
examples I may quote — Tuckenhay, Sparkhayne, Wadhayes,
Sunhayes, Wishaies, Eockenhayes, Bluehayes, Culverhayes,
Gladhayes, Axhayes, Courthays, Gittishayne, Shiphays,
Streethayne, Twitchayne, Stanhays, Coombhayne, Jenishays,
Woodhays, Garlandhaies, and Rockenhayne.

There are many name traces of the Northmen in Devon,
though we have to reject Mr. Taylor's identification of beer
with by. Mr. C. Spence Bate holds that the names on and
around the Dart and its branches "demonstrate that at a
very early date a horde of Scandinavian adventurers forced
their way up the Dart, and perhaps the Teign also, and
occupied the tin stream works at the head of the Eastern
Dart and Teign."

If we eliminate from the argument the names that are
capable of Saxon etymology, this appears too wide a deduc-
tion. For example, Thurlstone is simply the thirled (or
"pierced") rock. From its singular natural arch then, and
not from Thor, did Thurlstone parish take its name; and
there is no reason to assign any other origin to Thurlstone
Tor — an equivalent of the Komu tol 'iTKzeii. As to Thur-
shelton, which Mr. Taylor says is of the Icelandic type,
" denoting the tun, or enclosure, round the skaaler or wooden
booths, which were usually erected at some little distance
from the Thingveller," * it is really sufficient answer to point
out that Thmshelton stands on the Throstle river, a name
which appears of the same class as the Rattle brook. That
there are however names of Norse type and origin in Devon
is certain. We have heck in Becky river; gyUy a "ravine,**
in Fingle Bridge ; force, a " waterfall," as in Humber Forces,
to which Mr. Spence Bate directs attention, or Torches in
Lapford. Shiel, a " shieling," a distinctly northern form for a

* Namet and Places, p. 318.

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shed, is of frequent occurrence; and all along the south
coast the characteristic ness for promontory appears. These
are traces unmistakable of Norse influence in the county,
and of the settlement herein at least of some of Scandinavian
race. Nor is the occurrence of the name "Sewer" in the neigh-
bourhood of the Bolt, to which Mr. King refers in the address
ali*eady cited, without considerable weight The suggestion
for which we are indebted to him, that in Sewer we may
recognize sea-ware, " sea-folk," points distinctly to the settle-
ment of Norsemen. Mr. Taylor refers Satterleigh to the god
Ssetere, and Werabury to Woden. It is singular that in both
these names we should indeed have evidence of the Scandi-
navian, but in quite a different direction. While we have so
good a Norse etymology as seter, " a dwelling, or seat," for
the former, there is no need to go further afield ; and as for
Wembury, instead of implying " the existence of a mound or
other erection dedicated to Woden," * it is one of our most
interesting and valuable historical links. The oldest form of
Wembury is Wicanbeorge. Beorge, of course, is " bury," and
Wican is wiceng, or ** viking." Here then we have "the
Norsemen's earthwork," a distinct proof yet subsisting of the
truth of the tradition that it was at Wembury, Ceorl, ealdor-
man of Devon, defeated the Danes, in 851. And Eevelstoke
bears out this view if we may derive revel from reafere, a
" rover, robber." Reafful = " rapacious."

I hesitate to cite Totnes in this connection. It may be
Keltic, or Saxon, or Norse, or neither, though it certainly is
not the French Unit Vaise ! Mr. Bate makes it the " village
under the hill," and quotes the existence of a Totnais near
Stockholm. Others have made it the "rocky towa" But
the chief thing to be noted is that the name first appears as
that of a coast line, " the Totnes shore," and not of a town.
It is quite possible that Totnes, the town, may have nothing
to do with the Totonesium litus. Clearly it is not at the
present Totnes we are to seek the origin of the name. A
Saxon derivation that would fit Totnes Unon quit€ as well
as any other would be from Tot, an " enclosure," and ey, an
** island" — Tot-an-eys — allied to Tottenham, and associated
with the island by the bridge, one of the Dart's most notable
features. The original Totnes, I am half inclined to regaixi
as of Keltic origin, and neither more nor less than an old
name for this part of Britain. Perhaps instead of ness, a
"headland," we should read enys, an "island"; and Tot may

* Namet and Placet, p. 841.

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300 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

be equivalent to the Dod or Dodi, which we have in the Dod
of the well-known Cornish headland, the Dodman, and which
there is interpreted, " mark or position," i.e, dodmaeii = " the
prominent stone, or rock." Thus we may read Totenys the
"projecting or prominent island," a name by no means in-
applicable to this western peninsula.

With names of Roman origin I do not intend on the present
occasion to deal. They are mostly confined to the use of
Chester; as in Exchester, Exanceaster, Excester, Exeter, and
to words which indicate association with some of the ancient
roads. Names of the latter class are by no means uncommoa
We have Orway, Oldaway, Farway, Solway, Oxenway, Shur-
way, Broadway, Whiteway, Northway, Elverway, Reddaway,
Greenway, Ridgeway, Helway, HoUoway ; Harepath, Stickle-
path, Gappath ; Colridge (?), Bromridge, Dorridge, Cutridge,
Oldridge, Horridge, Cherridge, Stoldridge, Stouridge ; True
Street, Hare Street, Dark Street, Bow Street, &c. Ford in
some instances may also be held to mean a road, retaining its
origined wide use. Most of the road-names give us little clue
to the origin of the trackways which they designate ; but the
streets are commonly held to be of Roman descent ; and some
at least of the ridges indicate a road raised and dyked like
the Fosseway. Sticklepath is from the Saxon stigd, " steep."
Twitchen, which occurs as the name of a parish and elsewhere,
means "the two ways"; t.e., a place situated where a road
forks. Cold Harbour ( = shelter), generally held to indicate
the neighbourhood of a Roman road, occurs more than once.

Before turning to the Keltic section of our nomenclature,
we may pass a few miscellaneous Saxon names more closely
under review : Atherington may give us Jieath, " heather," as in
Hatherleigh. Barnstaple is one of the very few words which
have any connection with trade ; for staple meant originally
a settled mart, or market. The greater Torrington has a
more distinctive title in its form of Chipping Torrington,
precisely equivalent to the use of the prefix " market," as seen
in Market Bosworth ; and port, as in Newport, means origin-
ally "an enclosed place for sale and purchase — a market." *
Bradninch is Bradnese in Domesday ; but the second syllable
is hardly the Norse ness, Bridgerule has been identified as
RaouVs Bridge, which is possible. Muckford (Bishops
Nympton) needs no comment. Brixton, Domesday reveals to
be a name of ownership, for it there appears as Bristriche-
stone, " Brictrics-tun." Wabblewall in this parish should be the

* Kemble'e Saxons, vol. ii. p. 660.

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"bubbling well" — wabble, to "burst out, bubble," and tmZZ,
" well." The hem in Hembury, Broadhembury, Hemyock, &c.,
is probably the Saxon word for boundary, and gives these
places a frontier character. StaflTordbeer in Broadwoodkelly
should be Stowford. Calverleigh appears to embody culver,
a " pigeon," which occurs in a prefix to certain hayes. The
names of animals do not however fill a prominent place in
our local nomenclature. Brockscombe, in Bratton Clovelly,
is of course the badgers-combe (p^^ock is still used for badger).
I do not know whether JFoZ/sgrove in Bishops Teignton is
an old name or not. Swincombe, which occurs more than
once, should be Smnecombe, In Chawleigh {$haw) we have
Leaches. May this not be the Saxon lecehus, " an inn "? In
Clayhanger we have the Saxon clay and Norse hangr, a
" mound." Clovelly, like the cleaves on Dartmoor, comes firom
the Saxon deaf an, whence cliff = the "cliff place" Cole-
brook seems to embody coin, a "pebble," Saxon. Coll is
Kornu for hazel ; but we have the "pebbly ford" in Newton
Poppleford. Dal wood — da^l, a part, or dale, Tigley in
Dartington — tig, a " tile " = " tilefield," a name of the same
class as our modem brickfields, and interesting as marking
the site of a Saxon pottery. Drewsteiguton is commonly
rendered, since the Druidic hypothesis was abandoned,
" Drogos," or " Dre wes-Teign-tun ;" but it is possible that the
first syllable is from the Kornu deru, an oak. Frithelstock
can hardly be derived from any other root than the Saxon
frith, "peace." Frith-stow would be a "peace-place; and
though a stock does not savour much of anything so amicable,
still it may have been the site of a treaty. Sigford in II-
sington has a double etymology, between which I cannot
undertake to decide - sige, " victory," sich, " dry " (Kornu) ; I
incline to the latter. The original form of Ilfracombe is
Ilfordcombe, which should tell its own story. Lapford, from
lappa, a " boundary." Here is a place bearing the suggestive
name of Saxons. Loxbeare and Loxhoi-e; query lodg, an
" enclosure." Malborough seems to be connected with Marl-
don and Modbury, also with Motion, near Exeter. Mai is " a
spot or place of meeting;" mot, a "meeting;" motern, a
"meeting place." If these derivations are correct, places so
named must once have been of some importance. Marwood
(Merehode in Domesday), m^ere, a " lake," as in Cran??ier« =
" the Cranes lake " on Dartmoor. Oreston in Plymstock —
the "tun on the shore;" ora, **the shore," or the "shore
stone." Pot*t appears in several names, but not to all appear-
ance derived from the Kornu porth, a " harbour." In Portle-

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302 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

mouth we have the word in its sense of harbour ; in Newport,
of a market-place ; and in Portgate, in Stowford, an apparent
reduplication. Rackenford, query ram, a "flood" Eewe,
query hraew, a " corpse." Lammacraft in Stokenham = lam,
loam, and crofty a " small enclosure." Grenofen, near T^wi-
^tocV = grem-ofer, "green margin" (?). Lessland (South
Tawton), leme, a "pasture." Sindercombe, in Twitchen, in
some localities might fairly be supposed to derive its name
from the scoria of ancient furnaces. Essabeer (Witheridge
and elsewhere) = " ash grove." Kingsbridge, the " King's
burgh" (Mr. Dymond's identification really admits of no
question). In Kingswear the second syllable cannot be
what is now understood by " weir," and the first is doubtfully
" kings " in the modem sense. Cant-ware would be " dwellers
by the headland." In Warfleet, on the other side of the Dart,
nearer the river's mouth, we have without doubt weir as it is
commonly understood, so that Warfleet means the " dammed
stream."

I now come to the names of Keltic origin, which are of
singular interest and importance in their bearing upon the
present enquiry. They are far more numerous than is com-
monly supposed, and embrace examples of the whole of the
words in the well-known rhyme of Camden :

** By Tre Ros Pol Lan Caer and Pen
You may know the most Oomish men."

Excluding very doubtful instances and compounds of Keltic
river words, the parish names yield us the following examples :

Abbots and Kings Kersw^ — coer, a " camp."

Brendon — ftroe, a " hill," and dun^ a " hill," reduplication.

Broadwoodkelly — ceUiy a "grove."

Broadwoodwidger — gmic Mvy "long village," or wicca, "a village."
Budleigh— 2^ lUy "house place/' though bod may be hotle
(Saxon), " a house," and leigh, " lea."
Butterleigh may be analogoua

Cadbury — coedy "wood;" less probably cady "battla"
Cadeleigh — coed.

Challacombe is given by Prince, " valley of jaw bones ; " but
* shallow combe " is much more likely.

Chevithome may include chy (Komu), "house," but this is
doubtful

Chittlehampton — chy td, " house by hole ; " Chaddle is probably
associated with this.

Chittlehamholt. (See preceding.)
Clannaborough — Uan (I), " an enclosure."

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Cockington — cocky "red." Ck)ckington = " the encloeuie of the
red meadow."

Cofi&nswell — cock (]).
Cookbury — cock,

Countisbury. — We seem to have here the word ceanuy cant, " a
headland," which gave name to Kent, and which occurs also else-
where in the county; i.e. at Kinterbury, near St. Budeaux, and
Kentisbury — other forms of Countisbiupy and Canterbury — and
at Kentisbeare. Hence too, probably, the origin of the name
"Kenfs Hole," the "hole or cave in the headland," which we
thus trace back to Keltic timea

Goodleigh — coedy a " wood."

Hennock — hen, "old."

Highbray— i5>rac, a " hilL"

Ipplepen— pe/j, a "head."

Kelly — cdliy a "grove."

Kenn — cetn, a " ridge ; " or see Countisbury.

Landcross — Uan craSy the " place of the cro8&" Llan may also
occur in Landkey, Landscove, and Lamerton.

Membury — mamy a " stone."

Manaton — maen-y-dun, " the stony hilL"

Parkham and Parracombe — pare, an " enclosure," field.

Paignton— ^?ew, a " head."

'PeimjCToaa—'penry'CraeSy " head of the cross."

ToWimoie—pol'ty-maur, the " house by the great pooL"

Powderham — pol-dur, the " water pooL" (The Domesday form
is Poldre). Ham (Saxon), " dwelling," aflfixed. This seems more
probable than the derivation from the Saxon ceptddre, " apple-tree,"
which has been handed down elsewhere unmutilated.

Eingmore — rhyn-maury the "great promontory." This was prob-
ably ti^e Keltic name for the promontorial district hom the Bolt
Tail to the Start — now restrict^ to the parish.

Eoosdown — r<w, a " heath," reduplicative.

Eoseash — ros.

Stockland — ^Possibly stock and Z/aw, reduplicative.

Townstall (Dunstal in Domesday)-— duriy a "hill," or dinaSy a
" camp," and the Saxon stow,

Whimple — guimjhpol, " pool on the descent " (Pryce), or gwyn-
pciy " white pool."

Winkleigh — mnnic, a " marsh."

To this list should be added the parishes with Keltic
dedications, where these are indicated in the names. Mr.
Karslake ennmerates Bomansleigh (St. Bumon), St. Budock ;
St. Kerrian, St. Paul, St Pancras — Exeter; St. Brannock,
which he traces through Brannockstow to Braunton, and
thence to the Barum and Bam of Barnstaple; St Bran-

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304 NOTES ON THB HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

wallader (Branscombe), St Ida (Ide, and Tddesleigh ?), St.
Creed (Crediton).*

A general examination of the place-names of the county
has revealed, especially in the names of farms, hamlets,
and the like, a very large number of unquestionable Keltic
names scattered over the whole county ; but more numerous
in the south and south-east than in the east and north, and
least so in the west. There is no such gradual increase of
Keltic names when we approach the Tamar westward as Dr.
Freeman has assumed. f Killeton, celli, a "grove," occurs in
East Alvington ; and Kelly in Hennock ; Commeiy or Com-
bray, cum eru, the "ploughed valley," or cum brae, the "valley
by the hill " (?) in Alphington and elsewhere ; Pensford, pen,
" head," Ashprington ; Benstay, Bampton; Penny mans,
pertry-maenfthe'^hesid stone," Belstone; Pillavin,t;yi?i,"stoneV'
Bishops Nympton ; Tredown, trCy " a place, enclosure, corre-
sponds to tun, Bow, Broadwoodwidger, Bradstone, and Holla-
combe ; Ireland = tre-Uan (?) South Brent ; Goatam, coed, a
"wood," Cadeley ; Stinial, stean, "tin," Chagford; Bigadon,
bich-y-don, " the little hill," Buckfastleigh ; Sigdon, si^dun,
" dry hill," Charleton ; Treble, tre, Cheriton Bishop ; Penny-
land, pen-y-llan, " head of the enclosure," Colebrooke ; Paine-
stone, pen, ditto; Dinnaton, Dinnacombe, Corn wood and
Corn worthy, dinas, a " fortress ; " Pennymon, pen, Cruwys
Morchard; "Ponsford, pons, a "bridge," Cullompton; Trenerry,
tre-an-eru, " field enclosure," Dunkerswell ; Pengillys,27e?i-ce/Zi,
"head of the grove," Exminster; PenhiU, j^en, Fremington;
Pencleave, "head of the cliflf," Frithelstock ; Rose Down,
T08, heath ; Trelick, tre-linnic, " the marshy enclosure," Hart-
land; Dennis Down, dinas, a "fortress," Hittisleigh; Karswell,
coer, a "camp," Hockworthy, and so Holbeton; Trennicks,
tre-anrick, " place of the stream or ford," Ide ; Pinnicombe,
pen-y-cwm, "head of the vedley," Kenn ; Ponswine, pons-vyin,
" stone bridge," Kingsteignton ; Trevenn, treven, " dwellings,"
Lamerton ; Pennycott, pen, Lapford ; Goodameavy, coed,
"wood," Meavy; Trehill, tre; Penquite, pen-coed, "head of
the wood," Modbury; Cossick, cos-gvnc, a "village by the
wood," Moretonhampstead ; Hannawins, hannic-gwen, " sum-
merly meadow;" Ben Twitchen,^e7t, South Molton; Trecombe,
tre-cum, "the place in the valley," Northleigh; Pinn, pen,
Otterton; Goodrington, coed-^hyn, the "wooded headland,"
Paignton; Lana, llan, Pancrasweek ; Venton,/e7i^, a " spring
or well;" Goodamoor, coed, wood; Voss, vos, a "maid,"

* Traeet of the Anetmt Kingdom of Danmonia.
t Norman Conguett, voL i. p. 33.

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Plymptou ; Cremyll, crim, " crooked, bent," Stonehouse ;
Wixenford, gwic-hen, " old village," Plymstock ; Goodshelter,
coed (?) ; Prawle, prcd, a " skull," Portlemouth ; Penhay, pm,
Poughill; Derriton, derow,QJi "oak;" Killatree, ejeZfo"; Lana,
llan; Villavin, vil-a-vin, by mutation for mil-a-myin, a
"thousand stones," Py worthy and Roborough; Trehill, tre,
Sampford Courtenay and Tamerton Foliot; Dira, derow, an
"oak," Sandford; Pennycott, pen, Shobrooke; Pinhill, pen,
Sidbury ; Penston, pen, Silverton ; Pen Recca, pen, Staverton ;
Pennyhill, pen, Stockland ; Treleigh, tre, Sydenham Damerell ;
Cocktree, coch, "red," South Tawton; Lana, llan, Tetcott^
perhaps lanerch, an "open place in woods;" Cocksilly, coch,
"red," selic, ** conspicuous," (?) Little Torrington; Craddock,
careg, a " rock," (?) Uffculme ; Gosses, gosys, " bloody," Wemb-
worthy; Tray hill, tre, Westleigh; Hand and Pen, pen, Whim-
pie ; Penny comequick, pen-y-cvm-cuick, " head of the creek
valley," Plymouth, Whitchurch ; Mannamead, maen, "a stone,"
Plymouth ; Venton, fenton, " well, spring," Widdecombe-in-
the-Moor and Winkleigh ; Mainstone, maen, " stone," redupli-
cation, Honiton; Crocadon, croc-y-dun, *'the barrow on the
hill," Halwell; Crockham, "the dwelling by the barrow,"
Hennock; Knackersknowle (near Plymouth), na-caer-eill,
" the hill camp," or cnoc-cair-coUl, " the grove camp " (Beal).
This also occurs elsewhere, and is evidently Keltic, whether
the Gaelic derivation be right or not. Pinhoe, near Exeter,
pen, a ** head," reduplication ; the Saxon Jioe for a high place
is common. Goodstone, coed, " wood," Ashburton ; Manaton,
maenry-dun, as the parish, near Plymouth.

Probably, too, of the mass of quaint local names which
appear almost, if not quite, hopelessly corrupted, or rendered
phonetically in meaningless Saxon, a large proportion date
from the times of the Danmonii Thus we have: Arson,
Quoditch, Losses, Beaver (Axminster ; can this be a trace of
the animal of that name ?), Slumbar, Tomhiding, Paws, TuflT-
land (this may refer to a stiff soil, such as is specially noted
in CLayhanger and Clayhidon), Odam, Quince, Wolfsgrove
(Bishopsteignton; query from the animal), Wadstray, Fraunch,
Lana Forda, Addle Hole, Whistlewel^ Violets, Hare Pie,
Profits Town, Truelove, Bargains, Heart Piece, Snooks, Kittle,
Flares, Bason, Dural, Gingerland, Tineo, Venimile, Cartaway,
Cappa DuUa, Little Joy, Paymiss, Butless Rill, Trumps,
Yellow, Moxdrias ("Mucks-a-draaed !"), Queendart, Pelivan,
Hurry, Heckapin, Leary, Affaland, Billets, GoUick, Horsavin,
Crimpa, Gagland, Naishes, Puddavin, Garble, Tockley, Kates,
Little Comfort, Farrants, Dandyland, Townliving, Homeliving,

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306 NOTES ON THE HISTORICAL CONNECTIONS

Chatafin, Blue Ball, Pottles, Combrew, Tough, BrimstoDe,
Delpsillock, Chipshop, Dagafoot, Saxons, Rumage, Mountain
Quaintance, Quiver, Cuckoo, and Boats.

Let us now briefly sum up our general conclusions as to
the historic teachings of our Devonshire place-names.

They tell us not only that this county has been in turns
inhabited by men of different races, but who and what these
races were. The names of our larger rivers cany us back to
the days of the elder Kelts, while those of others, by their
differing character, prove not only that the dominion of the
Kelts was long-continued, but that in turn Kelts of different
tribes, with varying dialects, held sway hera The fragmentary
vestiges of their ordinary nomenclature point to several im-
portant conclusions. The fact that these are scattered even
yet, though often in very corrupt form, over the whole county,
shows that Danmonia was a fully-peopled kingdom. It
proves also that the Saxon colonization of the county was
widespread. The survival of names in a forgotten tongue in
a district from which the givers of those names have been
expelled is a sure proof of some sort of continuity. Only on
the supposition that the Kelt and Saxon dwelt side by side
in Devon, for some lengthened period, can we explain this
feature in our nomenclature. As a rule new settlers in a
country are content to accept the place-names they find ; and
with few exceptions the Saxon names of Devon are either of
places of Saxon origin, or of places the memory of the Keltic
names of which had passed away with the Kelt himself. Thus,
paradox as it may seem, it is just where we find Keltic
names most common now that we may fairly assume the
Saxon element to have been strongest before the Britons
were driven across the Tamar. This was around Exeter and
along the south coast, very much in the same localities where
the actual presence of Koman names indicates that they too
were once masters of the land.

Again, the relationship of Keltic and Saxon names proves,
whilst the hundreds of camps and earthworks are material
evidence that there was plenty of hard fighting before the
county was finally won, that the earlier settlements were
mainly of a peaceful character. The simple enclosure of the
ttm predominates largely over the more warlike stock, which
is most frequently found, as already noted, by the, side of
rivers, where there was the greatest danger of predatory in-
roads from the sea; and the peaceful ham is scattered through-
out the county. I do not include here the worthy, cot, and
hay, which I take to be of later date, and rather to mark the

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307

use and progress of agriculture. The old name of North
Hams for the north of the county, and of South Hams still
in use for the south, imply the non-settled character of
Dartmoor at the period when they originated ; the wild Moor
divided the dwellers on the North from those on the South.

And so in the next place we find that there is no evidence
whatever of a graduated Keltic element westward, which
must be apparent if the Saxon expulsion of the Britons was
not complete and final. The Saxon element in our nomen-
clature is quite as decided on the eastern bank of the Tamar
as it is on the north coast; and the Keltic names in that
locality are not a whit more plentiful than in some other
parts of the county. The singular paucity, otherwise viewed,
of Keltic names on Dartmoor, proves two things. First,
that during British times Dartmoor was practically unknown
to the Saxons. Second, that the Britons of Dartmoor were
included in the general expulsion; and that there did not
remain in that district, after the time of Athelstan, a race of
Keltic miners, who subsequently fell into the position of
serfs.*

And as the varying use of diflTering words for water enables
us to trace successive waves of the Keltic race, so the singular
localisation of special words for similar objects in various
localities, and the casual occurrence of names of undoubted
Norse origin, prove that the Teutonic occupation of Devon
was of a mixed character, embracing members of the different
tribes of the great northern peoples ; and probably, from the
same indications, in the outset very much of an individual
nature.

We may have our doubts as to the extent to which traces
of the elder mythology are to be found in our nomenclature,
but if records were absolutely silent, we should know that at
some period in their history at least both Britons and Saxons
professed Christianity ; and though we may regard the traces
of a British Court of Judicature at Crockern as altogether
m3r'thical, we have proof that the Saxons at least had their
regular places of assembly. Other names help us much to
the understanding of the habits and polity of these times.
There is not a single Keltic place-name left which includes
the idea of personal ownership. In the earlier days of the
Saxon immigration this is equally absent, but with the worthy
cot and ham appears the personal element, which is continued
in the nymets and the chards, until it finds settled expression

* This is suggested by Mr. Davidson. Tratu. Devon Am., vol. ix. p 200

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DEVONSHIRE PLACE-NAMES.

in the ^ lands, to have its fullest rendering in the patrony-
mical distinctions which followed on the Conquest

And so we can form from this source a far better idea of
the olden aspect of the county than any historian has
preserved. We see the skirts of Dartmoor shrouded in coppice
and undergrowth ; woods, interspersed with clearings covering
nearly the whole of the wide area, continued in the more
open portions by frequent groves — woods in which the ash,
and oak, and birch, and beech flourish, and the tenancy of
which is disputed by the wolf and the boar ; while the badger
has his haunt, as now, in the rocky .valleys, and the long-
vanished beaver toils in the streams. Thus in like manner
we can trace the lines of the chief trackways through these
wilds by names which are still significant. All this and
much more, without the aid of written history, do the place-
names of Devon reveal

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THE JUSTICES OF THE PEACE FOE THE COUNTY
OF DEVON UNDER CHARLES 1. AND
OLIVER CROMWELL.

BT A. U. A. HAMILTON, M.A«
(Read at Paignton, August, 1878.)

This paper will coDsist of little else but a list of names, and
therefore can hardly claim to be of much general interest
Yet it may perhaps be thought not inconsistent with the
objects of this Association to put on record in its Transactions
the names of those families who took a part, nominally or
actually, in the government of the County of. Devon at the
time of the Puritan Revolution. It may be interesting to
many individuals to recognise the names of their ancestors
amon^ the Justices of that epoch. And it is not without his-
torical interest to observe how very little the modem ideas
of democracy entered into the great movement of the
seventeenth century. It is evident that the sympathies of
the leaders of the Long Parliament, and of Cromwell after
them, were, on the whole, aristocratic, and that they were
anxious to conciliate the support of as many of the old
county families as possible. The Commissions of the Peace
issued during this period seem to comprise the names of
almost all the knigibts and esquires who were not known to
be hostile to the revolutionary government

We will take first a Commission of the quiet part of the
reign of Charles I. The following is a list of the Justices of
Devon in the year 1630. They are sixty-four in number.

The Earl of Bath
The Earl of Bedford
Viscoimt Chichester
Joseph Hall, Bishop of Exeter
Alexander St John

Sir Edward Seymour

Sir Francis Vincent
Sir Peter Prideaux
Sir George Chudleigh
Sir Francis Drake
Sir Lewis Pollard
Sir John Pole

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310

THE JUSTICES OF THE PEACE

Sir Richard Grenvile (Baronets)

Sir Ferdinando Gorgea

Sir Robert Killigrew

Sir William Strode

Sir Thomas Prideaux

Sir Thomas Drew

Sir George Southcot

Sir Edward Giles

Sir Richard Edgcumbe

Sir John Speccot

Sir Francis Fulford

Sir Shilston Calmady

Sir Samuel RoUe

Sir Francis Glanvill

Sir Ralph Sidenham

Sir Edmund Fowel

Sir Richard Reynell, of Ogwell

Sir John Chichester, of Hall

Sir James Bagg

Sir Henry Rosewell

Sir Simon Leach

Sir Nicholas Martin (Knights)

Dr. Wm. Peter8on,Dean of Exeter

Dr. Thomas Clifford

Edwd. Cotton, Archdn. of Totnes

John Bampfield

John Acland
Arthur Champemowne
Elias Hele
William Cory
Richard Waltham
John Northcott
William Bastard
John Wood
Henry Walrond
Richard Reynell
James Welsh
Thomas Riadon
John Davie
Walter Young
Henry Ashf ord
Nicholas Fry
Nicholas Luttrell
Richard Cabell
Bartholomew Berry
Humfrey Berry
Edmund Arscott
Thomas Ford
Alexander Maynard
Sampson Hele
John Upton

Humphry Pruz (Esquires).

The next list is of the year 1647, when power was in the
hands of the Parliament, but was rapidly passing into those
of the army. Still public business was carried on in the
King's name, and the Commission professed to be issued by
his authority, and to be dated from Westminster. It sounds
like a bitter joke to represent the unfortunate sovereign as
addressing his "dearest cousins" Northumberland, Man-
chester, and Say, and his " trusty and well-beloved " William
Lenthall, Speaker of the House of Commons, and as appoint-
ing Edmund Prideaux Gmtos Botulorunf. The number of
names in this Commission is seventy-nine; but, as ten of
them are those of official personages, the number of local
justices was only slightly increased. Perhaps the insertion
of the names of officials may be taken as marking the
centralising tendency of the Revolutionary Government.
We also remark a diminution in the number of baronets
and knights. Although those distinctions in the time of
Charles I. did not by any nieans show that their recipients
enjoyed the favour of the sovereign, it seems not unlikely
that most of the gentlemen who bore those titles felt them-

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FOE THE COUNTY OF DEVON.

311

selves bound to the Cavalier party, or at any rate were
unwilling to act against the King from whom they had
received the honour. The former Commission contains the
names of eight baronets, and of twenty-oue knights. The
latter contains the names of five baronets, and of only seven
knights. Some of these do not appear at all in the former
Commission, and most of them were men like Sir Francis
Drake, Sir John Bampfield, Sir John Northcote, Sir Samuel
Solle, and Sir Nicholas Martin, who, as we know from other
sources, took an active part in opposition to the King. The
other gentlemen included in the Commission for the most
part bore the names of well-known Devonshire families ; but
we may remark the absence of those who, like the Pollards,
the Aclands, and the Fulfords, had adhered to the King in
his contest with the Parliament.

After the death of the King a Commission was issued in
the names of the Custodes Libertatis Anglice, and this was
soon changed to "the Keepers of the Liberties of England,
by Authority of Parliament," as the -English language was
then employed for the first time in such documents. We pass
over these, and come to the Commission dated March 4th,
1653, and issued by " Oliver, Lord Protector of the Common-
wealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the dominions
thereto belonging." It is in English, and contains seventy-
four names, nearly the same number as usual. The first
twelve are those of officials, the first of whom is our trusty
and well-beloved Bulstrode Whitelocke." Among them we
notice the well-known names of Major-General Desborough,
Francis Ecus, Philip Skippon, William Lenthall, Oliver St.
John, and John Bradshaw. No nobleman remains on the
list, and only two baronets (Sir Francis Drake and Sir John
Davy) and two knights (Sir Henry Rosewell and Sir John
Young). The others, as Bampfield, Northcote, Fowell, and
the rest, who had been opposed to absolute government when
exercised by a King, were still more opposed to it when
exercised by a brewer. Nevertheless, the Lord Protector
seems to have avoided, as far as he could, placing any man
of low birth on his Commission of the Peace. We look in
vain for such names as Praisegod Barebone, or Bind-their-
kings - in - chains, which are generally supposed, though
erroneously, to be characteristic of the period. There are a
few justices who may have been officers of the Eevolutionary
army, but most of them were evidently such members of old
families as could be persuaded to serve under the Protector.
It seems* probable that, when the head of a house was a

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312

THE JUSTICES OF THE PEACE

" inaligDant," some of the junior branches were found to act
in his place. At my rate, we recognize among "Oliver's
justices" the familiar names of Eolle, Drake, Fortescue,
Prideaux, Fowell, Wychalse, Carew, Calmady, Eeynell, Quicke,
Coplestone, Eampfield, Cruwys, and others which may be
found in the Commission of Queen Victoria. It appears that
those who accepted this dangerous honour were obliged " to
sue out their pardons " at the Restoration, and no doubt to
pay heavily for them. I have seen one of these pardons in
the possession of John Quicke, Esq., of Newton St Cyres. It
is, unfortunately, almost entirely illegible, except the heading,
which comprises a well-engraved portrait of Charles 11.

COMMISSION OF THE PEACE FOR THE COUNTY OF DEVON,
DATED 26th JULY, 1647.

In the name of Charles, smd dated at Westminster.

To the Earl of Northumberland William Fry

Earl of Kent • John Drake, of Ash

Earl of Pembroke and Mont- John Maynard

gomery George Chudleigh

John Greare
Peter Speccott
Henry Worth

John Fortescue, of Buckland

Thomas Hatch

John Woolacombe

Robert Shapcott

Christopher Martin, of Plimpton

Christopher Savery, of Shiston

Walter Yarde

Hugh Trevillian

John Champnes

Arthur Upton
Ed. Arscott
Robert Savery
John Bury, of Bury
John Harris, of Hayne
Rob. Duke of Otterton
Thomas Reynell, of Ogwell
Josiah Calmady
Ed. Davyes
Eliseus Crimes
Francis Rowse (eic)
John Waddon
John Rolle
Ed. Fowell

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FOR THE COUNTY OF DEVON.

313

Peter Bevis
Henry Henley
John Elford
Arthur Perriman
Thomas Drake
Eoland Whiddon
John Kelly
Robert Rolle
George Prestwood
Wm. Morris
John Quicke

Wm. Bastard
Wm. Putt
Wm. Northcott
Eic. Ducke
Henry Copleston
Wm. Fowell
John Doddridge
John Tyrlinge

Christopher Wood (1), of North
Tawton

COMMISSION OF THE PEACE FOB THE COUNTY OF DEVON,
DATED MARCH 4th, 1668.

Oliver, Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England,
Scotland, and Ireland, and the Dominions thereto belonging.
To our trusty and weU-beloved —

Bulstrode Whitelocke, Eichard Keble, John Lisle, Lords Com-
missioners of the Great Seal of England; John Desborowe,
Francis Rouse, Philip Skippon, Esquires, of our Coimcil ; Henry
Kolle, Chief Justice, assigned to hold Pleas before us in the Upper
Bench ; William Lenthall, Master of the Rolls ; Oliver Si John,
Chief Justice of the Common Bench; John Glyn, Serjeant-at-Law ;
John Bradshawe, Chief Justice of Chester; Edmond Prideaux,
our Attorney-General;

Sir Francis Drake

Sir John Davy (Baronets)

Sir Henry Rosewell

Sir John Younge (Knights)

Hugh Fortescue

Robert Rolle

V^illiam Fry

Arthur Upton

John Drake

John WoUacombe

John Champnes

John Fortescue

John Arscott

Edmond Prideaux,of Holsworthy

John Bury, the younger

John Whitchalse

Lionel Beecher

Robert Duke, of Otterton

Philip Dennis

Arthur Fortescue

James Erisey

William Maurice
William Fowell
Joseph Hunkyn
Shilston Calmady
John Elford
Thomas Boone
Henry Hatsell
Edmond Fowell
Henry Pollexfen
Christopher Martyn
John Carew
Christopher Savery
Servington Savery
Henry Henly
Anthony Rous
Arthur Penyman
Christopher Wood
William Bastard
John Beare
Thomas Reynell
Rowland Whiddon

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314 THE JUSTICES

John Coplestone

John Quick

John Row

Richard Sweete

Thomas Drake

William Putt

William Woolcombe

John Marshall

Thomas Bampfield

Gideon Sheereman, of Neeston

OF THE PEACE.

John Tirling
John Searle
Thomas Saunders
John Blundell
Richard Vicary
John Hales

Edmund Arscott, of Tetcott

Robert Bennett

John Blackmore

Henry Crewes (Esquires)

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EXTEACTS FBOM A MEMOEANDUM BOOK

BBLONOmO TO

THOMAS EOBEETS AND FAMILY,

OF STOCKLEIGH POMEROY. 1621 to 1644.
BT PAUL Q. KARKEEK.
(Read at Paignton, Augast, 1878.)

This book was discovered by Mr. Dunsford, author of the
History of Tiverton, in the possession of a farmer in the
parish of Stockleigh Pomeroy, near Crediton, and was given
by him to Mr. Eoberts, of Barnstaple, in 1800, from whom it
descended to Mr. J. R Chanter, of Fort Hill, Barnstaple,
who has kindly lent it to me, with permission to make such
extracts as I might consider interesting to the members of
the Devonshire Association.

The book consists of forty-five leaves, size 5f inches by
7 J inches. Probably some few of the leaves are missing;
and the first cmd last pages show signs of having undergone
a good deal of friction, in the course of which they have
acquired dirt sufl&cient to make the writing almost illegible.
Since then a rough binding has been put on, to keep the
remaining leaves together, all of which are complete except
the third, part of which has been cizt off.

The Eoberts fiEimily lived on a farm called Town Living, in
the parish of Stockleigh Pomeroy, where they appear to have
been well-to-do yeomen. They also held land as tenants, as
will be seen by entries in the accounts of rents paid. Town
Living is now the property of the Davie family, of Greedy,
and is about one hundred and forty-two acres. Mr. William
Tucker, who is the present tenant, tells me that his family
have lived on the farm for three generations, and that he
believes the size of the farm has been altered since the tithe
map was made, so that it is quite impossible to form any
idea of its size in the days of the Eoberts.

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316 EXTRACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

The book appears to have been the common-place book of
the family, as the entries have been made by different mem-
bers, and by different generations, though most of them may
be ascribed to Thomas Roberts, or Robert Roberts. Thomas
Roberts held the important ofl&ce of constable for many years,
and must have been a man of trust and position in the
parish. Roberts evidently had a weakness for law and legal
proceedings. He has carefully recorded all acts of trespass
on his ground, with the names of the witnesses ; and most of
the entries are unfortunately of this nature, or notices of
payments made, items of accounts, receipts for treating cattle,
&c. These are, for the most part, quite without interest ; but
scattered among them in a very irregular manner, and quite
irrespective of date, are records of such public events as came
under the writer's notice, and entries which throw light on
the manner of life in Devon in the days of James I. and
Charles I.

It seems probable that Robert Roberts was not popular in
the neighbourhood. He was too fond of recording acts of
trespass and other little misdeeds of his fellows, with a view
to such being useful against them ; and sometimes this dis-
like showed itself in something worse than hard words, as
the following entry testifies :

1625 The xxxth day of Nowember being Saynt Andrew's day
John Gib the younger came to mee in John Vesies meddow and
came and grit me 2 or 3 times then he stroke mee and his &ther
rann to mee and catcht me about the nek and did draw me at the
ground. So the ould Gib and his sunn and his man were att me
all at the one time and did beat mee

Witnesseth James Gore the younger, Richard Venner, William
Smith and many others.

There was evidently a family feud between the Roberts
and the Gibs, and which was kept warm for some months.
Roberts records that Master Gib endeavoured to have him
arrested, and procured a warrant for that purpose. Failing
that, Roberts had a turn, and Gib was locked up. Then again
Roberts writes :

The xj day of Aprill payed unto Jdhn Morrell for the arresting
of mee viijd, and that is 4p for the bayle band and 4p for the
arresting.

Perhaps Roberts was in the wrong, and wanted to make
up the quarrel ; for evidently there must have been several

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THOBiAS ROBEKTS AND FAMILY.

317

outlays of fourpence in getting one another arrested and
bailed out> and consequently we find the following entry :

1626. The xxiij th day of April I Eoherfc Roberts did proffer
John Gibbe the elder what wrong or what trespas the sayde
Eobert Eoberts had dun him he was willing to give him or make
him satesfactyon and was contented to put the matter unto any
man and was contented to byde there waide and did tender him
down 48 that he should give him self content for what wrong or
trespas I had donne him. This 4s was layed downe upon the
Ester gate of the Church yarde at Cheryton Fits Spayne

Witnesseth Andrew Huse, and Eichard Beare of Charaton Fit
Spayna*

There are many entries respecting this quarrel, but nothing
to show how it ended. The handwriting is very different in
the first entry given from that of the 23rd of April ; but then
one could hardly be expected to write one's best soon after
being knocked about by old Gib, and young Gib, cmd their
man.

The church in those days seems to have been used for
other purposes than that of divine worship ; and a good deal
of the public life of a peasant took place in and about the
church. In this instance the money being laid down on the
east gate was evidently tantamount to a legal oflTer of pay-
ment. Other extracts in support of this view will be given.

Eoberts appears to have lost no opportunity of adding to
his stock of legal knowledge, and has inserted in his book
particulars of the modes of framing bills of indictment, ob-
taining warrants, and attending the assizes. The following
copy of a certificate for a casual pauper of the period shows
the mode of treatment used in those days to get rid of such
gentry:

A pass to send houm vagarrants from tithing to tithing.
Devon —

Giles Eoles a vaggarant Begger was the fourth day of february
Anno Dom 1632 was openly whipped in upton hellings within the
county aforesayde for a wandering Eoge according to the lawe and
is assigned too pass forthwith from Psh to Psh the next stright
way too Ashton within the county of Heryford where as hee con-
fesseth hee [was borne] dwelleth and had his last abod for three
years and is limited to bee there within twelve dayes where hee is
to bee delivered to the Churchwarden and overseere of the poore of
the sayd Psh there by them to bee set on worke and provid^ for as
law biddeth

* Cheriton Fitzpaine, near Crediton.
VOL. X. U

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318 EXTBACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

In witness whereof Richard Reynell Esquire one of his Ma"*'
Justices of the peace within the sayde county of Devon Thomas
Whitehome parson of the sayd Psh of Upton Hellions and Simo
Dicker Counstable there have here unto set their hands and seals.

Greaven the day and yeare first above written

Richard Reynell * Thomas Whithome Simon Dicker.

It would appear that the number of beggars and loose
characters must have been on the increase, and in order to
keep them under, the above-mentioned stringent measures
were adopted. Izacke's History of Exeter contains the follow-
ing quaint notice of the city's eflforts in the same direction :
No common beggers in the open streets of the city were
permitted, but presently sent to the Workhouse, or House of
Correction, to get their bread by the sweat of their brows,
Idleness being the root of all evil ; it being no less true than
a witty Saying, That the Devil tempts all men but the Idle
man, who tempts the Devil, the Idle Man's Brain being a
Shop for the Devil to work in."

King James I. died on March 27th, 1625, and within a
month Charles I. issued warrants for the election of members
for his first Parliament. Roberts thus alludes to the elections
for the county of Devon. His attending to vote seems to
imply that he was an owner of freehold land.

1625 The xxvj day of Aprel were chosen at the Castel of Exeter
to be Knights of the Sheere for the Parlament Ser Frances
rulford,t Ser Frances Courtney. J They were chousen at the
comming in of our Gratius King Charrels.

Simon Lech § of Cadley was Head Sherrive this yeere. The
names of those that bee of our Psh that were to the chousing of
the Sheere Knights were Thomas Roberts, Peeter Smart, Peeter
Pine, Richard Jewell and John Dart.

Charles was not long on the throne before he was entangled
in the war on .the Continent. His sister's husband, the Count
Palatine, had lost his hereditary dominions, and Charles,
aided by the French and Dutch, endeavoured to reinstate
him, the Emperor and the Spanish King taking the other
view of the question. Roberts thus alludes to the Cadiz
expedition :

At Ester and Whitsuntide there were three presses in England.

* Riohard Reynell, Esq., of Creedy-Widger, in the parish of Upton
Hellions.— Westcote, p. 678. f Sir Francis Fulford, of Folford.

t Sir Francis Ck>urtoey, of Powderham.
{ Sir Simon Leach, of Crediton and Cadleigh. Knighted 1625.

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THOMAS BOBEBTS AND FAMILY.

319

At the third pres there were at Plimmoth that did take Shipping
there ahout 1 0 thousant men : that is a camp EialL Then it was
spoken of that there were 2 camps Eiall that went out of King
Charrels Dominion 1625.

Of the twenty thousand men here mentioned, eight thou-
sand assembled at Plymouth, supplemented by two thousand
veterans from the Low Countries, while two thousand freshly-
pressed men were sent from Hull to fill their places in Count
Mansfield's army. The second ten thousand were collected
from the seaport towns to man the navy ; of these part went
to Dieppe to join the French fleet, and the remainder joined
in the Cadiz expedition organized at Plymouth. There were
many difficulties in starting this expedition to Cadiz, and
Charles paid his first visit to Devon to hurry on the prepara-
tions. Roberts notes the visit of the King as follows :

The 13 day of September Mr. Sherrife roud at powdroum to
meet King Charrels there and firom that they roude at Plimmeth
to see the goin away of the fleet, and there roud with Mr. Sherrief
many of his men.

The 12 day of October the fleete went away from Plimmeth
When that King Charrels was there at Plimmeth there were thirty
thousand that trayne before his Majesty : There were seven score-
seale went away together.

Roberts here records the country-side rumour of the pro-
portions of this expedition. Rushworth gives the number of
ships as eighty, and the number of men 15,729, of whom
barely 10,000 were soldiers, and the remainder sailors. The
command was given to Lord Wimbledon; but the whole
affair was conducted Stuart-fashion, and turned out a miser-
able failure.

The day the fleet left Plymouth it encountered a violent
storm, which did great damage, and scattered the ships for a
time. It was probably a wave of the same storm whose
visitation to Tiverton and neighbourhood Roberts thus de-
scribes:

The 13 day of October there was a storm and a fearefull water
in our country and it was very credabell reported that there were
50:3 (53) houses in Tiverton sunk and caryed away and in Upex
there was great hurt dun at the report of 3 hundred pounds. Mr
Kingdoms houses weare all caryed away except his bame. Thomas
Richards houses were very mutch hurted. The widdow Rakes her
houses and R Ducks and in other places there was mutch hurt
dun.

U 2

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320

EXTRACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

The rustic's notion of the size of London at this time may
be seen by the following memorandum. It must have ap-
peared colossal to a Devonshire yeoman of the seventeenth
century.

The 2 day of October I heard it spoken of in Sir Simon Leaches
house that there be oxx and od Pshes within the subburbs of
London, that is within the walls and the walk are 12 miles about

About this time the plague was causing a terrible mortality
all over England. In 1625 it was so bad in London that the
Revenue Offices were removed to Heading, and the Parliament
was adjourned from Westminster to meet again at Oxford.
In 1626 it was considered unsafe to hold the assizes in
Exeter, and the town of Tiverton was chosen instead. Roberta
thus alludes to the event :

1626 The assizes was kept at Tiverton. The Head Sherife of
Devonshire at that time was one Master Fry.* The Judge was
called Judge Dennentf

Dunsford, quoting from Blundell's and Hewett's Memoirs^
says that the school (BlundeU's School) was used as the
assize court, and that "a Dutchman for robbery, and one
Comins of Chevithorne for sheep stecding, were hanged upon
the White-down, about two miles from Tiverton, leading to
Cullumpton."

1626 (1627) Head Sherrife for Devonshire Master John
Northcote %

1628 Mr Young § of Upton Hellings was Head Sherife of
Devonsheere

One subsidy for our Psh comes to xij*

The yj day of September payed unto Baptes Tuker too subsides
except eight shillings that was dew from Greorge Matthew

In the year 1628 the Commons voted five subsidies to the
King, but only after a great deal of discussion and grumbling.

• Nicholas Pry, of Tarty.

t Sir John Denham, Baron of Exchequer 1617-34, one of the few upright
judges of Charles I. He gave his judgment in fiivour of Hampden in the
Ship-money trial.

X John Northoote, of Tewtor, ancestor of the present Chancellor of the
Exchequer.

§ Walter Tonge, j.p. for Devon, memher of the Puritan party. One of
the first two memhers of Parliament returned for Honiton on the restora-
tion of the franchise to that town in 1640. See Diary puhlished hy Camden
Society.

THOMAS ROBERTS AND FAMILY.

321

The objection to paying taxes was not confined to London.
Eoberts, as constable, and consequently collector of rates and
taxes, would naturally hear the usual comments made on
such occasions; and it would appear, from the following
entry, that the notice for payment of a subsidy was made in
church, when most of the parishioners would be assembled.
With truly official zeal Eoberts notes down the openly-
pronounced growl made on so public an occasion.

The 24 day of August Peeter Pine said when the subsidy was
spoken of in the Church by Thomas Eoberts, whether it should be
paid in post and that men could not pay mony beefore they had it.

What in post may mean it would be difficult to say ; but
evidently it was something rebellious and treasonable, or the
worthy constable would not have made a note of it For a
much less trivial remark Master Peeter Pine might have
drawn on himself the attention of the Star Chamber.

The next entry of public interest is that of the murder of
the Duke of Buckingham, by Felton, at Portsmouth.

The Ducke was slaine in August 1628. He was slaine in
Portsmouth by one John Felton a souldier. John Felton was
executed the xxix day of December.

Peeter Pine, who grumbled about the subsidy, gave Con-
stable Eoberts trouble again, by making what it is to be
hoped were libellous assertions against that functionary's
official character.

The 9 day of Desember Peeter Pine saide that I did keepe il
order and that I did goe at John Pleases his house and require for
beare when it was midnight and becase that I could have none
there I went at Thomas Parrases house and there I called for beere
to make them drunke that were drunk before.

Witnesseth Mary Eoberts.

The constable's property was not safer than his good name^
if we may judge by the following entry :

The 12 day of Desember one Eobert Wislake was committed
to the Gayle by Justes Eaynell- for stealing of Thomas Eoberts
sheepe.

The times must have been very unruly, if occurrences like
the following were frequent. It is charitable to suppose
that it was only the result of a Church Ale ; but we have

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322 EXTRACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

already seen that Master Gib the younger was wont to use
violence in his discussions.

The 2 day of July John Gihb the younger did thro we out
Henry Buckingham out of the church porch of Cheryton fit spayne
that hee fel out upon his joynts of his handes and did strike away
the skin of them that they did blud and were mutched abruaed
that hee could doo littell aU that weeke after.

The next note relating to manners and customs is even
more shocking.

The 5 day of November being on the Sabbath day John Please
recaved the communyon and in the aftemoone did play to skeals*
and did prate and fight with John Heard hee did heat him and
began with him 2 : or 3 : times. John Heard not giving him one
blow nether proffering him any wrong.

This John Please, whose conduct is thus recorded, was
always allowing his cattle to trespass on Boberts's ground,
and was probably a source of annoyance. Ho kept an
ale-house, and consequently was liable to prosecution for
permitting gambling under his roo£

1629 The 23 day of November John Please did keepe card
playing in his house and did play himaelfe Witnesseth Mr
Jampson and Thomas Eoberts the younger and Kichard Strong.

The following recipe for toothache may have been found
worth keeping by some member of the Roberts' family :

For to helpe acing teeth.
Yee must take ground Ivy moret and Pud-nettel-more and
leaves of Eosemary and salt and cut it smale and powne it together
and pit it to youre tooth if there bee a hole in him, if not to yoiur
iaw and hould it close betweene youie jawes.

The occasion of filling the oflSce of High Sheriflf was
sometimes used as an opportunity for making a show. If a
country gentleman was popular, his friends and neighbours
would rally round to do him honour; and thus a goodly
array of followers would be seen. The miserable remnant
of this good old custom can be seen now in an assize town
on the arrival of the judge, in the paltry exhibition of a
dozen javelin-men and two trumpeters. John Evelyn notices
this when his father served as High Sheriflf: "1634. My

* Skeals, query keels, ninepins. f More » Boot.

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THOMAS EGBERTS AND FAMILY.

323

father was appointed Sherifif for Surrey and Sussex before
they were disjoyned. He had 116 servants in liverys, every
one livery'd in green sattin doublets ; divers gentlemen and
persons of quality waited on him in the same garbe and
habit, which at that time (when 30 or 40 was the usual
retinue of the high sheriff) was esteem'd a great muster.
Nor was this out of the least vanity that my Father exceeded
(he was one of the greatest decliners of it), but because he
could not refuse the civility of his friends and relations, who
voluntarily came themselves, or sent their servants."

Mr John Davy* of Greedy was Head Sherif 1630 There were
fifty followers that wore his cloth of clokes besides othera

Perhaps Mr. Davy had another object in view besides that
of doing honour to his Majesty's representative, as the next
entry runs thus :

Then about Midsummer Mr Shenife was married.

The sight of a sheriff in all this glory may have been more
than the fair lady could resist.

1630 Crediton market was removed about Hall eave.t

Charles I. had interfered to such an extent in the church
matters of Scotland, that an insurrection of the Covenanters
broke out. To suppress this an army was raised, and Eoberts
describes the impressment. Captain Norcot, or Northcot,
doubtless made a good thing for himself by "pricking"
well-to-do yeomen, and allowing them to redeem themselves
by a small payment. Of the names given below Peter Pine
had a vote for the county, and must have been a freeholder ;
and Eoberts was in a position to pay rather than allow his
kinsmen to be killed in Scotland.

1639 The 12 day of March John Eoberts, Eobert Eoberts,
Peeter Pine, William Marshall and William Beere were prict for
Scotland. Then William Marshall and Eobert Eoberts were
injoyned by Capting Norcot to pay thirty shiUings a peece and the
others were to get spared so Grod cheepe as they could. J

1639 Mr. Marting § of Axminster was Head Sherif

* John Davy, of Creedy, created baronet 1641, ancestor of the present
owner of the farm Town Living in which Roberts lived,
t HaU eave ■= HaUoweve.

t See Shakeepere, Henry IF,, part ii., act iii., scene 2. God cheepe seems
to mean as cheap as possible, or for as much as they could raise.
{ Sir Nicholas Martyn, Knight (Bisdon), of Oxton.

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324

EXTRACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

Notices of the improper behaviour of John Please have
already been given. His name occurs frequently, and it
would appear either that the constable had an especial
animosity against him, or he must have been a desperate
character.

The xiijih day of March John Please bad bin at Cheriton in the
forenoon and afternoon bee came at Stockly Church and he had
drank hard at Cheriton that bee sleeped part of the time that Mr
Jamson reade the Cannons and all the while the salme was asing-
iug & part of the time that the beeleefe was a saying untill Greorge
Matthews hurt him twise beefore he did awake and after prayer
bee went out of the cbmrcb ramliug

The morals of the neighbourhood were evidently not
improving, and Roberts's notions of propriety were being
constantly outraged.

1641. The 1 day of February John Smart Counstabel did keep
unlawful card play in his bouse. One Hancock and Hull and John
Lane of Budge playde sweepstake halfe crowne

The 1 1 day of Aprill John Smart did sit and tippeU at Hairises
house after evening prayer until night being on tiie Sabbath day.
Witnesseth Eoger Downe & Tamson * Heard

The three twenty day of Aprill there was one pedler of Rewe t
ether Bramford X at Harrises and did tippell there so long that was
drunk & did abuse the tything man. Eoger Downe spake the
words : & the weeke before the widdowe Quickes boy Peeter Pine
his boy and John Downe had wine at Harrises and a spende ii\j d
a peece there

The period of the civil war was now approaching, and
among Roberts's notes are some few relating to scenes in that
terrible drama which came under his own observation, or
reported to him by his friends. The first alludes to the
battle of Stamford, near Stratton.

1643 There was a greate fight at Stratton that there were by
report killed and taken prisoners 2 ether 3 thousant There were
killed fifty commanders at that time was killed Capting Hucway
and Capting Isake

On the defeat of the Parliamentarians the victorious Cornish
army marched into Devon, under Sir Ralph Hopton, and
after passing by Exeter proceeded to Chard, to join Prince

* Tamson— Thomasin. f Rewe, near Exeter.

t Bramford Speke.

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THOMAS KOBERTS AND FAMILY.

325

Maurice. On their march they called at Crediton, and their
pleasant ways are thus described :

There came in at Credyton of Comishmen sum four ether five
thousant and did Riefill and take away many mens goods, from
Met Bucgingame, and M'' John Rowe, Throw Bridge,
Prouse, M*' Boult, M'' Rogers, M'' Young with others to the
vallue of one thousant pounds and a half and upwards by relayton
of others.

It was such hateful excesses as this which soon made the
name of Cavalier so detested in Devon.

The 1 1 day of March Exon was beseiged by Sir Raf e Hoppun
& by Prince Morrish.

The next line, but in a very different handwriting to the
above quotation, is the following, evidently written by some
other member of the Roberts family who was not particular
as to what page he wrote on.

The third of February 1669 My Lord Munke came in at Lundon.

Monk being a Devonshire man, his important share in
the Restoration was a matter of pride to his fellow-country-
men.

1644 The last day of May the Queene came at Exon and toke
up Bedford House.

Queen Henrietta Maria came to Exeter for her con-
finement, and was delivered on June 16th of a daughter,
afterwards Duchess of Orleans. Roberts is wrong as to the
date ; it should have been the first, and not the last day of
May. On the approach of Essex and the Pcirliamentary
army the Queen left Exeter, and with the escort of Prince
Maurice made her way into Cornwall, and at Ftilmouth took
ship for France.

In June the Queene lay at Credjrton at Mr Tukers house and
from thence shee rode at Lanson with all her troope. At the same
time Prince Morrish came at Crediton with all his f oreses

This entry is particularly interesting, inasmuch as it
gives the route the Queen took on this occasion. Dunsford,
by a misprint, rendered Lanson into limson ; but the actucd
spelling is Lanson for Launceston.

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326

EXTRACTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

Soon after the Queen's departure the Earl of Essex came
on the scene. ^

The Errell of Essex came at Tiverton in the begining of July
with all his forces. Being reported by one Thomas Lawrence that
the erreU had three hundered fifty and od carages and of horse
beelong thereunto for draught too Uiousand

Following quickly on the footsteps of Essex came the
King and his son. But the note which mentions the King's
visit to Grediton is in the same handwriting, and close
beneath the announcement of Monk's entry into London,
both probably written long afterwards. The King is described
as Charles I. Charles II. must therefore have been on the
throne, or a claimant for its possession.

The 25 of July King Charles the first and Prince Charles were
in the great meddow at Crediton w^ his army

Sir Edmund Walker gives the date of this review as the
27th of July. It was held in the well-known pasture field
now called Lord's Meadow. This is the last record of any
public event in the book, excepting two notices of High
Sheriffs, and which are written at the foot of the page in ^
which the announcement of Mr. Davy's marriage is made,
1630, but in a different handwriting.

1666 Mr Norly* of Pencoth was Head Shereve of Devon

1667 Mr Tucfieldf of Fulford was Head Shereef of Devon.

There is no notice of Thomas Eoberts's death, but there is
of his ceasing to be constable; and certainly he deserved a
holiday in his old age, after performing the duties of his
office for nearly a quarter of a century. There is no date to
this note, ai\d it is not in his handwriting :

Thomas Eoberts was Counstabell : 23 : years, then he was
supprest by Ma Eeynall and Mas John Kortcot the sayde Thomas
Roberts was supprest the xxiiij th day of September : if hee had
bin afore Whit Sunday it had abin xxiiij yeers when Thomas
Roberts was supprest then the same time Peeter Pyne was put in
coimstable.

Peter Pine was the individual who made the treasonable i
remark when the notice of the subsidy was given out in
church, and who afterwards meuie disrespectful comments on
the way Eoberts kep order. It is to be hoped, for the sake of

* Henry Northleigh. f John Tnokfield.

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THOMAS EGBERTS AND FAMILY.

327

the parish, that he did his duty faithfully ; though &om the
fact that Koberts held offtee for twenty-three years, one may
conclude that on the whole he must have given satisfaction.

The latest entry in the book relates to the election as con-
stable of a member of Roberts's family :

1G72 The 11 day of Aprill Robert Roberts sun of Robert
Roberts was sworn coimstable.

It would appear from the many entries respecting different
constables being appointed that there were always two at the
same time. Perhaps, like the office of churchwarden, one
may have been chosen by the parish and the other by the
magistrates ; this however is mere conjecture. But from the
notices, it seems that although one constable left office, and
another succeeded him, still the accounts were settled with
Roberts. The collection of rates and taxes would render it
very necessary that the constable should be a man of probity
and of some substance, as large sums of money would from
time to time pass through his hands. The following entry
shows, that though PhiUp Marshall retires from office and
John Smart succeeds him, the settlement of accounts is made
with Roberts :

1639 The fourth day of October Phillip Marshall went out of
his counstable ship and that day John Smart was put in counstabell
by Justes Davy and Justes Tucfield The 5 day of November
Phillip Marshall gave in his account to his Psh and his receite was
3* : 6' : 4** and his disbursements were 2^ : 1' : 0^ and of that there
was 8' dewe unto the Psish upon his former accoimt which for
that 8" I had made levell on the last receoning. And at that time
Phillip Marshall payde over unto John Smart : 14"^ which was dew
unto tiie parrisL

Among the memoranda of moneys paid there are some
which show that Roberts did not perform all the labour of
his farm personally, but paid for help from others at a con-
tract price, or so much per " forme " of ploughing or digging.
The word '* forme " is used as a measure of land, and is fre-
quently met with, tihough it appears to be obsolete now.

The same day payde for digging two formes 1* : 9^

It seems probable that Thomas Roberts and Robert Roberts,
though living t(^ther, or at all events making entries in the
same book, had different land. For instance, Thomas Roberts
pays his taxes to John Smart, while Robert Roberts settles with

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328

EXTBiLCTS FROM A MEMORANDUM BOOK.

Thomas Roberts. Again, Thomas Eoberts pays rates for his
farm, Town Living, while Robert Roberts enters Lord's rent in
his accounts, which Thomas does not, being a freeholder :

1640 The 16"* day of February payde to John Smart for Ship
money for Town Living 8*

The iv day of May payde to John Smart for Town Living for
4 rates 4" 4*

The 24^ day of May payde Richard Heard being churchwaiding
one Rate 10*

Robert Roberts's accounts for the same year are more com-
plete:

1640 The 26^ day of Aprill paide Thomas Roberts
For the Lords Rent . . . 17' 4*

For the poore
For the warden
For the clarke
The whole is

5« 1*

2» 5*
18*
26-4*

The accounts for the next year, 1641, are somewhat dif-
ferent :

1641 The 9^ day of May payde to Thomas Roberts

For the Lords Rent . . . xvij*

For the poore . . . iiij*

For the church and the dearke . . iiij*

For to subsidies . . . viij'

For Ship money . . . x*
For 3 hogs ides powning *

These payments of ship money so long after that peculiar
tax had been declared illegal, were probably merely a con-
tinuation of the use of a name applied to one of the subsidies.

The accounts for 1642 are much like those of 1641, with
the exception that there is no mention of ship money. In
1643 the civil war begins to touch the Devonshire farmer's
pocket:

1643 The 4*** day of Aprill payde to Thomas Roberts

For 3 Marshall Rates
For the poore for 24 months .
For 2 rates for the King's services
For the Lords rent
For the church and the dearke
The 16*^ day of July payde to Thomas Roberts
For too weeks pay for the army

3«4*
viy*
iij- 4*

xvy
iiij

ix"ij*

* Powning ss Crushing the juice from the apples to make dder.

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THOMAS ROBERTS AND FAMILY.

329

In this account are found the various names of the rates
levied during the war. "Marshall Rates" may have been
those levied in the county by the commissioners seated at
Exeter, to be applied to building fortresses and other military
purposes. " Eates for the King's services " may mean money
raised to be sent to head-quarters ; and " the two weeks' pay
for the army" was extracted from the peasants by the general
in command of the army having possession of the vicinity
for the time being.

The accounts for 1644 show that the Royal party were
reduced to the necessity of anticipating the payment of the
taxes for the next year. The game was nearly at an end :

1644 The 19"* day of January payde to Thomas Robert
For 3 weeks pay . . . viij' ix*

The 28 day of ApriU payde to Thomas Roberts the third part of
all taxes that are to bee payde for my part for one whole yeere
For the Lords Rent . . . xvij' iiy**

For the clearke & wardings . . iij' iiij*

For the poore . . . ii\j* x*

For too rates for the King . . iij' iiij**

The sum is 1* — 8-— 10"*
At that time payde to Thomas Roberts more for two Rates for
the King for the next yeere iij" iiij*

With this must end the selection of extracts from Thomas
Roberts's memorandum book. It has been found quite im-
possible to give them in the order in which they are found,
as they are mixed up with a charming defiance of regularity,
and utterly independent of one another. Doubtless Roberts
had other books, but which are unfortunately lost, as the
accounts come to a somewhat sudden termination with some
firagmentary items of 1646, the next page being illegible. It
is much to be r^retted that other Devonshire farmers who
lived in bygone days have not left books to show that they
knew and acted on the famous motto of Captain Cuttle:
" When found make a note of."

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THE FOSSILS OF THE CULM MEASURE LIME-
STONES AEOUND HOLCOMBE EOGUS.

BT THE BET. W. D0WNB8.

(Head at Paignton, August. 1878.)

In the autumn of last year Mr. H. B. Woodward, f.g.s., in
the course of correspondence, remarked to me that good
collections of fossils from the limestones of Holcombe Bogus
were wanted ; and he seemed to imply that, living as I did
in the neighbourhood of those rocks, the work of collecting
their fossils would be one which I might suitably undertake.
I was much obliged to him for the suggestion, and I deter-
mined to do my best to meet the want. It soon, however,
became evident that great results were not to be expected.
Good collections of fossils cannot be made where very few
fossils occur, and where those few are hardly ever found in
a good state of preservation.

The same correspondent also kindly sent a list of those
works which contain all, as he believes, which is known of
those rocks and of their fossils. He referred me to —

1. Sedgwick and Murchison on the ''Physical Structure
of Devonshire."*

2. De la Beche. Report on the Geology of Cornwall^ Devon^
and West Somerset. 1839.

3. Phillips's PcUceozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and West
Somerset. 1841.

Of these the two former deal principally with the strati-
graphical features of the district ; but they also make some
brief mention of the fossils, and of their " extreme paucity."
The work of Phillips being professedly a palaeontological
one, gives, as might be expected, the bulk of the information
upon this subject, the greater part of which I was enabled to
verify, though on some points my experience did not exactly
coincide with his.

* IV'antaetioni Oiological Society,

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THE FOSSILS OF THE CULM MEASUBE.

331

The area which I searched may be generally described as
that which is included within a radius of about two miles
from the village of Holcombe Eogus on all sides of it. It
is marked in t£e ordnance map by five nearly parallel ridges
of limestone rock, extending from Lear and Kitfcon* on the
north ; to Eocknal, Westleigh, and Canonsleigh on the south.
Among these limestone ridges tiiere are more than twenty
quarries, all of which I have searched diligently.

The authors above named do not appear to be agreed on
every point Thus Sedgwick and Murchison speak of *' the
extreme paucity of the fossils, and their absence from the
accompanying shales f while Phillips tells us that on the
southern slopes of Westleigh "the shale is very full of
Goniatites."!

Again, Sedgwick and Murchison, after mentioning in the
text that Posidonomyse are not to be found at Westleigh,
add in a foot-note that this fossil has been found there by
Major Harding. De la Beche however, apparently not aware
of Major Bkirding's discovery, again denies the occurrence of
Posidonomya at Westleigh. He says, " The posidoniae which
seem to have thriven amid the carbonaceous waters to
the westward have not been detected in these limestones;
but a Goniatite, found associated in the carbonaceous lime-
stone of Swimbridge, near Barnstaple, with posidoniae, is
found at Westleigh." § Phillips, in 1841, briefly remarks
that there are "a few posidoni8e."||

Two things in the reports above quoted have surprised me.
(1) That Phillips should have described the shale on the
" southern slopes " as " very full of Goniatites and (2) that
there should ever have been any doubt as to the occurrence
there of Posidonomyse.

Probably the beds of shale now exposed on the " southern
slopes " differ in their fossil contents from those which were
examined by Phillips nearly forty years ago ; for, after much
labour in searching, I could only discover a few doubtful
traces of Goniatites along all the southern border. EventuaUy
I found fossils in some degree answering to the description ;
but not on the southern slopes. At Whipcoats, in an old
quaiTy to the east of the canal, are Goniatites (? species).
They are, however, in beds of hard limestone, not in shale.

.^^in, in a quarry on the north side of the road leading

* Written " Eillon " in the ordnance map and in De la Beche^s Ripori,

t Tram, Oeo. Soe., 2nd series, vol. y. p 675.

} PakdoKoie Fossils, p. laO. § Heporf, p. 105.

II Palaotoie Fossils, p. 190.

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332

THE FOSSILS OF THE CULM MEASURE

from Holcombe Eogus to Hockworthy there are abundant
impressions in sTiale (but over a very limited area) of some
coiled shells. Some of these appear to correspond with
Phillips's figures of G. Spirorbis, Others do not agree with
either of Phillips's figures {G. Mixolobvs and G. Spirorhis) ;*
and in the opinion of Mr. D'Urban, F.L.S., resemble Euom-
phalus rather than Goniatites. Others again are so obscure,
that a probability only can be adduced that they may be
organisms identical with those which are found in proximity
to them — a probability which is increased by the fact that
many gradations of obscurity are observable. No sutures
are visible. Unless this spot be held to answer to the descrip-
tion, I can find no "shale very full of Goniatites." In
the Albert Memorial Museum they have one Goniatite from
Westleigh, which Mr. D'Urban thinks may be 0, Sphoericus
(Martin) ; but he does not consider that it resembles any-
thing figured by Phillips.

On the other hand, PosidonomysB proved persistent all
along the southern slopes " — not, indeed, in such abundance
as at Bampton and other places to the far westward, but in
sufficient numbers to render it still the characteristic fossil
of these rocks. It seldom occurs in the beds of hard lime-
stone ; but it is in every bed of shale in the southern division
of the area. In the northern ridges I did not find it.

The Posidonomyse occur sometimes singly, sometimes, as
Phillips describes, "impressed one upon another," "without
fracture," thus showing the thin and flexible nature of the
shell, t In a few specimens from the limestone the original
convexity of the shell is preserved, while in the shale they
are invariably flattened, thus illustrating the two different
conditions of deposit

Phillips figures two species of Posidonomyae from West-
leigh, P. Becheri and P. lateralis. These two specific names
are however treated by Baily as synonymous. The latter also
quotes Sir B. Murchison to show that this fossil has a special
interest as having furnished the key to the age of these
limestones, and as showing their connection in time with
the Irish " Calp," and the carboniferous limestones of North-
umberland.!

I had the good fortune to find some fragments of this fossil,
representing an individual far exceeding in dimensions the
ordinary type. The largest size quoted by Phillips is about two
inches by four and a half inches, and the average specimens

* Falaotoic Fotailtt p 122. f Palaozoie FostiU^ p. 43.

X Baily '8 CharaeterUtic British FotiiU, p. 114.

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LIMESTONES AROUND HOLCOMBE BOGUS.

333

are certainly smaller than this, whereas my fragments indi-
cate an individual fourteen or fifteen inches from hinge-line
to base. I did not find them in situ, but in a small heap of
shattered shale, distinguishable from the waste heap upon
which it lay, as evidently a separate wheelbarrow load. The
pieces all came from this one wheelbarrow load, and nearly
all from the same side of the load, and are all in shale of the
same peculiar colour. There was some difl5culty in securing
the specimens, owing to the fact that the shale was split up
into thin plates, often not in natural apposition to each
other, and that the fossil impression lay on a plane at right
angles, or nearly so, to the plates. Professor llupert Jones,
F.B.S., to whom, by the kind advice of Mr. Pengelly, F.R.S., the
specimens were sent, suggests that these plates probably mark
planes of cleavage, the true plane of bedding being that upon
which the fossil lies. With the specimens I sent to Professor
R Jones an enlarged drawing of one of Phillips's figures — as
large as could be drawn upon a whole sheet of foolscap —
and I dotted upon it the shell areas which I supposed to be
represented by my fragments. In acknowledging the parcel,
he says that he is unable to match the specimens with the
areas marked, but that "doubtless the idea of their relation is
sufficiently well established." He adds also that he does not
" see any objection to the idea of the PosidonomysB being of
this great size; for the analogous (if not allied) Inocerami
and Pemce may be and are of very great extent."

It is seldom possible to mistake the bedding at Westleigh,
and cleavage is very rarely found; but I believe I can
discern cleavage on a small scale sometimes in the shales,
though the harder beds are quite unaffected by it.

Each of the authors above quoted mentions the occurrence
of crinoidal beds. Crinoidal joints are to be found in most of
the weathered rocks. The old quarry at Rocknal especially is
fuU of them. At Hockworthy some joints occur very different
in appearance to those at RocknaL The Eocknal joints are
smooth, or marked by a few lines radiating from the ali-
mentary canal. The Hockworthy joints, on the other hand,
have the outer rim only preserved, which is minutely crenu-
lated. Perhaps the difference may mark two species. Some
beds abound with what the workmen call " flint balls,*' which
at first sight might be taken for mere siliceous nodules. It
struck me, however, that these have a peculiar cup-like and
uniform shape. One side is generally developed more than
the other, and when perfect they show traces of a stem at
the base. Some may be seen on the exposed face of the

VOL. X. X

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334

THE FOSSILS OF THE CULM MEASURE

Tock, with from three to six inches of stem attached, and
with crinoidal joints lying about them. Though they show
no trace of pelvic plate, nor of arms, nor indeed any inde-
pendent proof of organic origin, one can have little doubt
but that they indicate the position of what have been
crinoidal calices, though now obscured by concretionary
action.

The scanty occurrence of a few Brachiopoda is mentioned
both by De la Beche and by Phillips. I have also found a
few, only one of which however seems capable of identifi-
catioiu. This seems to correspond with Phillips's figure of
Orthis Hardrensis (syn. Chonetes Hardrensis). In this opinion
I am confirmed by Mr. D'Urban. The cardinal spines are
not visible.

No mention is made in the works above quoted of any
other Lamellibranchiata except Posidonomya. I have how-
ever two, both obscure.

The occurrence of "several plants" is mentioned by
Phillips.* Vegetable impressions, in a very imperfect state,
abound at the old quarry at Knowle; and they may also
be found scantily elsewhere. One small impression from
Eocknal Mr. D'Urban describes as " a fucoid." A Calamite
also has been found by Mr. Champemowne at Holcombe.

It is probable that the number of new sections exposed
during the last forty years may enable the stratigraphical
geologist to add somewhat to the accounts furnished by the
earlier authors upon the structure of this district ; but they
afford very little assistance to the palaeontologist, whose most
fruitful field lies among the weathered rocks.

'* The characteristic dissemination through the more earthy
base of the rock of distinct crystals of carbonate of lime"
has been noticed by Sedgwick and Murchison.t The pre-
valence of silica is also a noticeable peculiarity. To some
such peculiar mineralogical conditions we must look for the
probable reason of the fact, that good specimens of fossils are
never to be found even in well- weathered fossiliferous rock.

* PakBwne FostiU, p. 190.

f 7Van». Oeo, Soc., 2nd series, voL y. p. 675.

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AECHiEOLOGICAL DISCOVEEIES IN EXETER,
MADE DURING APRIL AND MAY, 1878.

BY BDWABD PABFITT.
(Bead at Paignton, August, 1878.)

In some excavations that have been made by Messrs.
Kennaway and Co. for the enlargement of their wine cellars,
the workmen have cqme upon quite a mine of archieological
treasures ; namely, Greek and Roman coins, pottery of various
kinds, bones of animals, charcoal, bronze articles, and no less
than eighteen human skeletons, more or less perfect.

The last have excited a good deal of curiosity and specu-
lation as to how they came to be buried there (if they were
really buried). Whether this place was a jrraveyard, either
public, or attached to some religious house, church, or chapel,
has, if possible, to be ascertained.

The place where these bones, &c., were discovered was in
the courtyard, and partly under the house lately in the
occupation of Mr. North way, one of the lay vicars of the
Cathedral, situate on the left as you ascend the street called
Palace Gate from South Street, about the centre below where
the Gate used to stand.

The wall of the Close, built in 1295, ran directly behind
this house, and the end of one of the new cellars abuts
against a part of the bottom of the wall. In the centre of
the cellar, and fronting the passage between the stacks of
wine, is a Gothic doorway of dressed stone in excellent
preservatioa This doorway is about three feet six inches
wide, and six feet high, and opens into a passage which
probably leads into the Cathedral (?) From this doorway
being built of dressed stone, I should presume that this was
an outer door ; that is, the passage did not extend on this
side of it, but that it was a sort of postem-gate, which would
open, I presume, on level, or comparatively level, ground.
All this, then, outside the wall of the Close, had been filled
up with earth and the cUbris of old buildings to the height
of several feet above the doorway ; and it was in the upper

x 2

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336 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER.

part of this that the coins, pottery, and skeletons lay. The
whole area occupied by the skeletons was about ten feet
square; but as one was more than half under the floor of
the house, it is thought that there may probably be more of
them ; but as the house was not to be pulled down, there
they must remain.

Presuming that this is the case, and that after the wall of
the Close was destroyed, and the place was filled up with the
ddbris before spoken of, was this ground used as a burial-
ground, the same as the whole of the Cathedral Close formerly
was ? That the Close was the common graveyard for upwards
of nine hundred years we have historical evidence.

Another question has been raised; namely, Could this
place have been the graveyard to St. James's Church, which,
according to Dr. Oliver, stood at the comer of Palace Street,
the back part of which probably extended nearly, if not
quite, as far as where these human remains were found?
Then, again, I am informed that in the gardens opposite, on
the other side of the street, human bones were constantly
being dug up about thirty years ago. From this it would
appear that the whole of the ground about there was used
for burial purposes. (?)

Another suggestion has been made, that this might have
been the private ground of an ancient priory founded by
Bishop William Warelwast He was made bishop in 1107,
and died in 1127, so that between these years no doubt the
Priory was built.

The old Bear Inn, in Southgate Street, stood on the site
of this old priory. " Great part of the old buildings, par-
ticularly the chapel, was standing a few years since. This
venerable pile of buildings, being in a ruinous state, was
pulled down, and a dwelling-house, offices, &c., erected on
the site by Mr. Robert Russell, who was employed in the
waggon business, and in 1798, when the French threatened
the invasion of England, oflfered to lend the Government
three hundred horses." *

In the Plympton Priory Rental, of September 20th, 1481,
this inn is described as then being newly rebuilt **de novo
reedificatum!' t And we are also told, by the same authority,
that this Bear Inn was the town-house of the Abbot of Tavis-
tock. " The last abbot leased it for a term of sixty years, from
Nov. 7th, 1538 (?), to Edward Brigeman and Jane his wife,
their executors and assignees . . . and King Henry VIII., on
January 30, 1548, granted the premises to William Abbot,

* Jenkins's HUtory of Exeter, p. 87S. f OUver*s Monastieon, p. 93.

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AJlCHiEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETEB. 337

Esq., and his heirs for ever. This William Abbot sold the
same, on Feb. 15, 1548, to Griffin Ameredith and John
Fortescue."

From this it would seem that this priory ceased to be such
sometime in the thirteenth century, when it was converted
into the Bear Inn ; so that if burials took place in the ground
attached to the chapel, this was before it became the Bear
Inn. That the grounds of this priory extended to where these
human remains were found, I think very probable.

The oldest map we have of the city, 1610, shows the
ground on both sides of Palace Grate as open, with no build-
ings on it ; but I would not lay too much stress on this work
of the map-maker.

In the days of the Eoman Empire burials were not allowed
to take place inside the cities and towns ; and it was not in
the power of Christians to transgress the laws of the empire,
which forbade interment within the waUs of cities. If this
law was carried out it would at once show that these were
not Boman.

The burying of bodies east and west wonld seem to be
peculiar to the Christians, and is in fact a remnant of the
orientation of the so-called heathen nations of the east. Thus
in Dr. William Smith's Didionary of Christian Antiquities it
is said that " when the body was lowered into the grave it
was with the face turned upwards, and with the feet towards
the east, in token of the sure and certain hope of the coming
of the Sun of Bighteousness, and the resurrection of the
dead." (page 253.) It will be observed that it is the sun,
the bright luminary of day, that is here alluded to, proving
at once the origin of this mode of burial — of the orientation
or turning towards the rising sun, the lord of day.

I do not know at what date burials began to be made
when the bodies were laid east and west, or as near these
points as could be ; for if any importance is to be ascribed
to the position in which these skeletons were found, and I
think there is, it would place them anterior to the time
and mode of Christian burial. In Boma Sottarauea the
graves of the early Christians are not distinguished by this
mark of orientation. Perhaps these people came under the
anathema of the Pope. In the year 1200 ** the Pope again
interdicted the whole nation. By the terrible sentence a
stop was immediately put to divine service, and the ad-
ministering of all the sacraments, except baptism ; the chnrch
doors were shut, and the images of the saints laid on the
ground. The dead were refused burial, and were thrown

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338 AKCH^OLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETEB.

into ditches and on the highways without any ceremony.
Marriages were celebrated in the churchyards ; the people
were forbid the use of flesh meats ; they were debarred from
all pleasure, from shaving their beards, saluting each other,
and were absolved from all allegiance to their sovereign."*

From the position of these skeletons, they had very much
the appearance of having been deposited in a very irregular
fashion, or being thrown into the place where they were
found ; for they were lying in all directions — one was across
the other, and one was doubled up, something after the
Indian mode of placing them in a sitting posture. No indi-
cation of coffins was to be found, and it is presumed from
this that they had none.

A similar discovery to the one we are endeavouring to
describe has been made this year. May 4th, 1878, as reported
in the Times^ p. 7, headed " Discovery of human remains in
the City " (of London). It says : ** The relative positions of
those last discovered would seem to indicate that the coffins,
if any, in which the bodies were buried were placed the one
across the other, the skeletons being found in that position,
one with the head to the north, and the other the feet to the
south, and the other lying east and west. These were found
at the corner of Spitied Square, Bishop^te, and were un-
doubtedly Boman.'* This coincides in a remarkable manner
with those found at Palace Grate, and would almost lead one
to believe that these were also Eoman.

In Waring's Monuments of Remote Ages, plate 25, figure 4,
is a sketch of a grave-mound at Driffield, Yorkshire. In this
the bodies are seen to have been deposited in every direction,
and in one instance they lay across each other, the same as has
been already described, and others again are seen in a sitting
posture, similar to the one found here in this excavation.

On iiie same plate, figure 5, is another grave-mound, at
Somsais, France. In this the bodies were laid at all points
of the compj^s; and in one instance, as was seen in the other,
and in this at Palace Gate, one was laid across the other. I
cannot help thinking, fix>m this repetition of crossing the
bodies, that there is some meaning attached to it, and not, as
Mr. Waring supposes, that it was accidental. But if any
meaning is to be attached to this mode of interment, we must
at once grant that the bodies were burie'd, and that they were
not thrown in pell-mell, as they appear to have been. They
do not appear to have been warriors, as no implements of
warfare wei'e found with them, which is generally the case

*■ Jenkins's Kistory of Etieier, edit. 1806, p. 35.

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AROHJEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER. 339

where such received burial at the hands of their comrades in
ancient times. Who they were, then, and how they came
there, is a question that^ so far as I can see, cannot be an-
swered. At the same time their proximity to the Samian
pottery, and the Boman and Greek coins, would lead one to
suppose that they were either Greeks or Komans ; for one of
the coins lay in such a position that it may have been in the
pocket of the trowsers of the person — that is, if he wore
trowsers, and had pockets the same as we have.

These skeletons lay from a foot to about three feet below
the surface of the courtyard.

We now come to the pottery, most of which is of strong,
thick Samian ware, such as has been found in the greatest
abundance in Exeter, more perhaps here than anywhere
else in England in the same area. The Eomans or Romano-
British people must either have been very careless or very
extravagant in their household utensils, if we may judge
by the quantity that has been reported of broken ware ; for
Captain Shortt tells us, that just before he came to Exeter,
in making some excavations, they literally carted it away in
large quantities. And certainly now in almost every excava-
tion quantities of this ware turn up, but unfortunately it is
mostly in fragments. It is very rarely that an entire piece
is found, or that the pieces can be fitted together. Fortunately,
however, Mr. Pierce has found the parts of one little vessel,
and has fitted them together. It is in shape and size very
like a small basin as used in culinary purposes at the present
day. In width over all it measures three inches and seven-
eighdis; depth inside, one inch and half; depth outside, from
top rim to bottom on which it stands, two inches ; width of
bottom, one inch and six-eighths ; width of bottom of vessel
inside, one inch and six-eighths. The only ornamentation on
it is a narrow string line round the middle of the outside,
and a similar line immediately below the rim inside.

The potter's mark is on the bottom inside, on a label-like
impression, in the middle of which are the letters car
encircled in a ring-like mark scratched in the clay after the
label impression was imprinted. At each end of the label,
beyond the letters and ring, are two circular impressions. I
cannot find this potter's mark on any thing that has been
found before in Exeter or elsewhere, except it be an abbre-
viation for Carinvs. This has been found in London, and
reported by Mr. 0. Roach Smith in Archceoloffia, vol. xxvii
p. 152.

This simple and unadorned form of vessel does not appear

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to be common; the nearest approach to it is figured in
Archceologia, voL xxvi. pL 44, fig. 8, amongst a group of
four that were found at Litington, in Cambridgeshire, and at
Uriconium.* The next we have is a fragment of red ware,
ornamented with an undulating embossed figure, alternated
with medallions and the leaves and buds of an acutely cordate-
leaved water plant, the lotus of i^ypt. On the portion of the
medallion, the most perfect of the two, is the figure of a man,
with one arm elevated, and holding something in the other;
but it is not a good impression. Above and below this are
double impressed lines, and on the lower one is the figure of
a goose. On another and much smaller piece of the same
ware is a hare, apparently running at full speed, as if hunted
by dogs. In Archceologia, vol. viii pi. 10, fig. 1, is a portion
of a vessel of bljick ware, on which we have a hare running,
as seen in this fragment from Palace Gate. The one on the
black ware is from a vast collection found in Lombard Street,
London.

A "patera," described by Captain Shortt, found near St.
David's Church, corresponds very nearly with this. He
says: "The second, a neat semicircular pattern, forming a
triple semicircle, in each of which is a cuspidated or spiked-
shaped water plant leaf ; the third is a star or mvllet pattern
in a double waved border. The centre exhibits hunting
emblems — the hare on her seat, and dogs of the chase in
ardent pursuit, between each of which is a large aquatic
plant with many leaves radiating from a common stem." f

The base of another vessel of red or Samian ware has the
potter's name impressed on it, elsiani . m. This is, so far as
I can discover, and I have examined some scores, a new
name. Unfortunately no more of the vessel existed, so that
we cannot tell if it was ornamented or not. The name was
impressed on the bottom, outside.

A bottom part of a vessel of red Samian ware had what I
had never seen or heard of before, and that was the bottom
inside was thickly set with small grains of quartz sand, the
grains varying in size from that of a good sized shot to half
the size of a pea. They are rounded as if worn by attrition,
and have very much the appearance of the sand found on
Little Haldon and in the valley of the Teign, near Newton.
The grains are firmly pressed into the clay, and seem to have
been glazed over, so that in passing the fiuger over the
bottom of the vessel it feels nearly smooth. I thought when

• See Sisiorioal Accounts, p. 226. By T. Wright,
t Coll. Curiosa. Ant. I>unmoni'\ p. 91.

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ARCILBOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER. 341

first I saw it that the vessel was probably used for triturating
com, or somethiug of that kind, but from its smoothness I
do not think it would answer this purpose. It may however
have belonged to some -^culapius, and been used for bruising
herbs or mixing unguents.

Capt. Shortt reports a mortarium having been found in
the western market. It was made of white baked clay, with
small gravel or grit intermixed to facilitate trituration. This
corresponds exactly with one described and figured by Mr.
A. J. Kempe, found in Crooked Lane, London, and figured
with the pistillum in ArduBologia, vol. xxiv. pL 44, figs. 2,
3, 4. These, it will be observed, are made of a coarser and
stronger material than the red Samian ware. I therefore
regard our fragment of vessel as of a unique description.

There were many fragments of rather thick black ware
not so highly glazed as the red. One piece, part of a shallow
vessel or patera, is ornamented on the outside with small,
narrow cross hat(5hing lines, forming a lattice pattern.

Before proceeding to describe the coarser ware found in
this excavation, it may be interesting to have the opinion of
one of the best authorities. Dr. Samuel Birch, as to the date
of the Roman red ware. Dr. Birch says : " The Roman red
ware found in England seems from its inscriptions to be as
late as the second or third centuries. The style of embossing
ware with raised figures was almost peculiar to Italy, where
in the fifth and sixth centuiy b.c. the fictile art had obtained
considerable excellence; and the black and red wares, with
bas-i-eliefs of the Etruscan furnaces, seem the prototypes of
the subsequent red ware."*

This date corresponds very nearly with that expressed by
another investigator into the date of the Roman invEision
of Britain, and drawn from quite another source; namely,
from a Greek historian and a contemporary, when Aulus
Plautus landed his troops on British soil in A.D. 42. I shall,
however, refer to this again when treating of the coins.

There were numbers of fragments of coarse ware, some
glazed, and others not so. The first is a portion of what seems
to have been a mortuary urn, ornamented on the outside
with circular markings, each larger circle having a smaller
one inside. This had on it a greenish glaze, which had
become more or less corroded, as little holes are eaten through
the glaze. The style of ornamentation as seen on this vessel
is not common. There is one, however, so marked in
Waring's Ceramic Art in Remote Ages, pi. 4, fig. 55.

• Arehaoloffia, vol. xxxi. p. 256.

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The upper portion of another, I presume to have been a
funeral urn, has a wide splayed rim, unglazed, and is made of
very coarse clay, with numbers of smtill grains of rounded
quartz. The clay is not the least vitrified, but it has the ap-
pearance of having been in a smoky fire ; and it has also the
appearance of something having been burned inside it, as it
is much blackened, A similar vessel, from the description,
would seem to have been found to the north of St David's
Church, as recorded by Capt Shortt.* He says: "The cinerous
matter (or ashes of the funeral pyre) was still adhering to
the exterior of the urn, which was fluted transversely inside,
and composed of very hard and strong grit^ intermixed with
sand and very minute particles of gravel"

The piece above described is the most primitive in ap-
pearance of all that was found at Palace GsJbe, Beside
these there were fragments of very coarse ware, with un-
definable patterns formed in dififerent coloured gla^e, such as
green, blue, and white. These I regard as of more recent
date. (?)

' With these was a piece of Purbeck limestone, worked and
polished, which from its form I consider to have been the
top or head of a small shaft. There were also two pieces of
the rim of what I think was a fnortarvum made of millstone
grit. These, from the workmanship, are of a much more
recent date than the Pottery.

Of bronze articles only parts of three were found ; namely,
part of a fibula, or some ornament analogous to it, and part
of a pin— it may have been a hair-pin, or the pin of a fibula —
also a part of another pin. The only other part of a lady's
toilet found was a fine-toothed comb. This is more or less
broken, but is quite as good as some in the museum of the
Royal Irish Academy and elsewhere, f But the nearest to
the one we have in view is figured in the Archceologia, voL
XV. pL 51, found in the ruins of Ichleton Nunnery, Cam-
bridgeshire. The principal difference is that the latter is
higUy ornamented, whereas the one found at Palace Grate is
plain, and the teeth on both sides are alike.

It is somewhat curious, but nevertheless a fact, that in
most of the debris of the old Romans, not only in Exeter, but
in London and elsewhere, numbers of bones of animals are
found mixed up with red Samian, and fragmenta of other
ware. Thus, in the excavation under examination, the foUow-

• CoU, Cur. Ant, Dun., p. 91.

f Soe Cat of Jntiquitist, of Animal and Bronu, by W. R. Wilde, p. 272 ;
Wright's Uriconium, p. 278.

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER. 343

ing bones of animals have been found : Core of the horn of
ox, teeth of ox, jaw of pig, and jaw of sheep, and many smaller
bones more or less broken.

Charcoal is another thing found equally common with the
bones and pottery, and as generally distributed. At Palace
Gate it formed a conspicuous mass together with a quantity
of black earth, forming an irregular stratum.

It was on this black earth, and partly buried in it, the
skeletons were found. Mr. C. Boach Smith says, that whei'e-
ever the ground is moist^ and highly impregnated with
vegetable and animal matter, it is of an inky blackness in
colour, evidently ancient cesspools, latrinse, &c. In this I
concur with him. We need not go far for examples of this
kind of thing in the present day ; for in most scattered
villages the cottagers make a sort of *' kitchen midden"
outside their doors, so that the present illustrates the past, if
this under consideration was not the site of a funeral pyre ;
but the quantity of Samian and other ware, with the bones
of animals, as well as tlie human skeletons, had not been
subjected to the action of fire. One piece of charcoal, not
quite so much burnt as the rest, I am inclined to regard as
foreign to this country ; it has the appearance at first sight
to the structure of cane, the pores between the bundles of
woody fibre are so large. I do not know any British wood
like it.

There were also found in this black earth some large oyster-
sheila The Eomans or Eomano-British would seem to have
been very fond of this shell-fish. Dr. Mills, when he de-
scribed the finding of the five penates at the comer of
Broadgate, says that these household gods ** were found with,
or rather surrounded by a considerable quantity of oyster-
shells. There were also in the same mass various fragments
of urns of different forms, sizes, colours, and kinds of earth,"
&c. (Archceologia, vol. vi. pp. 1-5.)

Coins, both Greek and Roman, appear to have been, and
still are, comparatively common; for in every excavation
that is made in the city coins are almost sure to be found.
Fifteen or sixteen were found in this small excavation at
Palace Gate.

Capt. Shortt says that repeated discoveries have been made
in Exeter and its vicinity of I^ypto-Greek coins of the
Emperors Trajan, Adrian, Antoninus, Severus, &c., all of the
Alexandrian mint, which are the most numerous, as also
many others, some coined at Antioch, others at Hieropolis,
Sidon, Zeugena on the Euphrates. These are supposed to

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344 ARCH^OLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETEE.

have made their way into Britain during the great tin trade
from Alexandria, the immense emporium of riches, which
might be regarded almost in the light of a second empire,
and scarcely inferior to Rome itself;* and the Saxon
Ch/roTiide even goes so far as to assert that the Dunmonii
originally came from Armenia. When Capt. Shortt an-
nounced the discovery of Greek coins found in Exeter, he
was met by numismatists in the following manner: "Our
antiquarian correspondent at Exeter has surely been grossly
deceived. The idea of Greek coins having been found in
such numbers in that city is too preposterous to require
serious refutation. Such few Greek coins as have occasionally
been found in England have been lost from collections, and
not brought here at the time .they were current."t

But since then numbers of others have been found; and
in this the latest find we have nine out of fifteen Greek coins
found at Palace Gate, and six of these were coined at one
mint — Tomi, in Moesia. This is a town, comparatively lately
determined, on the coast of the Euxine Sea; and Dr. W.
Smith observes, in his recently published AnderU Atlas, 1875,
that M. 0. AUard, La BvlgaHi Oriental, Paris, 1864, deserves
the credit for having more accurately determined the site of
Tomi (Kostendje), and some of the neighbouring towns in
Lower Moesia.

Now it is a question that probably never will be settled,
whether these Greek coins were brought here in the way of
commerce in the trade of tin, or whether they were brought
here by the Greek soldiers belonging to the Roman army.
From their numbers I should rather lean to the side of trade ;
at the same time I think this trade in tin has been much
exaggerated, if one may judge by the workings left by them
on the borders of Dartmoor.

" Polybius is said to have written a treatise on the com-
merce and the preparation of tin; it is the only document
that is said to bear expressly on this subject. He lived about
170, B.C., at which time the Greeks are supposed to have
been first acquainted with our island ; that the merchants of
Dunmonium in particular had been long familiar to the
Greeks, having traded, it is said, for ages to the Mediterranean
before the invasion of the Romans.'' t

We have always been led to believe, and it is the general
belief, that the Phoenicians were the principal traders in the

* Sylva Antigua l8ca>'a, p. 83.

t Omtlemen^B Magazine, 1837* new series, v. vii p. 450.
X Stjlva Antiqua laeana, pp. 80, 81.

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AKCHiEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER. 345

tin trade. If this were the cctse, is it not curious that
scarcely any of their money is found here ?

The horse and the fishes, so conspicuous on their coins,
could not be mistaken ; beside, the lettering is diflFerent to
that on the Greek coina There must then have been some
obvious reason for the number of Greek coins found here.
One would think that the Greek cohorts employed by the
Eomans, when brought to this country, would scarcely be so
flush of money as is represented by the various finds that
have been made in this city alone, even if they sowed it
broadcast over the land.

If we ascribe this money to the Greek traders, which are
said to have been anterior to the Roman invasion, this does
not accord with the dates of the reigning sovereigns depicted
on the coins, as they are all within the period of the Roman
invasion of this country.

The invasion of Britain is said by a contemporary Greek
historian to have been made by Aulus Plautius, who landed
his legions here in A.D. 42. And in A.D. 409, after a rule of
just three hundred and sixty-seven years, the Romans aban-
doned the island, which henceforth, until the arrival of the
Saxons, about half a century later, was a miserable wreck,
held piecemeal by domineering municipalities or ambitious
chieftains, aptly designated by Procopius as " tyrants.**

The earliest of the Greek coins that have been found in
this excavation was coined at Nicopolis, in Moesia, and
bearing the bust of Septimus Severus, date a.d. 193-211;
and the earliest Roman coin found in the same excavation,
date A.D. 98-117, bearing the bust of Trajan. This all
coincides with the Roman occupation.

There is however a possibility, as also a probability, that
the Greeks in early times, before the Roman invasion, did
really trade with this country ; for there is the authority of
Dr. Mommsen for stating that great rivalry existed between
the Phoenicians and the Hellenes in commerce and navigation
of the Mediterranean during the regal period of Rome.

Those two great nations contended for supremacy on all the
shores of the Mediterranean, in Greece even and Asia MiBor,
in Crete and Cjrprus, and on the African, Spanish, and Celtic
coasts, so that it need be no great surprise if Greek coins be
found here bearing date anterior to the Roman invasion, or
even before the Christian era. At the same time, I am
strongly of opinion that the Greek coins found here so en-
tirely mixed up with those of the Romans were brought here
in Roman times, either by Greek soldiers or in the way of

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346 ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER.

trade ; for it is most probable that the Helleaes traded with
this country during the Eoman occupation.

In conclusion, although it is impossible to tell to whom tha
skeletons belonged, the following may perhaps throw a ray of
light on them, and why they were buried in the kitchen midden
or rubbish heap. Mr. Hugh W. Diamond says, "The rich were
interred with vain and costly ceremonies, which have been
too often and ably described to need any repetition. But the
poor, the prodigsd, and the malefactor were all consigned to
one common place ; their bodies not always subjected to the
ceremony of cremation, but were interred in patimli within
or in the immediate neighbourhood of the cities, a foul and
pestilential practice which has been so successfully imitated
in our metropolis."*

My best thanks are due to the Messrs. Pierce and Captain
Thompson for their kindness in allowing me to inspect the
excavation, and also to quietly inspect and examine the
objects found.

GREEK COINS.

1. Nicopolis, MoBsiae. Sept Severua a.d. 193-211.

Obv CETHPOC TE. Bust of Emp., right, laureate.

Eev. TTI A GOTTEPTT [AAOT NIK] OTTOA HPOC IC.
Hermes, naked, standing left

2. Tomi, McesiflB. (Dommodus. a.d. 180-192.

Obv, ATT . K . AATP KOMOAOO. Bust of Emp., right, laureate.

Rev. MHTPOnnONTOT TMEOO. Asklepiofl standing, holdmg
staff, round which serpent twines. In field, T. B.

3. Tomi, Moesiae. Julia Domna(1) Died a.d. 217.

Obv. Inscription illegible. Bust of Empress to right.

Bev, [MHTPOnONlTOT TOMBOC. Nikd advancing to left,
holding wreath and palm.

4. Tomi, MoesisB. Caracalla. a.d. 211-217.

Obv. AKMAT ANTONINOO. Bust of Caracalla to right, laureate.

Eev. NIHTPOnn ONTOMEOO. Female figure (city of Tomi)
standing left, holding sceptre and comucopise ; at her feet, the sea-
god " Pontus " swimming. In field, left, A.

* Arehmtlogiaj vol. xzxii. p. 464.

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AKCBiEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN EXETER. 347

5. Tomi, MoesisB. Caracalla. a.d. 211-217.

Obv, AKMAT ANTONIN Bust of Caiftcalla to right.

Bev. MHTPOnON TOMEOO. Roman eagle between two legionary
standards. Beneath, A.

6. Tomi, Moesise. Caracalla. a.d. 211-217.

Obv. [AlKMATP ANTQNBINOO. Bust of Caracalla to right.

Ew, MHTPOnONTOT TOMB[0]0. Car of Triptolemus drawn
by serpents (serpents only visible) beneath the figure of a nymph.

7. Tomi, MoesifiB. Philip L a.d. 244-249.

Obv', [AT] TMIOTA *I AlunOO. Bust of Philip right, laureate.
Eev. MHTPOnOTTOT TOMBOC. Concordia standing, left, hold-
ing patera and comucopise. In field (7).

8. Deultum, Thracise. PhiUp 1. a.d. 244-249.

Obv, IMP MIVL[PHILI]PPVS AVG. Bust of Emperor
radiate, right.

Eev, COL FL PAC DEVLT. Nemesis standing, left, holding
staff and rhombus ; at her feet a wheel.

9. Uncertain. Town illegible.

Obv, Bust of uncertain Emperor.

Eev, Nikd carrying wreath and palm, advancing, to right.

ROMAN COINS.

10. Trajan, ad. 98-117. Large brass.

Obff, IMP CAES NERVAB TBAIA170 AVG DAC PICTRP OOSVPP. Bust

of Trajan to right.

Eev. SPQB OPTIMO PBiNoiPi. Dada seated, left, in front of a
trophy of arms. In the field, s o.

11. Tetricus. A.D. 270.

Obv, m p TBTBiovs . p . r . Ava. Bust of Tetricus, radiate^ to right.
Eev, LABTiTiA Avoo. Female figure (Lsetitia) standing, left.

12. Tetricua a.d. 270.

Obv, TETBiovB .P.P. Avo. Bust of Tctricus, radiate, to right.
Eev, 8ALV8 AVO. Female figure standing, left, before a lighted
altar.

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13. Allectus. A.D. 296.

Ohv, IMP 0. ALLEOTYS P. AYG. Bust of Allectus, light, radiate.
Rev. viBTvs Avo. Gallej. Beneath, q a

U. Magnentius (]) a.d. 303-353.

Ohv. niegible. Bust of Magnentius
to right.

Bev. Two Victories supporting a
shield, inscribed

15. Antoninus Pius. a.d. 138.

Ohv. DiwB . Av . VBTV8VISPA . (?) Bust to right.
Rev. niegible.

In conclusion, I may say that these coins have been
submitted to the Authorities at the British Museum, and
that they are now in the possession of Messrs. Pierce
(Kennaway and Co.), Palace Gate, Exeter.

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THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

VI. Ford.

BY J. BBOOKIITQ BOWE, P.S.A., F.L.S.
(Read at Paignton, Aogust, 1878.)

255. Up to the year 1842 the site of this Abbey, now a
gentleman's mansion, was in the county of Devon. In that
year the parish of Thorneombe, in which it is situated, was,
by authority of Parliament, for the convenience of those
having the transaction of magisterial and other business, trans-
ferred to the county of Dorset. There is theref ore a necessity
for including the history of Ford Abbey in this series of
papers.

256. The Abbey was founded in 1141, and in point of date
is the second Cistercian foundation in Devon. But the
Annals of Waverley say, under date 1135, " Forda fundata
est quinto nonas MaiV^^ This, however, fixes the date of the
migration of Richard and twelve monks from Waverley, the
famous house before spoken of, to Brightley near Okehampton.

257. This is not the place to attempt to trace the parentage
and descendants of Richard, stated in the Book of Ford
Abbej to be the son of Baldwin de Brionne, and although the
question has had brought upon it all the acumen and learning
of Mr. Planch6,f it is by no means settled. It is, however,
clear that a Richard, connected with the great family of
Redvers, made provision for Cistercian Monks at Brightley,
and sent to Waverley for men to colonise the new house.

258. Richard the Monk and his companions had settled at
Brightley only a few months when their patron died, 25th
June, 1137. His death prevented his plans for the permanent
establishment of the house of Brightley being carried into
effect, and wanting not only friends, but the bare necessaries
of life in the barren spot in which the temporary buildings

♦ AnnaZ€$ de Warerleiay Ann. Monast^ vol. ii. p. 225.

t See EarU of Devon^ Collectanea Arch.^ vol. i. p. 263. The Conqueror
and hiJi Companions^ vol. i. p. 44. On the Lords of the Isle of Wight, J&um.
Areh. Assoc., vol. xi. p. 217.

vnr.. X. y

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350

THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OP DEVON.

were placed, and having no hopes of being able to carry out
the wishes of their would-be benefactor, the thirteen monks,
after having lost their leader and Abbot, who had broken
down in the struggle, resolved to abandon Brightley and to
return to their old home. The five years attempt was a noble
but a hopeless one, — prae inopia et pr83 dira sterilitate vic-
tualiumque penura ibidem amplius morari non potuissent, —
and with sad memories and disappointed hopes they set their
faces again towards Waverley,

259. They had proceeded on their journey as far as Thorn-
combe when Adelicia, the sister of Richard the Viscount, met
them. The chronicler quoted bv Dugdale gives the very
words of Adelicia when she saw the monks walking two and
two with uplifted cross, as five years before they had set out
from Waverley. " Absit a me, domini et patres sanctissimi,
opprobrium tam damnabile et ignominiosum periculum, ut
quod dominus mens et fititer Bicardus pio devotionis affectu
ad Dei honorem nostrumque omnium salutem tam solemp-
niter quam salubriter inceperat, ego vero soror ejus, et heres
cui decedendo omnia tradidit in manus, non velim aut valeam
ad debitum perducere efiectum. Ecce mnnerium meum in
quo jam consistimus fertile satis et nemorosum ac abundans
frugibus, quod vobis in excambium pro terra sterili de
Brightleia cum tota mansione nostra et domicilio imperpe-
tuum donamus. Manete hie donee alibi in ista possessione vobis
competentius fit monasterium, nec vobis in hoc deesse pos-
sumus, sed satis juvabimus ad construendum." The fruitfiil
and well- wooded manor which Adelicia offered the monks was
that of Thomcombe, and the proffered gift induced them
to change their plans and accept the lands for a new founda-
tion.

260. The house called Westford, which accompanied the
gift of the manor, was taken possession of, and there the
wanderers lived imtil the completion of the larger and more
convenient buildings. It was resolved that their site should
be Hertbath {Balneum cervorum) and the erection of the
church was at once commenced.

261. Scarcely had the new arrangements been completed
when the monks sustained another loss. In September, 1 1 42,
Adelicia died, and was buried within the precincts of the
church, although at this time little progress could have been
made with it The remains of Richard the Viscount and
Richard the Abbot were removed from Brightley, and buried
before the place of the high altar in the slowly rising church.
The Abbey was soon known as Ford, taking this name from

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FOHD ABBEY.

351

a passage-way over the River Axe, near which it was
situated.

262. The first Abbot was succeeded by Robert de Penynton,
or Penigton, as we find it sometimes spelt, and who, as
his name occurs in deeds under dates so far apart as 1137
and 1168, must have ruled the house for many years. It is
very probable that the conventual buildings were completed
in his time, and the remains of the two rlichards removed
from Brightiey to Ford.

263. The third Abbot was Baldwin of Exeter. Originally
a monk at Ford, he, in the course of a short time, became
Abbot, and about the year 1181 was made Bishop of Wor-
cester, and not long after Archbishop of Canterbury, and his
life in consequence becomes a part of the history of our
country.

264. Of the next Abbot, Robert, we know nothing.
During his time, or in that of his successor, Maurice Somer-
set was a monk here, and, his writings obtaining him celebrity
at Oxford, he was made Abbot of Wells.

265. John, the Confessor of the King of the same name,
formerly Abbot of Bindon, succeeded Robert, and made Ford
famous for its learning. He was a great theologian and was
Abbot from 1191 to 1220.

266. Another John followed,* and was Abbot until 1236.
We have from the Feet of Fines some entries in which his
name is mentioned.

Hec est finalis concordia fca in Curia dni Reg apud Westm.
In Octab Purificacois anno regni Reg Henr fit Reg Johis
vicesimo p*mo Coram Robo de Lexinton Witto de Eborf Ada
fii Witt 1 WiHo de Colewrth Justic 1 aliis dni Beg fidelib}
tuc ifei Ssentib} In? Galfridu de la Pomeray petentem p
Hug de la Hutt positu loco ipius Gralfr ad lucrandu ut per-
dendu T; Johem Abfeem de Forde tenetem de trib} Carucatis
?re cii ptin in Tale vnde placitu fiiit in? eos in ead Cur
Scilicet qd pdcus Gklfr remisit % quietu clamauit de se
heredib} suis pdco Abfei T; successorib} suis T; Ecctie sue de
Forde totu Jus % elamiu quod habuit in tota pdca ?ra cu
ptiii im^petuu. Et p hac remissione quieta clamancia fine T;
concordia idem Abbas dedit pdco Galfr quiquaginta % tres
m*^rcas argenti. — Feet of Fines. Devon. Henry IlL No.
196.

Hec est finalis concordia fca in Cur dni Reg apud Exon a

♦ But see Annals of Waverley under date 1234.
Y 2

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352

THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

die 8ci Joh Bap? in quindeci dies anno remi Beg Henr fit
Beg Joli vicesimo scdo Coram Witto de Eborf Eofeto de
BeUo Campo Witto de Sco Edmundo T; Jordano Oliu! iustic
itiSantib} \ aJiis dni Beg fidelib) tuc ibi psentib} In? Claricia
fit Badi petentem Jofcm Abfem de Ford tenente de Dimid
ferlingo ?re cu ptin in Stok Vnde assisa mortis antecesS
sumonita fuit in? eos in eadem Cur scit qd pdca Claric re-
cognouit tota Sdcam ?ra ciun ptin esse ius ipius Abfeis 1
Ecctie sue de Ford Habend % tenend eidem Abfei 1 succ suis
T; Ecctie sue pdce de ^dca Claric T; tledib} suis inppetuu
reddendo inde annuatim vnu den ad festii sci Micb p omi
seruico ad ipam Claric ul ad tiedes sues ptinete Et acquie-
tando tota pdcam ?ra cum ptiii ils^ Capitales dnos feodi ill^
de omib} aliis seruic ad eandem 9ra ptinentib}. Et p hac
recognicone fine cocordia Ide Abbas dedit pdce Claric duas
Marc argeti. — Ibid. No. 219.

Hec est finat concordia fta in Cuf dni Reg apud Exon a
tlie sci Joh Bapf in quindeci dies Anno Begni Beg Henr fit
Beg Jofcis vicesimo scdo Cora Witto de Eborf Bofeto de Bello
Campo Witto de sco Edmundo 1 Jord Oliil iustic itifiantib3 '\
aliis dni Beg fidelib} tQc ibi Ssentibj In? Thorn de Ford ^
Petronitt vxera ei^ petetes Johm Abbm de Ford tenente
de ?cia pte vini^ ferlingi ?re cu ptin in Stokf. Qua ?cia pte
Sdci Thorn Petronilla clamabant esse ronabile dote ipius
Petronille q eam contingebat de libo tenemeto qd fnit Badi
fit Bic quondam viri sui in eadem villa. Et vnde placitu
fuit in? eos in ead Cur scit qd pdce Thofii % Petronilla
remiPrunt T: quiet clamaSunt de se eidem Abbi T; succes-
sorib} suis T; Ecctie sue de Ford totu ius % clamiu quod hSnt
in tota pdca ?cia pte cu ptin noie dotis ippetuii. Et p hac
remissione quieta clamanc fine 1 concordia idem Abbas dedit
pdcis Thome % Petronille Duas Marc Argeti. — Ibid. No. 254.

Hec est finat concordia fca in Cur dni Beg apud Exon in
Octab sci Johis Bapf Anno Begni Beg Henr fit Beg Jotiis
vicesimo scdo Cora Wilto de Eborf Bobto de Bello Campo
Wilto de SCO Edmundo T; Jordano OliS iustic itiflantib) T; aliis
dni Beg fidelib) tuc ibi Ssentib}. In? Symone de Pylesdon
petente Jofcm Abbm de Forde tenente de duab) Carucatis ?re
cu ptin in Leffbrd % in Cundebur vri placitu fuit in? eos in
eadem Cur scit qd ^dict^ Symo remisit \ quie? clamauit de so
T: heredib} suis ipi Abbi T: successorib) suis T; Ecciie sue de
Forde totu ius 1 clamiu quod habuit in tota pdca ?ra cu ptin
inppetuu. Et p hac remissione quieta clamanc fine T: con-

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FORD ABBEY.

353

cordia ide Abbas dedit 9dco Symoni q'^tuordeci marc 1
dimid argeti. Et si pdicr Syrao ut hedes sui dece?o aliq""s
Cartas ut aliq"" munimeta 3s^ ^dcm Abfem ul succ suos q'^ntu
ad pdcas duas Carucatas ?re cu ptin in pdcis villis cont* hue
fine ptulerint p' nullis penit^ habebunt'. — Ibid. No. 283.

267. Roger succeeded, in whose abbacy the church was
completed, for under date 1239, in the Annals of Waverley,
we have Ecclesia de Forda dedicata est a domino Willelmo
Exoniensi episcopo." John de Warwick followed, then
Adam, who became Abbot in 1240, and William, who died
and was buried at Waverley.

Hec est finat concordia fca In cur dni Reg ap Exofi a die
see Thiii in q^ndeci dies ann Regfi Reg Henf fii Reg Joh
vicesimo octavo. Cor^^^Jobe ASSe de Schyreburii Ro§o de
Thurkelby Gilftto de Fstoii 1 Robto de Bello campo Justic
Itifiantib} T; aliis dni Reg fidelib} tuc ibi ^sentib} In? Afefcm
de Ford quef T; Ric de Lava deforc de secta Ide Afefes
exig ab eodem Rico vnde laem A^s exigebat qd fa2et ei
secta de t'b} s&pl in tres septim ad Himdf suu de Thomecube,
Et vnde plac mit In? eos in eadem cuf . Scitt qd pdcs Ric
recogn ^ concessit p se T; hedib} suis qd ipi de ce?o faciant bis
p annu sectam pdcm Hundr simt cu lifeis homib3 suisT: cu
suo capital Thedingman % dnoh} aliis homib} sciit semel sabto
pximo p^t Hokeday % Itum saftto pi p^t festu sci Michis. Ita
In qd pdcs Thedigman cu pdcis duobj hoib} ad pdcos duos
dies most"'re debet oia plac de Thedinga ipi^ Rici T; hed suo^
ad pdcm Hundf ptinenc 1 si aliq^s ipox q* Ita seq* debt ad
pdcos duos dies f Sit in defalf Id Abfe \ succ sui omia ipori
ar3ciamta Integre habnt 1 oia alia aiSciamta de homibj ipi^
Rici T; hed suo^ ad eimde Hundr contingec In? pdcm Abbem
T: succ suos 1 pdcm Ricm T; hed suos fideli? dimidiabnf^ %
oTa ilia ai3ciamta taxari debent p pdcm Abfem T; succ ut Balios
suos H p pdcm Ricm T; hedes ui att'natos suos. Et p?ea Idem
Ric concessit p se T; tied suis qd si aliqM plac fuit in eodem
Hundf p Bfe dni Reg ut latro f3it ibi Judicand ipi ut att'nati
sui sequi debet Hundf ipi^ Abfeis de Vhj sept In tres sepf
vsq^ loquela ilia p Judm eiusdem Hundf plenaf fuit t^miata.
Et p hac rec concessione fine % cocordia. Idem Abbs rem It
q*e? clam de se % succ suis T; Ecctia sua de Forde pdco Rico
hed suis oia arreragia T; oms alias sectas q"^s ab code Rico
exigibat oTa dampn que dicebat se huisse occasione sub"^cc6is
pdce secte usq^ ad diem quo hec concordia tea fuit — Feet of
Fines. Henry III. No. 316.

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354

THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

Hec est finat concordia fca in Car Dni Reg apud Exon a
die see Trinitatis In q'ndeeim dies anno regni Reg Henr fit
Rec Joliis vicessimo octavo coram Jolie Abfete de Schryreburn
Bogo de Thurkelby Gilbto de Preston % Robto de Bello Campo
Justic Itifiantibj 1 allis dni Reg fidelib} tuc ibi ^sentib} Inr
Adam Abbem de Forde querpfrem Wittm Monachu suu poTtum
loco suo ad luc"^ndu ut pdendu 'It Hug PeSel de Erminton
deforc de annuo rediditu decern lib? Cere vnde Idem Abbs

auestus fuit qd decern libre eiusdem redditus ei aretro fuerut
e vno anno. Et vnde placitu fuit int eos in eadem Cur scitt qd
^dcs Hug recognouit \ concessit eidem Abbti decem lifer Cere
p annu ; pcipiendas ipi Abbti snccessorib} suis de Molendino
de Erminton p manu Balti ipius Hug ^ hedum suo^ de Ermin-
ton ad festu sci Mictiis apud Exoii inppetuu. Et p h""c
recogn concessione fine ^ concordia Idem Abbs remisit *\
quiel clam de se % succ suis eidem Hug % hed suis omia
arreragia pdci redd ^car decem libr Cere ysc^ ad diem quo
hec concordia fca fiiit. — Ibid. No. 328.

268. William of Crewkeme was the tenth abbot, and his
time was famous for the great dispute between him and Bishop
Bronescombe, the particulars of which are detailed by Oliver,
and the documents given at length in the appendix to the
Monasticon. His name occurs in the following legal pro-
ceedings : —

Hec est final concordia fca In cuf dni Reg^ apd Exon In
Octab see Trinitatis Anno regni Reg Henr fit Reg Joliis
Tricesimo tercio Cora Ro^o de Thurkelby Gilbto de Preston
T; Johe de Cobbeh Justic Iti£San¥ % aliis dni Reg fidei tuc
ibi Ssentibus In? Radm de Trewurtheth peln % Adam Abbem
de Laforde ten de vno ferlingo ?re T; dimid cu ptin in Opecote.
Unde plac fiiit in? eos in ead Cur Sciit qd ^dcs Rads rem
% quiet clam de se T; hed suis pd2o Abbi 1 succ suis % Ecctie
sue de Forde totu Jus T; clamiu qd huit in pdca ?ra cu ptin
imppef. Et P h'*"c rem quieta dam fine T; cone Idem Abbas
deoit Sdco Kado duas M'^cas argiiti. — Feet of Fines.
Henry III. No. 435.

Hec est finat concordia fca in cur diii Reg apud Westm
In Octab sci Hillar anno regni Reg Henr fit Seg Johis q*n-
quagesimo scdo Coram M""rtino de Litlebir Magro Ro^o de
Seytoii % Johe de Cobbeh'^m Justic T; aliis dni Reg fidelib} tuc
ibi psentib} Int Magrm Thofii de Wymundeh""m psonam
Ecctie de Pahambif petn 1; Wiltm Abbem de fforde tenetem

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FORD ABBEY. 355

de vno fferlingo % vna acra 9re cum ptin in Tale, vnde Jurata
vtrum pdca terra cu ptin sit liba elemosina ptines ad ^dcam
Ecctiam an laicu feodu ipius Abfcis sufn fuit int eos in eade
cur. ^ Scitt qd ^dcs Abbs recogn pdcam 9ram cu ptin esse
Jus pdce Ecctie 1: pdcm ferlingu terre cu ptin ei reddidit in
eadem cur T; remisit T: quieteclam de se 1 succ suis % Ecctia
sua de fforde ^co Thorn 1 succ suis psonis ^ce Ecctie 1
Ecctie ^dce Inppet. Et p hac recogn reddicone remissioe
Q*eta clafn fine T; c5cordia. Idem Thom cocessit pdco Abbi
pdcam acram terre cu ptin. Habn T; Tenendf eide Abbi 1,
succ suis 'It Ecctie sue pdce de Sdco Thom 1 succ suis psonis
pdce Ecctie ippef. Reddn inae p anft vnu clauii Gariophili
ad Pasch p omi suico cong % exaccone. Et hec cocordia fca
fiiit ex assensu % volutate Wal?i Epi Exon % eam ooncedentis.
—Ibid. No. 603.

jf Abbas de Forde sum fuit ad respond dno Regi de ptito At Exeter,
uo Waranto clam hre viS franc pleg emend assise panis % ^^tj^® ?^
vis fracte furc in Kentesbery % Tnornecombe sine licenc T;c. 9-10 Edw I.
Et Abbas p Atorii suu venit Et quo visum f""nci pleg in a.d. 1281. '
Kentesbyr die qd nich inde clam Et quo ad emend asS panis
% 2ui5 f*cte % mrc in eadem villa. Et quo ad emend as3

Sanis 1 (?vi8 f^cte furc T; visum f'^nci pleg in Thomcombe
icii qd ipse 1, omnes pdec sui a Ive quo no exstat memor
huunt emend asS panis cvis in Kentesbyr 1, visum f"^nci
pleg % emend as3 panis 1 2vi^ f*^cte In Thomcumbe pet qd
inquira'.

Et Witts de Gyselh^'m qui sequi' Ic Die ad huj^mo
libtates spali? ptinent ad Coronam dni Regis Et desic nuUu
War inde ostend de dno Rege pet Judm.

Dies dat^ est coram diio Rege a die Pascfa in unu mensem
ubicuq^ Ic de aud judico.

M j

Assize Roll Devon l^jl Memb: 20d.
34)

269. Nicholas, who was blessed at Axminster 1st Jan. 1283,
by Bishop Quivill, followed. William de Fria succeeded,
and, having been able to be of great use to the Convent, was
persuaded to resign it for Newenham, where similar services
were much needed. However he remained there only about
four years, when he returned to Ford, and resumed his place
as a simple monk. Dving at Ford, his body was removed to
the Abbey he had evidenuy loved so well, for interment.

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356

THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

270. Henry took the place of William de Fria on his re-
signation, and was Abbot until 1319. The grant of the fair
at Thornecombe, which was continued down to the year
1770, I give from the Charter Boll.

p'Abbeet ^ Archiepis % T;c. saltm. Sciatis nos concessisse 1 hac
OjnTentu de carta nra confirmasse ditcis nob in xpo Abbati H Conventui
Forda. Forda qd ipi % successores sui imppm tieant unu mercatii

singtis septimanis p diem mercurii apud maneriu suu de
^*^131M3^^ Thomcube in Com Devon, et una feria ibidem singtis annis
p sex dies duraturam vidett in die martis in septimana Pasche^
et p quniq^ dies sequentes. Nisi irlcatu illud % feria ilia sint
ad nocumentu vicinoj^ mercato^ % vicina^ feriaj. Quare
volum^ % firmit pcipim^ p nobis % heredib} nris qd pdci
Abbas % Conventus successores sui imppm heant Sdca mer-
catu feriam apud Ma&iu suu pdcm cum omnib} libtatib} 1
lifeis consuetudinib} ad hujusmodi mercatu % feria ptinen-
tib}. Nisi iScatu illud T; feria ilia sint ad nocumentu vicinor^
iScatorj T; vicinari feriam sicut pdcm est Hiis testib} ve8a-
bilib3 prib3 W. Wigorn. W. Exon Epis Gilbto de Clare
Comite Glouc T; Hertford Adomaro de Valencia Oomite
Pembr Hug le DespenS Witto le Latimer. Nicho de Seg'*"ve
T; aliis. Dal p manu nram apud Windeff quinto die Feb? p fine
contentu in alia carta inferius.* — Charter Roll 6 Edward II.
No. 106, mem. 17, section 36.

1^ oinnib} ad qnos T;c saltm. Sciatis qd cum p tras nras
patentes concesserim^ 1 licenc dederimus p nobis % her nris
quantu in nobis est dilcis nob in xpo Abfei % Conventui de
fford qd ipi decem libratas ?raj ten T: redditu de feodo suo
pprio adquirere possint hendT: tened sibi 1 succ suis imppetuu
Statute de ?ris 4 ten ad manu mortuam T;c put in tris ^dcis
plenius continet^ Nos volentes concessione nram pdcm debito
eftcui mancipari concessim^ T; lie dedim^ p nob T; her liris
quantu in nobis est Witto de Pillaunde % Nichs Portebref
qd ipi vnu meff vnu molendinu Triginta acras tre tres acras
p""ti T tres acr more T alneti cum ptin in Wheteham ^
Burghstot et Thome de Langedon qd ipe vnu meS duodecim
acr rre T tres acr bosci cum ptin in Thornecobe et Witto de
Watelegh qd ipe viginti T; tres acr ?re T; duas acr alneti cum
ptin in Watelegh iuxta Wynesham que de pdcis Abbe T; Con-
ventut ^ que valent p annii in oinibj exitibj iuxta verii va-

♦ This is No. 26 on the same Roll, heing a Confirmation of a Charter of
King John granting the chnrch of Tomecumbe, &c., &c. Dated 10 Oct in
the tenth year of his reign. Confirmation dated 5 Feb. (as above).

t " tenentur " omitted.

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FORD ABBEY.

lorem eo^dem quatuordecim solid T; quatuor denar sicut p
inqiiisicoes p delcm cticum nrm Magrm Jotiem Walewayn
Escaef nrm cit"" Trentam de mandate nro fcas % in Can-
cellar nra retomatas comptii est dare possint assignare
eisde Abfci % Conventui liend tenend sibi et succ suis
imppetuii in pte satisfaccois dece libratar^ ?re ten It reddituii
^dcor^. Et eisde Abfci T; Conventui qd ipi ^dca meS Molen-
din€t tram p""tum boscum moram % Alnetii cum ptin ft
pfatis Witto Nicfeo Thoma T; Witto recipe possint T; tenere
sibi T; succ suis Sdcis imppetuii sicut ^dcm est tenore psenciu
simili? licenc dedimus spalem Statute ^dco non obstante.
Nolentes qd pdci Witts Nicfcs Thomas Witts vel heredes
sui aut pfati Abbas Conventus sen succ sui rone statuti
^dci p nos vel her nros inde occonent' molestent' in aliquo
sen g^'vent'. Salvis tamen Capitalib} dnis feodi illius ^viciis
Tic. In cui^ T;c. T. B apud Westm. xxv. die Octobr. — Patent
Roll 11 Edw. 11. pars 1, m. 21.

271. William, who patronised Charmouth, was confirmed
22 Sept. 1219. His successor John appears to have under-
taken the repairs of the buildings of his house, then become
dilapidated judging from his reply to Bishop Grandisson,
who asked for a money grant to enable him to comply with
the large demand of the Court of Rome, John replied that
his buildings and his church were ruinous, and with great
humility begged that the Abbey might not be called upon to
contribute to the subsidy. Still he seems to have acquired
land for the house, as the following from the Patent Roll
shows : —

1^ oinib3 ad quos T;c sttm. Sciatis qd cum de gra nra p Abbate de
spfiJi p littlas nras patentes concesserimus % licenciam dederi- fforde.
mus p nobis T; heredib^ nris q""ntum in nobis est dilcis nofc in
Xpo Abbati conventui de fforde qd ipi decem libratas t)ra^
tenemento^ % reddituum de feodo suo pprio adquirere possint
hend % tenend sibi % successorib} suis imppetuu. Statuto de
?ris Ti ten ad manu mortuam non ponend edito non obstante,
put in lit?is ^dcis plenius continet' nos volentes concessionem
nram pdcam debito effectui mancipari concessimus licenciam
dedimus p nobis % heredib3 iiris q^'ntum in nobis est Witto
de Pillaunde T; Nicho Portebrief qd i5i quinquaginta acras
?re % viginti acras more cum ptin in Watelegll que de ^dcis
Abbate ^ conventu tenent' que valent p annuu in oinnib}
exitib) iuxtaveram valorem eojdem quinoecim solid Ti decem
denar sicut p inquisicoem p diicm cticum nrm Magrm Jotiem

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THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

Walewayn nup Escaetorem nrm vltra Trentam de mandate
nro inde feam T; in Cancellar nra retornatam est comptum
dare possint assignare eisdem Abbati % conventui habend *l
tenend sibi successorib} suis imppetuii in ptem satisfaccois
decern librata^ ?ra^ tenn reddituu ^dco^. Et eisdem Abbati
T; conventui qd ipi tram % mora ^dca cum ptin a ^fatis Witto
% Niche recipe possint T; tenere sibi T; successorib^ suis ^dcis
imppetuu sicut ^dcm est tenore Ssencium similit licendam
deaim^ spalem statute pdco non obstante. Nolentes qd pdci
Witto T; Nicfeus vel her sui aut pfati Abbas conventus seu
successores sui rone statu ti pdci p nos vel her nrosindeocconent'
in allquo seu g*vent'. Salvis tamen capitalibs dnis feodi illius
Sviciis inde debitis consuetis. In cui^ T;c. T. Rf apud Ebo&.
XXX. die Dec.— Patent Roll, 13 Edw. II., m. 24.

272. John de Chidley succeeded John, 24 June, 1330, and
seems, although his reputation did not stand high, to have
had several legal matters upon his hands in connection with
the property of the Abbey. ^
Devofi. Jofenes Abbas de fforde p at? suu op. se iiij die vsus
Ranulphu Blaunmoster % Alic vxem eius Ricm de Combe 1
Wallm de Edyngton de plito q^'re cepnt auia ipius Abfeis 1
ea iniuste detinuer cont"^ vadiu % pleg T;c Et ipi no ven Et
huer inde die hie ad hunc die ex ^nccoe T;c Judm attach qd
sit hie in Octab sci Michis T;c. — De Banco Roll, Easter 17
Edw. III. memb. 26d.

DevoS. Abbas de fforde p Johem de Crukern at? suu op. se iiij die
9su8 Henr de see Claro vicariu ecctie de Brodewyndesore de
plito qd reddat ei ronabilem compotu suii de tempe quo fait
receptor denar ipius Abbis 1c Et ipe no veil Et sicut pluf
prec fait vie qa cap eii T;c Et vie mode mand qd no est
inuent^ Vo sicut pluf prec est vie qd cap eii si T;c Et
saluo Tic Ita qd heat corpus eius hie a die see Trinita? in xv
dies p Justic T;c Et vie sit Tic. — Ibid. memb. 88.

Devofi. Abbas de fferde p Ricm Beynyn at? suii op se iiij die v^sus
Johem de Clop tori de plito qd redd ei fonabilem compotu suii
de tempe quo fait receptor denaf ipius Abftis TiC Et ipe no
ven Et pc fait vie qd cap eii si Ic Et vie mode mad qd no
est inuent^ Tic I'o sic p*us prec est vie qd caS eii si Tic Et
saluo %c Ita qd heat corpus eius hie a die see x^nitatis in xv
dies p Justic 'ic Et vie sit T;c. — Ibid. memb. 145.

Idem Abbas p pdcm at? suu op. se iiij. die ?sus Rob?m

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FORD ABBEY.

359

Hmystre T; Adam Bogge de plito q"^re vi % armis decern
boues % q"^tuor vaccas ipius Abfcis ^cii decern marca^ apud
Tale inventos ceput % abduxerunt alia enormia ei intulef
ad g*ue dampnu ipius Abfcis Ti cont**" pace Tic Et ipi no ven
Et fuit vie qd cap eos si T;c Et vie modo mand qd no sut
inuenti T,c I'o sic p^us prec est vie qd cap eos si T;c Et saluo
T;c Ita qd heat corpa eop hie ad pfatu ?minu p Justic T,c Et
vie sit Tic. — Ibid. memb. 145.

273. Adam was confirmed Michaelmas-day, 1354. Abbot
John did not undertake the repairs of the church, whatever
he might have done to the other buildings, for we find that
about this time the edifice required rebuilding. The follow-
ing extracts from the White Book of Tenures are interesting: —

Octobre Novembr Ian Dengi xxix Comewaille.

Edward Tic. A nos cfes vadlet) Bofct de Eleford nre Sen de ^drffoide*"^
Corn DeveneS T; Johan de Skirbeekf gardein de nos feed}
illeoqs T; a vn de eux salu}, N're cfc en dieu Abbe de fforde
no^ ad moustree p sa peticion a nre conseil grevousement
oompleignant q vous nre dit feoder lui destreigne} de iour en
autre p' relief a no^ paier Ti seute faire a nre Court de
Bradenessh p*^ cteines ?res % ten} es villes de lynton Countes-
bury % looford en Countee de DeveneS queles il tient a ce qil
dit en pure ^ ppetuelle aimioigne, et en affermanoe de son
estat en cele ptie si ad il moustree devant nre conseil vn fait
p quel Gueras * de Pilesdoii g*unta 'I p sa chartre conferma
a leglise nre dame de fforde % as Moignes illeoqs dieu ^vant3
la tte de lefford T; la tre de Cuntebury ove ses appurtenances
ensemblement ove lewe pentre Cuntebury lynton quele ewe
il retynt de^s lui p' ?me de sa vie la revision au dit Abbe.
A tenir en pure T; ppetuelle Aumoigne quel doun Henri Tracy
filz WiH Tracy conferma p sa chartre f ©t auxi vne chartre p
quele Henr filz au Counte dona a dieu % nre dame de fford
^ as Moignes illeoqs dieu svant} la Vre de Cuntebury *l
lyntoil ove touj ses app'tenances. A tenir de lui Ti de ses
heirs en pure *\ ppetuelle aumoigne quits de toutes ma&es
seculers Svices demandes en ma&e come Henr de Tracy
g^'unta meisme la ?re as dit3 Moignes empriant q no^ lui
veuilliens s**" ce faire droit p quei p avis de nre conseil vous
maundons q vous ?tifie3 nre conseil a lond?s quel estat no^
avons en la S^ie des dites ?res. Et face} diligealment enquerre
p quel Svice le dit Gueras qi p*mes enfeoffa le dit Abbe tynt
tes dites ?re8 de Henr de Tracy ou dautre cement T; en quele

♦ Written (fo. 64) «* Goryeys." f Oliver, p. 347.

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THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

maSe^ et si le dit Abbe tiegne au?8 Pres % ten} es dites villes
q ne sent composes en les dit} faitj adonqs quelles ?res ces
sent T; de qi ces sent tenu} T, p queux Svices Et ent Stifie} nre
conseil entre cy % la xv de seint Hillair pscli avenir. Et
chargeons vous nre dit feeder q vo^ 8""8eie3 de la destresce
qaele vous faites % le dit Abbe p*" les choses dovantdites entre
cy la dite xv. Et ce ne lesse}. Don Tic a Westm le xxix
iour Doctobr Ian xxix.

p lev[e]8q3 de Wync T, p bille endossee

p Skipwitli.

The White Book of Tenures in Cornwall, 25—39 Edw. IIL,
fol. 58.

At fo. 64 a letter of the Prince, dated at London,
1 1 July, 30 E. IIL, that Robert de Eleford has fully certified
to the Council as to the matters above ordered, and directing
inquiry to be made " si no^ eons lestat le dit monS Henri de
Tracy en dit Manoir ou del vn Ti del autre."

Comewaille.

Touch' les
Abbo et
CoTcnt
de fforde.

Som's.

Juyl Ian xxxj. As auditors

des accomptes de no} Ministres 8alu5. Cement no^ feismes
ore tard s""veer T; examiner p les sages de nre conseil les
enquestes p*ses a nre maundement devant Robt de Elford liro
Sen de Cornewaiil T; DeveneS Johan de Shirbefe} Grardein
de no3 feed} illeoqs Ti devant nre dit conseil ref'^neer touch
labbee covent de fForde avis estoit a fife dit conseil q p*^
rien q feust Adonqs trove no^ ne dey vons seute nautre ?vice
de eux demander p reson de ?res composes en mesmes les
enquestes si mandasmes p no3 au9s tres a no3 ditj Sen %
Gardein de feed} qils ne destreignassent les dit} Abbe \ Coven
p cause des dites 9res centre reson a ce q semble vous mandons
p avis de nre dit conseil q s"' la compte du dit Johan lui face}
descharger de la some susdite. Et ceste Ire vo^ ent '3ra garr.
Don T;c a lond^s en lostiol levesq^ Dely le xj iour de Juyl Ian
T;e xxxj T;c.— Ibid. fol. 76.

274. John Chylheglys seems to have succeeded Adam. He
was Abbot in the year 1373, His successor, Walter Burstok,
was confirmed 16 April, 1378. The proceedings referred to
in the following extracts occurred in his time.

jf Abbas de fibrde p Jofeem Crukern att suu op. se iiij*®
die vsus Adam Hodeforde de plito qd reddat ei quadraginta
T; duos solid quos ei debet iniuste detinet T,c Et ipe non venit
Et pc fuit vie qd sufn eu Et vie modo mand qd nichil het

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361

J'o est vie qd capiat eii si T;c Ita qd heat corpus eius hie
a die see Trinitatis in xv dies p Justic. — De Banco Roll, Easter
9 Rich. II. m. 104d.

jf Abbas de fForde p Johem Crukern attorn suu op. se iiij*^ Devofi.
die 9sus Rofetum Cornu Chiualer de ptito qd reddat ei quad-
raginta solid quos ei debet Ti iniuste detinet T,c Et ipe non
venit Et sicut plur fuit distr p catalla ad valenc duo^ solid
Et m p Johem Hunt % Henr Hitt J'o ipi in mia Et sicut
plur disir qd sit hie a die see Trinitatis in xv dies p Justic. —
Ibid. m. 151.

^ jf Abbas de IForde p Johem Crukerii at? suu op. se iiij^ die DcvoSL
vsus Thoma Kemere Elena vxem eius Wiltm fit eor^d
Thome T; Elene de ptito quare cu de coi consilio regni Regis
Angt puisu sit qd non liceat alicui vastu vendicoem seu des-
truccoem fa2e de ?ris domib} boscis seu gardinis sibi dimissis
ad ?minu vite vel aunoj iidera Thomas Elena Witto de Pris
domib} boscis % gardinis in Thorncombe que Johes de fFar-
yngdon nup Abbas de fforde ^decssor pdci nunc Abfeis eis
dimisit ac vita ipog Thome Elene % WiH fecerunt vastii ven-
dicoem destruccoem ad exher ecctie ipius nunc Abbis be
Marie de fforde T; cont"~ forma puisionis ^dce Tic Et ipi non
veil Et pc fuit vie qd dis?r qd eos Et vie mode mand qd
bre adeo tarde T;c J'o sicut prius disTr qd sint hie a die see
Trinitatis in xv dies p Justic ad que die vie non miS bre J'o
sicut plur distr qd sint hie a die sci Michis in xv dies. — Ibid,
m. 228.

jf Abbas de fforde p Johem Crukerii atf suu op. se iiij*° • Dcvofi.
die 9sus Thoma Stremyiigf vicar ecctie de Thorncombe de (m. 391.)
ptito quare cu idem Abfeas dns Ma3ii de Thornecombe existat
T; here debeat ipeq^ % omes ^decessores sui dfii Mattii ^dci a
tempore quo non exstat memoria ibide here consueuer quand
cur de hoib} % tenentib} suis Mafiii pdci in quoda loco infra
idem MaSiu p cur pdca de trib} septimanis in tres septias
antiqui? vsitaf Sdcus Thomas Nichm Bolour balliuu ipius
Abhis ad Cur ^dcm apud Thornecombe in loco pdco tenend}
p pfatii Abhem deputaf quomin^ idem Nichus Cur illam ibidem
tenere potuit vi *l armis impediuit p quod idem Abbas pficuu
quod de Cur ^dca si ibidem tenta fuisset pcepisse debuisset
amisit alia enormia T;c ad dampnu ipius Abbis quadraginta
libra|& Ti cent"' pace Reg Ti Et ipe non ven Et sicut prius
^ceptu fuit vie qd capet eu Et vie mode maud qd non est
inuentus J'o sicut plur est vie qd capiat eu si 4c Ita qd

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CISTERCIAN HOUSES OP DEVON.

heat corpus eius hie a die see Trinitatis in vx dies p Justic. —
Ibid. m. 391.

275. Nicholas was the next Abbot. His name occurs as
early as 1388, Oliver says, but without giving his authority;
but in one of the following entries from the De Banco Eoll
we have an Abbot Walter, in Hilary Term, 2 Hen. IV.

Devoa. ^ Abbas de fforde p Jofaem Sparowe a?t suQ op se iiij*® die
v^sus Laurenciu Archere de ptito quare vi armis arbores 1
subboscum ipius Abfcis apud Satteburgh nup crescentes sue-
cidit % in sepali piscaria sua ifcm piscatus fuit piscem inde
ac arbores % subboscum pdcos ad valenciam viginti libra^
cepit asportauit T; alia enormia TiC. ad g^'ue dampnu T;c. et
cent"" pace Regf TiC. Et ipe non ven Et prec fiiit vie qd distr
eu Et vie modo mand qd nichii het TiC p quod potest dis?ri
J'o prec est vie qd capiat eu si T;c Et sdus T;c Ita qd heat
corpus eius hie a die Pasche in tres septimanas T,c. — De Banco
Roll, 19 Ric. 11. m. 166.

DcToa. jf Abbas de jBTorde p Johem Sparowe a?t suu op se iiij*® die
vsus Gteorgiu Crukern Ghdfrm Smyth de ptito quare vi 1
armis clausa ipius Abbis apud Bromhille Wythewylle frege-
runt *l arbores % subboscum sues ad valenciam centu solidor^
ifem nup crescentes succider % asportauer blada hbam
sua ad valenciam decem marca^ ifem nup crescentia. cu qui-
busdam auiis depasti fuerunt conculcauer *l consumpS alia
enormia T;o ad g^'ue dampnu T;c et cent**" pace Regf T,c Et ipi
non ven Et pc fuit vie qd attachet eos Et vie modo mand qd
nichii hent T;c. J'o prec est vie qd capiat eos si TiC. Et saluo
T;c. Ita qd heat corpora eo^ hie a die Pasche in tres septi-
manas T;c. — Ibid. m. 167.

De7o!i. Abbas de fforde p Johem Sparowe aXt suu op se iiij^

die vsus Georgiu Knyf T; Thoma Crukerii cticum de ptito
quare vi % armis in sepali piscaria ipius Abfcis apud Shyterok
piscati fuerunt % piscem inde ad valenciam decem marca^
ceper asportauer alia enormia T;c ad gu""e dampnu T;c et
cont"" pace Regf T,c. Et ipi non ven. Et pc fuit vie qd attachet
eos. Et vie modo mand qd nichii hent T,c. J'o prec est vie qd
capiat eos si T;c. Et saluo T;c. Ita qd heat corpora eor^ hie a
die Pasche in tres septimanas T;c. — Ibid. m. 167.

DcYofl. ^ Abbas de fforde % fra? Henr Kernere comonacus
eiusdem Abfcis p Johem Sparowe attorn suu op se iiij^ die

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363

v^sus Jofeem Crawelegh de ptito qd reddat eis quadraginta %

sex solidos % octo denar quos ei debet % iniuste detinet T;c. ™- ^

Et ipe non ven Et sicut plur fuit distr p catalla ad Valencia

duodecim denar Et ilt p Juone Donne Luca Moune I'o

ipi in mia Et sicut plur prec est vie qd distr eii p omes ?ras

'tc Et qd de exif T;c Et qd heat corpus eius hie a die

Pasche in tres septimanas p Justic %c. — loid. m. 167 d.

jf Abbas de fforde p Jobem Spwe atf suii op se iiij*® die DeToa.
9sus Joliem atte Wille de ptito quare vi T; armis bona %
catalla ipius Abfeis ad Valencia quadraeinta libra^ ^P^^ fForde >»• 1^6.
inuenf cepit % asportauit % Waltum Wnyte natiuu % suientem
suu in ?uiffi suo ibid existen? cepit % abduxit p quod idem
Abbas ^uiciu natiui % ^uientis sui ^dci ]^ magnu tempus
amisit T: alia enormia T;c % cent"" pacem Regis T;c. Et ipe non
venit. Et fuit vie qd attach eu Et vie mode mand qd nichil
het I'o est vie qd capiat eu si T;c. Ita qd heat corpus
eius hie a die Pasche in tres septias p Justic. — Ibid. m. 186.

jf Wal?us Abbas de jBTorde Robtus Borde Bocher Witts Devon,
atte Horsmylle Johes Baker T: Stephus Eueray attach fuerunt
ad respondend Edwardo Osborne vicario ecctie de Thorne-
combe de ptito quare vi armis dausum ipius Edwardi apud
Thomecombe fregerunt % quatuor vaccas T; sexaginta porcos
sues ibidem inuentos cum quibusdam canib} fugauerunt canes
illos ad mordend vaccas T, porcos pdcos in tantum incitando
qd p fugaffiem illam *l morsus canu ^dco^ due vacce *l
quadraginta porci pcii decem marcaj^ de vaccis porcis ^dcis
infterunt % vacce 't porci residui multiplici? deriorati fuerunt
ac vaccas T; porcos residues ibidem ceperunt % imparcauerunt

eos ibidem sic imparcatos quousc^ idem Edwardus finem p
quadraginta solidos p delihaffie vaccar^ % porcor^ residuorj
pdco^ henda cum pfatis Abfee Rofeto Witto Johe T; Stepho
fecisset.^ detinuerunt Et alia enormia ei intulerunt ad g^'ue
dampnii ipius Edwardi Et cent**" pacem diii Rf nup Regis
Angt scdi post conquestum T;c Et vnde idem Edwardus p
Johem Qoold attorn suu querit' qd pdci Abbas Rofetus Witts
Johes T; Stephus die lune pxnost festu sci Michis Anno
regni dni Rf nup Regis Angt ?ciodecimo vi T armis scitt
gladiis arcub} sagittis dausum ipius Edwardi apud Thome-
combe fregerunt % quatuor vaccas % sexaginta porcos sues
ibidem inuentos cum quibusdam canib3 fugauerunt canes
illos ad mordend vaccas porcos pdcos in tantum incitando
qd D fugaffiem illam morsus canu ^dcoj^ due vacce T:
quaoraginta porci ^ii T;c de vaccis T; porcis ^dcis intierunt

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THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OP DEVON.

T: vacce % porci residui multiplici? de9iorati fuerunt ac vaccas
T, porcos residuos ibidem ceperunt imparcauenmt T; eos
ibidem sic imparcatos quousq^ idem Edwardus finem T;c p
delifeacoe vacca^ T: porcoj^ residuoi ^dcor^ benda cum
pfatis Abbe Rob to Wilto Jobe Ti Stepno fecissetv detinuerunt
Et alia enormia T;c ad g^'ue dampnu T;c Et con** pacem
Tic Vnde die qd derioratus est T: dampnu bet ad valenciam
quadraginta library Et inde pduc sectam T;c.

Et ^dci Abbas Robtus Witts Jobes % Stepbus p Thomam
Martyn attorn suu ven Et defend vim % iniuf quando T;c Et
die qd ipi in nuUo sunt culpabiles de t^'nsgr pdca put pdcs
Edwardus supius vsus eos querit' Et de hoc pon se sup priam
Et pdcus Edwardus similit I'o ^c est vie qd venire fac hie a
die Pasche in xv dies xij T,c p quos T,c Et qui nec T;c ad
recogn T;c Quia tam T,c. — Ibid. 2 Hen. IV., Hilary, m. 138d.

As I have said, it will be noticed that here we have Walter
mentioned as Abbot. The explanation may be that the pro-
ceedings were commenced in Walter Burstok's time, and his
name continued on the pleadings after his death.
Devofl. (f Abbas de flForde p attorn suu op se iiij*® die 9sus Thomam
Splent de ptito qd reddat ei ronabilem compotum suu de
tempe quo fiiit balliuus suus in Westforde T: receptor denarior^
ipius Abbis Et ipi non ven Et prec fuit vie qd sum eum T:c
Et vie modo mand qd nichil bet T,c I'o prec est vie qd capiat
eum si T,c Et saluo T;c Ita qd heat corpus eius hie a die Pasche
in vnu Mensem T;c. — Ibid. m. 459.

De Banco Roll; Trin. 2 Henry IV.^
Devofl. jf Abbas de flforde rt attorn suu op se iiij*** die vsus Thomam
Splent de ptito qd ei reddat ei ronabilem compotu suu de
tempore quo fuit ballivus suis in Westforde T; receptor denario^
ipius Abbis Et ipe non veri Et sicut prius prec fuit vie qd
capet eum T;c Et vie modo non misit bre T:c I'o sicut plur
capitat"" qd sit hie in Octab sci Micbis T:c. — Ibid. Trin. 2 Hen.
IV., m. 2958.

Devofl. jf Abbas de flForde p attorn suu op se iiij*^ die 9sus Jobem
Smyth de Tale Jobem Soger de Taleton de ptito quare vi %
armis clausa ipius Abbis apud Tale fregeruntT; libam waiTenna
sua ifem intraverunt in ea sine licencia voluntate sua
fugaverunt T; in sepali piscaria sua ibm piscati fuerunt %
piscem inde ad valenc centu solido^ ac lepores cuniclos phasi-
anos pdices de warrenna ^dca ceperunt asportaverunt et
alia enormia Ic et cent"" pacem Ic Et ipi non ven Et prec fuit

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FORD ABBEY.

365

vie attach eos T;c Et vie mand qd nichil hent Ic I'o capiant'
qd smt hie in Octabis sci Michis T;c. — Ibid., Trinity, 8 Hen.
IV., m. 409.

276. Of the succeeding abbots until the last we know very
little. John Bokeland was confirmed 10 June, 1419. Eichard
succeeded him. Robert occurs in 1448.

jf Abbas de fForde p attorn suu op se iiij*^ die vsus Gilfetum Devoft.
Pyper alias dcm Gilfetum Boteswayn de EUeworth in Com
DorB husbondman de ptito t""n8gr Et ipe non ven Et prec fuit
vie qd attachet eu T;c Et \ac retorn qd ipi nichil het T:c p quod
T;c I'o prec est vie qd capiat eu si T:c Et salvo T:c Ita qd heat
corpus eius coram dno Rege a die sci Hillar in xv dies vbicuqj
T:c Et vnde in xv sci Martini ^c. — Coram liege Roll, Mich.
1 Hen. VI , m. 35.

277. The next entry in the De Banco Roll relating to Ford
gives the name of Walter, and thus enables me to add a new
abbot to the list. This is on the Roll for Michaelmas term,
38 Hen. VL

jf Wal?us Abbas de flForda p attorn suii op se iiij*® die 9su8 BevofL
Wal?um Colebroke de parochia de Columpton in Com pdco
Gentilman de plito quare cum idem Abbas in feodo suo apud
Colbroke p conS ^ ?uiciis sibi debitis p Walrum Holway
3uienf suu quedam a3ia capi fecisset % idem Wal?us Holway
auia ilia scdm legem % conS regiii Regis Angt imparcare
voluisset ^dcus "Wal?us Colbroke auia pdca vi T: armis res-
cussit Et alia enormia T;c ad g"^ue dampnu T,c Et cent**'
pacem Regis T;c. Et ipe non veil. Et prec fuit vie sicut
prius qd distr eum T;c. Et vie mode mand qd distr est p
catalla ad valenc duodecim denar. Et manuc p Edm Mate
T; Ricm Ware. I'o ipi in mia, Et sicut plur dis^r qd sit bic
in Octabis sci Hillar Ad que diem vie non mi§ bre I'o sicut
plur distr qd sit hie a die Pasche in vx dies Tic. — De Banco
Roll Mich. 38 Hen. VL m. 52d.

278. My last extract, too, refers to a claim made in the
time of W alter, the newly found Abbot.

Wal?us Abbas de jBTorde p attorii suu op se iiij*^ die 9sus Devofl.
Robtum Cammett de ffytelford in Com Dorg Gentilman alias
dcm Rofetum Cammett de Cammett in Com DorS Gefiosum
de ptito qd reddat ei decem libras quas ei debet ^ iniuste

VOL. X. z

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THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

detinet T;c. Et ife non ven. Et prec fuit vie sicut prius qd
capet eum T;c. Et vie mode mand qd non est inuen? *\c.
I'o sicut plur capiat' qd sit hie in Octabis sci Hillar T-c, —
Ibid. 253.

279. Then comes Elias, in 1462, and William White, who
was apparently Abbot for upwards of thirty years, from at
least as early as 1490 to 1521.

280. The last Abbot, Thomas Charde, otherwise Tybbes,
has left something more than a name. He was one of the
most distin^ished men of whom the Abbey could boast. He
was not only an eminent scholar and divine, but the build-
ings at Ford show him to have been an artist of no mean
capabihties. Dr. Oliver has given a memoir, and Dr. J. H.
Pring has dealt with the history of his life in fuller detail.*
He succeeded in 1521. An account of his various prefer-
ments, some probably of great value, and given nim to
support to some extent his dignity as Sufiragan Bishop to
his Diocesan, Oldham, will be found in the memoirs to which
I have referred. He was evidently fond of building, and
remodelled the domestic buildings at Ford on a scale of great
magnificence. The beautiful tower, the north walk of the
cloister, all that now exists, and the new refectory, with his
initials, mitre, and abbot's cap, were as much admired by
his contemporaries as by succeeding generations. He sur-
rendered his house 8th March, 1539, at which time there was
the full number of thirteen monks. He did not survive the
fall long, dying full of years and honours early in 1544.

281. Thus Ford shared the fate of its sister houses. They
were all surrendered in 1538-9, but in all probability no
buildings were so perfect, and none were abandoned with
greater grief than this important foundation. Its revenues
amounted to £374 10s. 6^d., according to Dugdale, and its
possessions, besides those in the immediate neighbourhood of
the Abbey, extended into the adjoining counties of Somerset
and Dorset, and as far as Lynton and C^untisbury on the north
coast.

282. The history of the Abbey after the dissolution is well
known, as it became the home of many distinguished families.
It and the adjoining land was first leased to Ridiard Pollard for
a term of twenty-one years, at an annual rental of £49 6s. 6d.,
but the following year, 23rd June, 1540, the lessee obtained
from the king a conveyance in fee. Sir John Pollard suc-
ceeded his father, and sold Ford Abbey to his cousin. Sir
Amias Poulett, of whom William RoseweU, Queen Elizabeth^s

♦ A Memoir of Thomas Chard, D.D., hj James Hurly Priug, M.D., 1S64.

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FOBD ABBEY.

367

Solicitor- General, bought it; and his son, Sir Hemy Bosewell,
sold it to Edmund Prideaux, who, employing Inigo Jones,
proceeded to convert the domestic buildings of the convent
into a mansion, at what must have been a great expenditure.
In the Prideaux, Gwyn, and Fraunceis families tne Abbey
continued down to 1847, when on the death of John Fraunceis
Gwyn it was sold to G. F. W. Miles, Esq., by whom however
it was not long retained, the present owner, Herbert Evans,
Esq , becoming its possessor by purchase.

283. No Cistercian building in England, perhaps none in
the world, remains in so perfect a state as that of Ford. The
site is on the south of the Axe river, the formation of the
ground compelling the monks to take that bank of the river
instead of, as they preferred, the north. The stream flowing
into the river rises in the ground south of the Abbey, and the
fish ponds which were constructed in its course still remain,
although somewhat altered in shape. The principal entrance
is now from the east, and the visitor approaching the Abbey
walks over the foundations of the antient church, and treads
under foot the dust of stately ecclesiastics and noble founders.

284. Not a vestige remains of the monastic church. The
entrance road crosses the north aisle, and the south side of
the cloister. This was not consecrated until 1239, but it
must not be supposed^ that there was no building for divine
service until that time. The whole of the buildings were in
all probability laid out from the beginning, and the work
completed as the bounty of the faithful allowed. It was the
finished church no doubt that was consecrated nearlv a century
after the monks left Brightlev. Within its walls the remains
of Richard the Viscount, Richard the Abbot, Adelicia (1 142^,
Hawisia de Courtenay (1209), Reginald or William ae
Courtenay (1192-94), Ri)bert de Courtenay (1242), and John
de Courtenajr (1273), found resting places.

285. Turning to the right we shall enter a building fitted
up as a chapel, and usually considered to be the church of the
Abbey. This is a chamber of the greatest interest, it being
in fact no other than the chapter house of the monks. It is
of twelfth-century work, transitional Norman, with pointed
vault of two bays. In the extensive alterations of the Abbey
made by Edmund Prideaux, this was converted into the
domestic chapel of the mansion, and here Cromwell's Attorney-
General was buried in 1659. On the walls are various
memorial tablets.

286. Over the chapter-house would be originally the library.
This is now completely altered into a spacious modern room.

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368 THE CISTERCUN HOUSES OF DEVON.

Through the library the monks passed from their dormitory
to the church, the staircase leading down to it being probably
in the north transept.

287. Still passing northward we enter a vaulted chamber,
originally nearly 170 feet long, and divided by a central row
of eleven columns, all of which with the vaulting are perfect
This building is of rather later date than the chapter house,
and the work is of an elegant and delicate description. Over
it is the dormitory of the monks, almost perfect, although now
divided up to furnish sleeping apartments for the servants of
the mansion.

288. Retracing our steps we come to the south front of the
house, and find ourselves in the north walk of the cloister.
This is eiffhty-two feet in length. All but this side is destroyed,
and the oeautiful Perpendicular work is that of Charde the
last Abbot, whose memory is so intimately interwoven with
Ford. He did not scruple here to mingle his initials, T. C,
and his episcopal and aobatial insignia, with the arms of the
Abbey and the King, on the many shields which decorate the
spaces between the buttresses and between and over the
tracery. Within the existing portion of the cloister and on
the north may be traced the ancient refectory (of the later we
shall speak presently), although it is blocked up with modem
partitions. The kitchen of the monastery remains tlie kitchen
of the mansion.

289. We now come to the domus conversorum^ but a small
portion only of it remains. In its original state it extended
northward from the church, probably as far as the diverted
stream, which formed the common sewer of the house, and
was therefore at least two hundred feet long, the breadth
being twenty-six feet. The whole of this however was not
occupied by the convent, as traces of divisions can be made
out Over were the dormitories of the lay brethren.

290. We now enter the hall, which is really the eastern end
of the new refectory of Abbot Charde. In its original state
this fine room was one hundred and fifteen feet long. The
western part was divided and altered by Inigo Jones to form
the state apartments, and, shorn as it is now of its fair propor-
tions, it still remains a very fine apartment

291. The bam still remains, and between it and the western
end of Charde's refectory mav be found remains, probably of
the gatehouse; for it was on this side, not on the east, that the
entrance formerly was.

292. The alterations made by Inigo Jones, while to a great
extent destroying many of the ancient features and disfiguring

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FORD ABBEY.

369

the fine work of Charde, and mutilating its proportions,
tended to make the abbey a convenient and commodious
residence. The dining and drawing rooms are good apart-
ments with elaborate ceilings, and the staircase and saloon
are finely designed. But still, in spite of tlie interference
with his architecture and the incongruities of Inigo Jones's
additions, Charde's work remains pre-eminently beautiful,
and renders Ford Abbey perhaps the most interesting building
architecturally, as it is archaeologically, in the west country.

293. The property of the Abbey was not of great extent,
although at the dissolution its annual value was second only
to that of Buckfast It was, as I have said, situated in the
immediate neighbourhood of the Abbey, in the north of the
county, at Lynton and Countisbury, and in Somerset and
Dorset Besides Adelicia, the later Courtenays endowed Ford
with some of their wealth and the Pomeroys also were its
benefactors,

294. The arms of the Abbey were a stag's head caboshed,
and the shields containing them may be found in various parts
of the buildings of Charde.

295. The seals of the Abbey so far known are but two.
One described by Oliver is oval, " divided into three com-
partments. In the upper part, between two pointed windows,
a bell appears suspended m a steeple. In the canopy beneath,
is the Blessed Virgin and Divine Infant. On the dexter side
is the Courtenav shield. Or, three torteaux, with a label of
three points. On the sinister is the shield of Beaumont,
Barry of six vairy and gules. Below is an Abbot erect,
holding his crozier in his right hand and a book in his left,
and three persons on their knees." The legend is,

(ttommune fHonMUxii ISeate fSlmt lie jForta.

Another seal, and one not hitherto described, is said to
represent the Abbot between two shields, on the dexter that
of the Courtenays, and on the sinister a lion rampant. A
legend surrounds tlie device. This seal is appended to a grant
from William Toterigge and Mabilla his wife to Edward
Blakforde, John Forde Capellanus, and others, of tenements
in Sperhay. This deed was for sale by a firm of London
booksellers in 1875, but I have not been able to trace its
present owner.

296. With this brief account of Ford I bring to a close
this series of papers on the Cistercian Houses of Devon, and
trust that I have been enabled to add a little to their some-
what meagre history.

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370

THE CISTERCUK HOUSES OF DEVON.

APPENDIX.

List op the Abbots op Ford.

Name.

Date.

Aathorities.

riicnara ....

uarieian ijiDo.

xvODerx Qe jrenyiiiioii •

llOi-llDO i

LJi},

jDaiawm.

1 1 di 7
-llol f

Various. •

xvouert ....

juarieian Jixoo.

jonii ....

1 1 Q1 11 OA

Leland and Various.

Jonn . . • •

until I Zoo

reet oi nnes ana uocn-

ments.

XiO^er ....

Tn 19^A
Xu i^OO

Tl/'w/ti'i wi an 4° a

x/ocumcUbS.

Joun de vvarwicK .

JL^ieci in iZ4o

uarieian Moo.

Aaam ....

xjo. Liiiver.

Wliliaill . • .

JLFieu 1220 J

01iver,Dugdaleyand yarious.

William of Crukerne

1 o^o

Various.

Nicholas

rrom LZoo

Episcopal Register.

William de Fria .

Resigned 1297

Various.

flenrj ....

In 1312

Oliver.

William.

From 1319

Episcopal Registers.

John ....

Do.

John de Chidlej

From 1330

Do.

Adam ....

From 1354

Do.

John Chylheglys .

In 1373

Do.

Walter Burstok

From 1378

Do.

Nicholas

In 1388

Walter?

See par. 275.

John Bokeland

From 1419

Episcopal Registers.

Hichard .

Oliver.

Robert ....

In 1448 '

Oliver.

Walter ....

In 1460

De Banco Roll.

Elias ....

In 1462

Oliver.

William White

In 1490

Various.

Thomas Charde

1521-1539

Various.

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NEWENHAM ABBEY.

Mr. Davidson has very kindly furnished me with a trans-
cript from the Cartulary of Glastonburv, in the Bodleian
Library, relating to Newenham Abbey, which I am very glad
to be able to ada here.

The following seems to have been the substance of the
dispute.

The manor and hundred of Axminster, which belonged at
the Conquest to the King, were, by a donation in the year
1246, granted by Beginald de Mohun to the Abbey of
Newenham. The grant of the hundred carried with it the
nght to have suit {secta) and service (servUium) from the
owners of the several ti things in the hundred, at the himdred
court, when the sheriff made his ^dsitation or tourn. One of
the tithings in Axminster hundred was Uplyme, of which
manor the Abbot of Glastonbury was lord ; and it is to bo
presumed that from and after 1246 the seneschal of the
Abbot of Glastonbury, on each occasion of a sheriff's tourn
being held at Axminster, presented himself and did suit
(secta) to the Abbot of Newenham for the tithing of Uplyme.
This " doing suit of court" had been and might be commuted
to a payment of ten shillings a year for the sheriff's toum, and
a yearly rent of 65. Sd. for horderisgeld, " hordarii geldum,"
or treasurer's tax, which seems to have been a peculiar
impost payable to a religious house when lords of a manor.
It happened, however, that upon the death of an Abbot of
Glastonbury, the fruits of tne Abbey possessions became
vested in the crown during the vacancy, and the seneschal
neglected either to do suit of court, or to pay either the fee
due at the hundred court to the lord of the manor, or the
treasurer's tax, due to the Abbot of Newenham. Thereupon
it was alleged, a number of persons, twelve of whom are
named, went over from Newenham and its neighbourhood to
Uplyme, entered an enclosed field belonging to the Abbot of
Glastonbury, and there burnt some growing rushes and
other standing crops. At the same time one Robert Tudde,
bailiff of Axminster, seised and carried off 37 beasts belong-
ing to the Abbot, by way of distress for non-payment of the
fees due at the last sheriff's tourn. This led to a process of law
being instituted. A writ was issued to the sheriff to inquire
into the truth of the alleged enormities, and to attach the
wrong-doers. The return made by the jurors on the 25th of
January, 1275, established the truth of the charges, and on
the 5th of February following a writ was issued by the
Crown, dated at Beading, which was in the nature of a

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372

THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OF DEVON.

decree or judgment. It took the form of commanding the
Sheriff of Devon to take bail for the appearance of the
following persons — John, Abbot of Newenham, Brother
Henry de la Boneie, Luke le Messer, William Kussel,
William Todde, Richard de Cleyhulle, Nicholas Pin, and
Nicholas Dare, to shew cause why they, together with
Richard le Berker, Richard the son of Amiable of Shapwick,
John of Eeelcumbe, John the son of Richard Care, and
William Sdomon, and others, committed the acts above
mentioned ; also to shew cause why they did not appear on
the morrow of the Purification of the Virgin (2nd February)
as summoned by their sureties. The names of the sureties,
are then given.

For the Abbot

For the Friar Henry of Bouere

For Luke le Messer

For William

For Robert Tudde

For Nicholas de CleihuUe

For Nicholas Pin

For Nicholas Dare

The writ goes on to direct the sheriff to take bail for Richard
le Berker, and the other delinquents named, to appear and
shew cause together with the eight defendants for whom bail
had been taken before.

The narrative of the law-suit is here interrupted in order to
introduce an agreement, made in October, 1275, between the
Abbots of Glastonbury and Newenham, with regard to the
boundaries of some contiguous lands, whereby in considera-
tion of thirty marks paid by the Abbot of Newenham to the
Abbot of Glastonbury, the dispute was settled, and all legal
proceedings staved.

We then find an entry of a deed of release and quit-claim
on the part of the Abbot of Newenham to the Abbot of
Glastonbury of the hundred suit and sheriff's tourn due to
the former in respect of Uplyme, in consideration of forty

Robert Squirel.
Reginald Fayth.
Adam Scurel.
Thomas Fait.
Res^inald Gladewine.
William Velfais.
Reginald Copiner.
Will iam Blonoch.
Hugh Douile.
Thomas Bal.
Richard le Pottere.
Nicholas Pin.
Richard Humas.
Walter Grey.
Thomas Grug^.
Thomas Tannur.

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NEWENHAM ABBEY.

373

marks paid by the latter .to the fermer. This last mentioned
deed is to be found in the register of Newenham, and has
been already observed upon *

This is a transcript of the original —

MSS. Bodl: Wood i. 212 b.

jf Processus plaeiti inter dmn regem et abbatem de Newen-
ham pro ti^as in manerio de yplim abbis Glastonie.

Breve originale.

Rex vicecomiti Devonie salutem quia accepim^ quod qui-
dam malefaotores ^ pacis nre perturbatores nuper uenerunt
ad Quendam seperalem pasturam in vplim que pertinet ad
abatniam Glastonie in manu nra existente racione vacionis
cuiusdam ^ de qua vltimus abbas eiusdem abbathie obiit
seisiau et jaun? ^ alia in eadem pastura crescentia combus-
serunt ^ alia enormia ibidem perpetrauerunt ad graue
dampnu ipius abbathie in nostri contempt^ manifestum ^
contra pacem nram tibi pcipimus quod per sacramentum
proborum ^ legaliu hoim de balliua tua per quod rei ueritas
melius sciri poterit diligenter inquiras qui predicta transgi?
fecerunt T omnes illos quos per inquisicionem illam inde
culpabiles inueneris attachies ita quod heas corpora eorum
cora nobis in crastino PurificacoTs beate Mane vbicumq^
tunc fuerimus in anglia ad respondend nobis de transgressioe
Sdicta et habeas ibi hoc breue. Teste me ipo apud Marle-
oerghe ^c.

lb. 212 b.

Inquisicio capta apd?^ exoniam per pdicf bre. Friday, 25 Jan.

Inquisicio capta apud Exoniam die veneris in festo con- 1276.
uersionis sancti Pauli anno regni Regis Edwardi tercio qui
malefactores ^ pacis Domini Regis perturbatores nuper
uenerunt in quandam seperalem pasturam in vplim que
pertinet ad aboathiam Glastonie et janta et alia in eadem
pastura crescentia combuscerunt T; alia enormia ibidem per-
petrauerunt in pljudiciu Domini Regis ad dampnum ipius
abbie manifestum % contra pacem domini regis per sacramtum
Johannis de Hitone, Johannis fit Gtdfrid, Ro§ de Clauile,
Hugonis de Raleigh, Willi de la uerge, Willi Vinortheheie
WiUi de Cranesweye, Henrici de Hayuile, Philippi de Combe,
Willi de esse, Roberti Russel, Roberto Pur, Waltero Wering,
Henrico de Wicrofte, Henrico de Hale, Ricardo de Boclande,
Roberto Beuener, Nicholai de la Forde, Jordano de la
Roche, Jordani de Harecumbe et Walteri de Fraunceis Qui
dicunt super sacramentum suum quod Henricus de la bouecte

• Davidson, Hist, of Nctvmham Abht^y^ pp. 24, 26.

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374 THE CISTERCIAN HOUSES OP DEVON.

de Niwenham frater Bicardus de la Beker', Lucas le messer
de Nywenham, Willm Bussel de la bate, Robertas Todde
Ric^ filius amiable de schapewik, Johannes de Egelcumbe,
Johannes filius Ricardi Care de Egelcumbe, Henr^ filius
Danid de Egelcumbe, Johannes de la Sale, Ricardus Wrange.
Ric^ faber % Willms Salomon % alii multi quorum nomina
ignorant vi ^ armis venerunt ad terram abbie Glastonie in
vplim que est in manu domini re^s racione uacationis
abbathie predicte ^ janta ipius abbie Glastonie in eodem
manerio crescentia contra pacem dni regis [combusseruntj.
Et dicunt quod Robertus Tudde balliuus de Axminstre alia
enormia ibidem fecit videlicet cepit< triginta ^ septem au^ia
ipius abbie Glaston pro quadam secta quam exigit abbas de
ISTiwenham ab abbatem Glastonie ad tumu quod senescallus
ipius abbis tenuit in vltimo hundredo suo quod tenuerunt post
festum sancti Michaelis vbi pdictus abbas Glastonie nullam
secta debet nec homines sui nec etiam homines de feodo ipius
abbatis Glastonie eo quod quieti sunt per carta abbads et
conuentus de Newenham. In cuius rei testimoniu huic
inquisitioni sigilla sua alternatiui apposuerunt Da? dictis
die anno.

([ Breue judicii.

Rex vicecomiti deuonie salutem. Pone per uadium
meliores pleg§ Johanne abbatem de niwenham fratrem
henricu de la bonei, lucam le messer, Willin Russel, Willm
Todde, Richni de cleyhuUe, Nicholaum Pin nichm dare
quod sint coram nobis a die pasche in quinta septini ad
riided' nobis de placito quare ipi simul cum fre Ricardo le
berker, Ricco filio amiable de schapewik, Johiie de egelcumbe,
Johanne filio Ricci Care et Willmo Salomon et alii nuper
uenerunt ad quamdam seperalem pastui^ in vplim que
pertinet ad abbathiam Glastonie in manu nra existente
occasione vacationis eiusdem ^ de qua ultimus eiusdem
abbathie obiit seisiau et janct % alia in eadem pastura
crescentia combusserunt ^ dfia enormia ibidem perpetrauerunt
ad grave dampnu ipius abbie et nostri contemptum manifestum
et contra pacem nostram ut dicitur. Et ad ostendendum
quare non fuerunt coram nobis in crastino purifieationis beate
marie sicut attachiati fiierunt ^ siimoniti per bonos sum.
Robertum Squirel ^ Reginad' feyth primes uel p'dicti
Johannis abbis de Newenham % adam Scurel ^ Thoma feit
primes pl'Sdicti fratris henrici de la bouer^ Et regni^ Glade-
wine et Willm velfais £mos pl'predicti luce le messer. Et
reginaldus copiner et Willm bionoch primes ple^ predicti
Will'i ^ hu§ douile % thorn bal. primes pPpreaicti Koberti

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NEWEKHAM ABBEY.

375

Tudde 1 Ricm le pottere 1 nichfn pin primos pPpdicti nich*i
de cleihuUe 1 ricrm hamas % Walterum Grey pmos pl'pdicti
nich'i pin. Thom Grug£ % Thom tannar primos pi p'diod
nlchi dare quod sint coram nobis ad prefatum terminiu ante
iudiciii suu de hoc quod non bnenmt predictos Johannem
abbatem de Niwenhun 1 alios coram nobis in crastino
purific&tionis beate marie sicut eos ple^ precipim^ tibi quod
no ommittas propter libertatem abbatis qum ponas per vad' 1
saluos ple£ pdictos fratrem Bicardum le oerker, Riorfn filinm
amabile de schapwik, Johannem de Egelcombe % alios quod
sint coram nobis ad pfatum terminu ad respondendum
nobis simul cum pdictis Johanne abbate de Niwenham ^
aliis de predicto placito. Et vnde tu tpe nobis mandasti in
crastino pur^ be mar^ quod preceperas balliuis predicte
liberta? quod attaehia? pdictos frem Riccm le berker ^ alios
quod cent coram nobis ad eundem terminu ad respondendum
nobis simul cum ^ictis Johanne abbate de Nievenham %
aliis de predicto placito qui nichil inde fecerunt 1; habeas ibi
nomina secundo^ ple£ ^ sum ple§ % hoc bre. Test? ^ de
hengham apud Kadinge v** die febif anno regni nfi tercio.

Memorandum quod cum eet contencio inter uiros religiosos 5 ^eh. 1276,
dominum Johannem abbatem % couentum Glastonie ex una
parte % Johannem abbatem ^ conuentum de Niwenham ex
parte altera super teiTarum suarum sese contingenaciu ter-
minis atq^ metis tandem pdictus abbas de Niweimam volens
nec sufferens diucius durare sed omnino uolens dirimere
litis materiam ante mote pro se % conuentu suo uadiauit
3dictis abbati et couuentui Glastonie triginta marcas pro
Dono pacis 1 ob captandam ab eisdem graciam % fauorem.
Ita quod p'dictus abbas '\ conuentus de Newenham predictis
abbati ^ conuentui Glastonie dabunt et soluent Decem marcas
argenti de summa p'dictarum triginta marcarum citra nat'
domini proxim futu]^ et residue xx marcaru de summa
eadem ex predictorum abbis ^ conuentus Glastonie tali con-
dicione ^ mode sunt posite in respectu ut si bene se gesserunt
abbas ^ conuent^ de Newenha erga abbatem % conuentum
Glastonie nominatim in negocio perambulationis ntriusque
partis assensu inter terras suas fadendis quam neutra pars
uUo male ingenio impediet nec peruertet Statim peracto
negocio penitus remittentur nec alterutri parte competet actio
per psentes. Dat london mens oc¥ anno dni m^'.cc* septua-
gessio qnto.

jf Carta abbi de NewenhS de quietaclamancia secte hundr^ 2275.
1 tomo vicecom de vplim.

Omnibus has literas visuris uel audituris Henricus di gratia

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abbas de Niwenham % einsde loci conuentus salutem eternam
in dno. Nouert uniuersitas uestra nos pro nob* et succes-
soribus nois imperpetau remisisse et quietumclamasse domino
miobi abbati glasr et eiusdem loci conuentui T; ecclie Glas-
tonie totum ius ^ clameum quod huimus uel here potuimiis
versus ipm abbatem glastonie % successores suosT; omnes hom-
ines sues ^ o9 homines de feodis suis de manerio suo de vplim
de sec? hundred' ^ tomo vie? que nos exegimus ab eis ad
hundred' nostrum de axeminstre quod habemus de dono
reginaldi de moim *l confirmacione domini henrici regis filii
regis Johannis ^ similiter de sexdeceim solid' *l octo denai^
uos exegimus ab eisdem per annu vnde decem solidos sunt
e tumo vicecom et vj sol' et viij d' sunt de quodam redditu
qui uocatur horderesgeld' vnde inplacitauimus predictum
michaelem abbatem per breue domini regis in comi? exon.
Ita quod nec nos nec successores nostri unquam in posterum
clamare uel exigere poterimus de predictis abbate nec conuentu
Glaston nec eorum successoribus nec etiam ab hominibus suis
nec ab hominibus de feod' suis de pdicto manerio de vplim
aliquam sectam aut pdictos sexdecim solidos % iiij denar per
annu uel aliquod aliud quod ad nos uel successores nostros
aliquo occasione tempore predicti hundredi nri de Axeminstre
accidere poterit. Hoc soluinodo saluo nobis T; successoribus
nris quod si balliuos nro^ abbatis ^ conuentus de vplim in
executione mandati dni regis quod per bre suum vicecom
deuonie demandat^ fuerit % postea nobis per retumu per ipm
vicecom de mandat^ fuerit ^ nos postea idem mandatum per
retumu predictis ballivis ipius abbatis de vplim demanda-
uerimus negligentes ee constiterit ita quod mandatum domini
regis in hac parte non fuerint {sic) executi, bene licebit tunc
bdlivo de axeminstre qui pro tempore f Sit tanquam balliuo
vicecom non tanquam balliuo nro predictum manerium de
vplim intrare ^ mandatum illud eauice executioni demandare,
ita quod nec pdictus abbati conuentui Glastonie nec eccie
Glastonie nec hominibus suis de vplim per mandati illius
executioni aliquod unquam in posterum preiudiciu gene-
retur omnes autem prescriptas libertates predictis abbati
conventui Glastonie ac ecctie Glastonie contra omnes homines
% feminas impei'petuu warantizabimus % pro hac remissione
*l quietaclamancia ac warentia iddem abbas % conuentus
Glastonie dederunt nob quadraginta marcas. In cuius rei
testimoniu huic scripto sigillum nrm apposui hiis testib3
dominis Beginaldo de moun, Henrico de traci, Johe balon,
Waltero de bathoii tunc vicecom deuon, Willmo de leighe
militib}, Willmo le bray, Ricro de Craswelle % aliis.

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ON THE MOUTH OF THE EIVER EXE.

BT W. A. £. U8SHER, F.G.B.
By pennission of the Direetox><7enenl of fhe Geologioal Sturvey.
(Beftd at Patgnton, August, 1878.)

The embouchure of the river Exe lies between two faults —
one at Exmouth, not shown in section ; the other at Langstone
Point, visible in the railway cuttings. Taking the pebble-bed
of Budleigh Salterton as the base of the Keuper, and the
underlying marls from Westdown Hill to Straight Point
promontory as Middle Trias, the sandstones of Straight Point,
and the iutercalations of marl and sandstone between it and
Exmouth, may be taken as passage-beds into the Lower Trias,
the upper division of which consists of sandstone to the east
of Exeter, and about Broadclist, Topsham, &c. The fault in
Exmouth Shrubbery appears to cut out these sandstones, and
to throw breccias, into which they pass downward, against the
passage marls and sandstones. Upon crossing the estuary, we
find Langstone Point composed of breccia exactly similar to
that of Exmouth plantation. Here a fault, apparently reversed,
brings up breccias, with beds of sandstone. Going toward
Dawlish, the railway cutting is intersected by sevewd faults,
the general efifect of which appears to be to a great extent
compensatory ; i.e, bringing up the sandstones cut out at
Exmouth ; for, immediately to the west of Dawlish beach,
and in the adjacent bathing-cove, thick beds of red sandstone
are found to overlie the breccia. If the faults in the railway
cutting exposed an ascending series from Dawlish to Langstone
Point, we must suppose that breccia is abnormally developed
in this district in the uppermost part of the Lower Trias, a
supposition not borne out by local analogy. It is probable
that the breccias of Langstone Point and Ejmouth were
continuous in a synclinal trough, so that the initiation of the
VOL. x. 2 a

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river mouth would have been in softer sandstones occupying
the centre of the curve.

ACTION OF THE SEA UPON THE TKIASSIC COASTS.

Formed of strata of such generally soft or friable material,
it is not difficult to account for the comparatively even
recession of the coast ; yet ^a study of its irregularities and
incipient headlands is by no means devoid of interest,
showing as it does the difference between marine and
subaerial denudation, and involving a study of the lithological
composition of the beds. The southerly trend of the coast-
line from Ladram Bay is caused by the calcareous concretion-
ary matter, which intersects the Lower Keuper sandstones in
a network of veins. A resumption to the westerly direction is
observable between Otterton Point and Straight Point, owing
to the readily disintegrable nature of the pebble-bed and the
marls underlying it ; yet we find that, traced inland, the
pebble-bed occupies the most marked feature in the Triassic
districts where merely acted on by subaerial agencies.

The projection of Straight Point is due to the harder nature
of the sandstones of which it is composed. From thence
to Exmouth the presence of sandstones in the marls has
not been sufficient to counteract a westerly trend of coast
Langstone Point owes its existence to the peculiarity exhibited
by the breccia of which it is composed ; for the numerous
hard contained fragments afford protection to the sandy
matrix, from which they are weathered out in relief. To the
same fact the projections of the coast as far as Clerk Eock
may be attributed. The comparatively even coast-line from
the Ness, Teignmouth, to Babbacombe is caused by the
presence of hard breccio-conglomerates, with limestone frag-
ments cropping out at the Ness, and occupying the whole
clifif face at Watcombe and Petitor, &c.

GRAVELS (post TERTIARY),

In the meeting of this Association at Torrington, my friend
Mr. Parfitt figured and described some gravels under re-
deposited Triassic material in the upper part of the railway
cutting near Langstone Point In De la Beche's Geologicai
Manual, pp. 166, 167, 1 find the deposit described as "gravel
of flint and chert and pebbles from the Triassic breccia,
overlain by regenerated New Eed Sandstone, and resting upon
red sands and breccias of the Trias." In a foot-note he
suggests the probable contemporaneity of these gravels

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ON THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER EXE. '67^

"with the Bovey coal deposit" — Tempora mv/tarUur. Bovey
was not known thea {is it is now, thanks to the labours of
Mr. Pengelly.

From Langstone Point to the wooden bridge over the
railway, not far from Dawlish, the railway cutting exhibits
an intermittent capping of this gravel, attaining in places,
as at two hundred and sixty yards from Langstone Point, to
twenty feet in thickness. At this spot the section is as
follows downward from the surface soil :

iiDet in.

Eedeposit of breccia (small stones) . . 2 0

Redeposited red sand . . . about 8 0

Qreyish and reddish loam . . . about 15 0
Gravel, with occasional strips of brown and^

grey loam ; larger stones, generally at or

near the base, but sometimes distributed ^obout 20 0

throughout, sometimes occupying im-

persistent horizons, in other respects

unstratified . . .

The termination of the gravel toward Dawlish is very
obscure, owing to the difficulty of distinguishing the re-
deposited sand from Trias in situ, and perhaps to slipped
materials obscuring the face of the cutting.

The unconformity of the deposit to the Triaa on which it
rests is very distinct in most cases.

Although, taken in detail, the gravel exhibits little regard
to gravity in the distribution of its constituents, loc«d
seams of somewhat finer material are occasionally observable,
and show false bedding. This fact, together with the general
disposition of the redeposited materigds overlying the gravel,
leads me to regard it, as a whole, as an unquestionable case
of old fluviatile deposition, bearing some resemblauce to the
river-valley gravels of the Otter, Greedy, &c., by whose banks
the gravels are frequently shown overlain by a variable
thickness of alluvial loam or clay. In many respects parts
of the gravel terrace of the Exe, near Alphington, bear so
close a resemblance to the Triassic breccias of the district,
that a like resemblance in other places between the old
alluvial deposit and its parent rock is not to be wondered
at.

The range of Haldon on the west, and the pebble-bed hills
of Woodbury Common on the east, furnish the natural water-
shed boundaries of the Exe estuary. Within these limits
numerous traces of old river deposits occur, fragmentary it is
true, but still bearing sufficient relations to the present con-
figuration to warrant the conclusion that they are the relics

2 A 2

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UJM THIS MUUTU UJT mB KlYl<iK JfiAJfi.

of the ancient river beds of the Exe and its tributaries, left
at diflPerent levels in the fonnation of the present drainage
system. From its position I am inclined to regard the Lang-
stone Point gravel as an old deposit of the river Exe, dating
back to a time when the course of the river ran in this
direction, when its mouth extended much further seaward,
and either before the present mouth had been initiated, or
when it had not been excavated to within fifty feet of its
present depth.

Near Kennford an old gravel of a tributary of the Exe is
capped by redeposited breccia scarcely distinguishable from
the subjacent rock.

Behind the Kailway Hotel, at Dawlish, twenty feet of
gravel is exposed, consisting of Icuge water-worn fragments
of grit, flint, and chert, apparently unstratified. I am forced
to regard this gravel as an evidence of the former importance
of Dawlish Water as a tributary of the Exe, at a time, in all
probability, subsequent to the formation of the Langstone
Point gravels (which for all we know to the contrary may
have been contemporaneous with the raised beach formation),
but long before the Triassic coasts had been worn back to
their present bounds.

Patches of old river gravels occupying more exalted posi-
tions than those I have mentioned have been observed to the
south of Dawlish. They are for the most part older links in
the chain of subaerial denudation by which for ages the
county was being slowly moulded to its present form.

I pass on now to a subject having a more practical bearing ;
namely, the present estuarine conditions of the Exe. Mr.
Godwin-Austen was led to think that the presence of shells
of Mactra and Tellina, &c., in the Exe valley gravels at
Alphington, were proofs of the prevalence of estuarine con-
ditions higher up the river in comparatively modem geological
times ; and he attributed the cessation of those conditions to
an oscillation of a few feet in the downward movement which
led to the final submergence of the forests on our coasts.
This oscillation was, he considered, further evidenced by the
presence of rook platforms, or planed reefs, at spring -tide
level, or a little above it. How far the Alphington deposits
might be accounted for without invoking change of level by
human agency in recent times, I cannot say ; nor could I un-
hesitatingly deny that the rock reefs, of which I have seen
many examples, may be portions of an uneven raised beach
platform sloping seaward, and elsewhere worn away.

Such an oscillation — of from five to ten feet, as Mr. Godwin-

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ON THE MOUTH OF THE RIVEK EXE.

381

Austen supposed — would have a material eflfect in aiding the
production of the Warren Sandbank ; whilst if we suppose
that it has long since given place to a gradual subsidence,
conditions unfavourable to its existence would doubtless lead
to the gradual waste of the bank.

THE WAEREN SANDBANK.

The changes which the Warren Sands have undergone
since the year 1787 have been ably described by my friend
Mr. Martin, in papers read before this Association in the
years 1872 and 1876.

The river cliffs between Starcross and Langstone Point
indicate an outflow of the river on that side in comparatively
recent times, though probably long prior to the year 1611, at
which time and* subsequently, as Mr. Martin has shown, the
balance of evidence is against an outlet by Langstone. We
have no reason for supposing that during the existence of an
outlet at Langstone the prevalent wind-waves were in a
direction contrary to the present ; so that the very fact of an
outlet, and its abandonment through the formation of a
gravel and sand bar driven eastward, proves how fluctuating
was the contest between river and sea, in which the latter
proved victorious. Unless we suppose the prevalence of
contrary winds, driving sand bars from the east westwards
during the outflow of the river by Langstone, and its deflec-
tion through an alteration in the prevalent winds producing
a contrary drift of shingle, I cannot but regard the desertion
of the Langstone outlet as proof of the incompetence of the
river to keep its seaward passage clear. Such incompetence
would appear most comprehensible on the supposition that
the volume and force of the river was lessened through a
gradually diminishing rainfell. The direct outflow of the
river once overcome, a threefold agency would be at work in
the formation of the bank : first, the Mrind-waves transporting
sand and shingle from Langstone Point, and the breakers
banking it up ; next, the river depositing its mud and silt
on the inner side of the bank, and gradually damming itself
back; thirdly, the wind blowing dned sand from the bank
upon the ground thus being reclaimed.

There are three points of special interest put forward in
Mr. Martin's papers : 1st, The comparatively unchanged
condition of the inner boundary of the Warren ; 2nd, The
gradual diminution and recession of its seaward bank, as
well as the breaches eflected therein, and the increased nor-

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382

ON THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER EXE.

therly shifting of its eastern extremity; 3rd, The gradual
diminution and final disappearance of the sandy islet between
Exmouth and the eastern end of the Warren.

Had the volume of the Exe been no larger than it is now
it is very difficult to account for the plain evidence of a
former outlet, and that for a long period, by Langstone, but
the formation of the bank would present no diflSculty. The
unchanged condition of the inner Warren for so many years
certainly does not prove an increase in the volume of the
Exe.

The destruction of the seaward face of the Warren appears
to be due to a cessation or inadequate supply of such materials
as were previously banked up by the wind-waves. To this,
as well as to the sea gaining upon the river through the in-
sufficient scour of the ebb waters, we must ascribe the turning-
up stream and gradual waste of the insulated eastern end of
the Warren. Either to deflections of the ebb scour, or to the
greater power of destruction of the flood waters, the oblitera-
tion of the sandy islet, formerly situated between the Warren
and Exmouth, is due. The supply of material to the bank
has been for years insufficient to balance the constant waste
by the waves, and so the materials are driven in upon the
river waters, which are consequently shoaling up.

Mr. Martin has shown that the gradual diminution of the
Warren is of anterior date to the construction of the South
Devon Railway, though he conjectures that the sea-wall, in
warding ofiP the waves from the foot of the cliffs, and so pre-
venting their degradation, and the consequent direct derivation
of beach material, coupled with the effect of groins in re-
tarding the passage of shingle from Dawlish, may have been
instrumental in the comparatively recent rapid diminution of
the bank. To remedy the evil by removing all obstructions
to the free westward transport of shingle is impracticable,
nor would such a remedy be effectual, as shown by Mr.
Martin ; hence we must conclude that the waste of the bank
is due to other causes as well. Whether these causes are
referable to prevalence of gales from the eastward or south-
east, or to a slow and continuous subsidence, the remedies
are similar in kind.

To form a dam of solid masonry all along the outer face of
the Warren, to deflect the ebb waters into a narrower channel
by reclaiming the river bed between the inner Warren and
Starcross, might produce the desired result ; and although no
permanent result might be obtained if the waste of the bank
is due to a subsiding movement, they might still avail for

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ON THE MOUTH OF THE RIVER EXE.

383

centuries to come. It is not necessary for this generation to
project permanent improvements which the better appliances
of the ftiture may supersede or obviate.

Narrowing the channel at the embouchure would tend to
produce a far greater scour than is at present effected by the
ebb waters ; and this effect might be increased by the
judicious use of basins or locks for the purpose of ponding
back part of the flood waters.

The recent changes between the state of the Warren in
1872 and 1876, as Mr. Martin justly observes, prove that the
procastination of the application of engineering skill for the
preservation of the bank renders such appliances more costly
each succeeding year, by the increased amoimt of material
necessary to fill the gradually-widening breaches.

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DEVONSHIRE TOKENS.

Paet IV.

BT H. S. GILL.

(Bead at Paignton* Angart, im.)

Since Part IIL of my Devonshire Tokens was published in our
Transactions (vol. viii. p. 113), ten more seventeenth-century
tokens of this county have been brought to light in different
localities, which I will now describe. But besides them,^ I
believe that I have discovered another Devonshire specimen,
assigned by Boyne (page 468), in his standard work, to the
county of Warwick ; viz., to Austrey, a village near Tamworth.
It was issued by "Nathaniell Sweet, of Avtry, 1658," and look-
ing at the fact that there is no $ in the name of the place on
the token, and that our Ottery St. Mary — still locally called
Autry — was so pronounced when the coin was issued, as we
find by Bichard Teape's token (see my first list, vol. v., p.
236, No. 191), on which the town is spelt "Avtery," I think
it really belongs to Devon. Moreover Sweet is essentially
a Devonshire name, as will be seen in looking over our
local Cowrt Directory ; and if we refer to Coly ton, in my first
paper, we shall find that a token (No. 55) was issued by
a "Nathaniell Sweet," the Christian name with double I
being spelt the same 8is the one from "Autery." It is
true there is a slight discrepancy in the initials, the former
token having on it only N. S., whilst the latter has N. M. S.,
and sent out one year after the former; but in that im-
portant year {to him) he may have got married. Colyton and
Ottery are not very far apart, therefore it is quite probable
the issuer had establishments in both towns, as we know
John Lethbridge had in four adjacent places ; viz., South
Tawton, Chagford, Moretonhampstead, and South ZeaL (See
first list, Nos. 245, 300.) The recent additions, with the
proposed transfer, will give the large number of three hundred
and forty-one of these Devonshire tokens, or one hundred

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6^0

and ten more than Boyne published in his standard work.
They were all issued for necessary change, as is expressed on
two of the Exeter pieces (Nos. 119, 120). Large as this
number is, I believe there are still more left undiscovered in
our more ancient places. One only of Hatherleigh, an old
market town (see list, No. 333) has yet been found ; but as
its two nearest neighbours. Great Torrington to the north,
and Okehampton to the south, had each seven tokens of that
period, it is very likely some naore may be found in the yet
unexplored locality of HatherleigL I have lately acquired
one of the rare Tavistock early tokens, by Richard Hutchings
(see vol. vi., p. 162, No. 314), and find that the "arms" on
the obverse are those of the Grocers' Company, one of the
London Incorporated Trade Companies, the arms of which
frequently occur on our seventeenth-century tokens. These
arms are "a chevron between nine cloves, three, three, and
three."

The nineteenth-century token. No. 30 (continued from vol.
vi., p. 167), is one of those issued in this county in the early
part of it by the Tavistock Iron Company, doubtless for the
convenience of their workmen, at the period when regal
copper money was so scarce. It is of full penny size, If inch
diameter. The town where it was issued not being named
upon it, the present generation would not have known whence
it emanated had not my friend Mr. W. Gill, of Tavistock,
told me it passed current for a penny throughout that district
when he was a boy. I have the token in my collection.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY DEVONSHIRE TOKJINS NOT
IN PREVIOUS LISTS.

BARNSTAPLE

331. 0. RICHARD . WEBER .IN — A castle.

R. R . BARNSTAPLE . 1669 — HIS HALFB PENT. J

This token, recently found at Barnstaple, is by the same issuer as the
futhing token, No. 22, in my first paper on the subject, published in our
TransaetionSf vol. v., for 1872. The Outle represents the Borough Arms.

DODBROOKR

332. O. WILLIAM . MARKELL — 1666

R, (No Legend.) An ancient galley. J
This issuer was buried in his parish church, in the aisle of which is a stone
slab with an inscription to his memory. I am indebted to Miss Foz*8 excel-
lent Tolume on K%n§»bridg$ mnd itt Surrowndmgi, for a description of the
above token, which is the only one yet found at Dodbrooke.

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386

DEVONSHIRE TOKENS.

HATHERLEIGH.

333. 0. lOHN . GIDLET. — 1665

R, OF . HATHERLEIGH I . A . G \

The late Town Clerk of Exeter, so well known and respected, was, I
presume, one of the descendants of this ancient Devonshire family. The
token was kindly presented to me by Mr. F. Gk>alding, of Plymonth.

KINGSBRIDGK

334. 0. HEAD . OP . THE . MATDEN. — The Mercers' Arms.

22. KINGS . BRIDGE . 1657. — I . M . H . \
The singular legend on the obverse of this token, which is, I believe, quite
unique, evidently refers to the device, The Mercers* Arms ; viz., the bust of
the Virgin Mary, crowned, hair dishevelled, issuing from clouds. My de-
scription of it, together wiUi those of Nos. 836, 837, and 838, are taken from
some excellent pen-and-ink drawings of them by G^rge Fox, Esq., one of
our Members. The name of the issuer is not known.

335. 0. lOHN . TRIPE . 1659. — A ship.

IL IN . KINGS . BRIDGE. — I . C . T . i

This token belongs to Mr. W. Gill, of Tavistock. The Tripe fftmily is
still to be found in South Devon.

MODBURY.

336. 0. lONATHAN . BLLE. — A fiill-fjEU!ed bnst with pointed beard.
R, OF . MODBVBT . 1662. — A roll of tobacco. i

In my first list. No. 170, a token by this issuer appears, dated 1664, and
when they were exhausted, the following, four years later, was sent out

337. 0, Legend and device as on No. 336.

R. OP . MODBVRT . 1668. — m (filling the field, probably
meaning i . h . e) i

338. 0. N.s — R.s — s.R.(In three lines across field.)

R. MODBY RT (In two lines.) — The Mercers' Arms. (^ size.)
This may have been issued by a firm of three drapers, or the second pair
of initials may have been those of the wife of N. S., the head of the firm
of two partners ; but it is not now known what their names were.

PLYMOUTH.

339. 0. RALPH . GORDOB (mc). — Three gorges.

R IN . PLYMOVTH. — R . M . O \

This token belongs to Mr. W. Gill, of Tavistock, who gave me the
description. The three gorges (whirlpools) used as arms of the family were
no doubt intended as a rebus on their name of Gtorges.

340. O. losiAS . PiOKES — An anchor with cable.

R PLYMOVTH . 1667 — I . E . P \

This description was sent to me bv Mr. Worth. These two recent additions
make up the considerable number of thirty-five tokens issued in Plymouth.

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DEVONSHIRE TOKENS.

387

Proposed transfer to Devon.

OTTERY ST. MARY. (?)
341. 0. NATHANiELL . SWEET. — A man smoking.

E. OF . AVTRY . 1658 — N . M . 8 .
(Taken from Boyne, page 468, No. 18.) The Colyton token by N. S. is
dated 1657, and, as before stated, he may have taken to himself a wife be-
tween the two issues, the M being the imtial of her name.

NINETEENTH CENTURY TOKEN.
TAVISTOCK.

30. 0. T . 1 . 0 (in cypher filling the field) 1812 (in exergue).
R. ONE PENNY TOKEN (in three lines). Edge milled.

In this last quarter of the present century a new class of
tokens has sprung up in almost every town in the county,
issued by co-operative stores, which I have not attempted to
classify, since they are not in general use, but intended only
for the customers of those establishments.

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NOTES ON A CARVED STONE HEAD FOUND IN
THE PARISH OF WHITSTONE.

BY TQOMiLS ANDREW, F.G.8.
(Bead at Paignton, August, 1878.)

In January last the Rev. Wilse Brown, Rector of Whitstone,
was kind enough to show me a curiously-carved stone head
(figures 1 and 2), with the request that I would endeavour,
if possible, to obtain some clue to its origin and use. He
informed me that the Rev. Charles Brown, his father, and
late Rector of Whitstone, about the year 1840, found a child
in a cottage playing with this head. The woman of the
house said she found it in the "Castle Field" while picking
stones. The rector gave her half-a-crown for it ; had a plaster
mould made from it, and gave casts to several of his friends.

The " Castle Field " is an enclosure in the parish of Whit-
stone, on the south of the high hill in that parish called
" Waddlesdown." Waddlesdown is said to be a corruption of
the old Saxon name '* Wadledon," meaning the " higher ridge-
land." A road, said to be a Roman road, separates " Castle
Field" from Waddlesdown; but notwithstanding the name
of the field, there is no vestige of a camp, or of a fort of any
kind. It may be observed that Whitstone Church is three
and a quarter miles from Exe Bridge, and is about 676 feet
above the sea-leveL The highest point on Waddlesdown Hill,
a quarter of a mile farther, is 840 feet above the sea-level,
and completely overlooks and commands the city of Exeter, or
such portion thereof as was formerly comprised within the
walls of the ancient city.

My first impression, on seeing the carving on the top of
the stone head, was, that it was very, if not precisely, similar
to the pattern of the border of the tesselated pavement found
in Bishopsgate Street, London, a few years ago, and now on
exhibition in the Guildhall Museum; and that impression
was confirmed by a subsequent comparison. The stone

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CARVED STONE HEAD, FULL SIZE.

rig. a. Side view.

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Fig. > Mexican Goddess of War.

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itself being difficult to determine, I took the opportunity,
when attending the annual meeting of the Geological Society,
to show it to Professor Judd, F.R.S., who pronounced it to be
gneiss, but not from any British rock.* Mr. Judd, seeing
that it was a very curious head, desired to be allowed to
show it to some authorities. Mr. John Evans, F.R.8., was
most positively of opinion that it was neither Eoman nor
British, but he was unable to determine its origin or use.
Subsequently Mr. Judd showed it to Mr. Franks, of the
British Museum, and keeper of the Christy Collection at
Victoria Street, Westminster, who thought it might be Carrib
or Mexican. This led to my having a personal interview
with Mr. Franks and Professor Judd. I then explained that
the stone was found on a very high hill in the immediate
neighbourhood of Exeter, in a field, which, because of its
name and locality, was in aU probability anciently the site of
a camp or a fort; that although the carvings on the head
might not be Roman, notwithstanding their close resemblance
to those found in Roman pavements, yet it was a remarkable
circumstance that the carving was also identical with the
sword-hilts or handles of the ancient Danes ; and taking into
consideration the fact that Exeter had thrice been besieged
by the Danes, and on the last occasion by Sweyne, in the
year 1003, for two months, might not this stone be Danish
in its origin ? Mr. Franks at once replied that he was
thoroughly acquainted with Danish weapons of war, and
also with the contents of the very interesting museums at
Copenhagen and at Stockholm, but, in his opinion, there was
nothing about the stone of a Danish character. He then
showed me the facial section of a human skull, completely
inlaid with turquoise, the stones being mostly of the size of
a pea, and of a bluish colour. This skull, it is supposed, was
used by ancient Mexico for the ornamentation of its gods.
(See fig. 3.) The huge basalt idol, or goddess of war,
Teoyaomiqui, which eighty-seven years ago was found in the
ground of the great teocaUi at Mexico, a figure of which has
been given by Humboldt, was in all probability decorated with
two of these, one at the front and the other at the back of
the waist (See fig. 3.) Some authors have believed this
idol to be composed of three gods — the god of war Huitzilo-

* Gneiss Is a name given by the German mineralogists to a schistose or
slaty granite abounding in mica. It is a member of the metamorphic rocks.
By some geologists, gneiss has been called secondary granite. I nave since
showed the stone to a Mexican mining agent of great experience, who says
the rock is very abundant in Mexico, and the miners call it ** porphyry."

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pochtli ; his wife Teoyaomiqui ; and Mictlanteuctli, the god of
hell. The god of war, the most esteemed of all the Mexican
deities, was represented and worshipped under many different
shapes, with attributes of skulls, serpents, and arms; from
which it may be fairly inferred that skull ornamentation was
very general among the Aztec races. The nearest approach in
the Christy Collection to this curious head was one in pyrites,
of about half this size, with a hole drilled laterally through
the head as in this object (fig. 4) ; but this was without any
carving. Mr. Franks with myself then made a diligent
examination of the various objects of Mexican interest in
his most valuable collection, with a view of identifying, if
possible, the carvings, and with some success, as the following
illustrations will show. Figures 5 and 6 are "malacates"
or spinning-stones of terra-cotta, with diiBFerent ornaments,
round on one side and flat on the other, from 1^ to 2J inches
in diameter. Figure 7 is a large bowl in the shape of a
flattened ball 5^ inches high, and about 9 inches in diameter.
It is red-coloured, polished, and decorated in a style which
may be called true Aztec. It will be perceived that each
object has a coiled carving resembling that on the stone
head. A Peruvian warrior in terra-cotta, in the Christy
Collection, has the same characteristic figures. What these
ceilings symbolize must necessarily for the present be matter
of conjecture, but undoubtedly they have their meaning ;
and any student who would give this department carefiil
investigation might be amply rewarded for so doing.

The conclusions to which I have arrived are the following :
First, that the stone head was Mexican in its origin ; because
heads and skulls of this or like formation were most probably
objects of adornment, and sacredly regarded by the curious
and little-known races of that remarkable country ; because
the material of the head is undoubtedly from a Mexican
rock, and because of the similarity of the carvings to those on
innumerable objects of interest in the Christie and other
collections, and which are beyond all question Mexican ; but
how or in what way the head could have been transported to
Waddlesdown it is most difSciUt to determine. It may have
been brought by a sailor in ancient times, or it may have
been brought over in ballast, and picked up by some one at
Exeter or at Topsham, and subsequently thrown into the
dung-heap as a worthless thing ; but I fear this must neces-
sarily remain a matter of conjecture.

In the second place, the slmlls which ornamented the
Mexican gods were human. They were generally the facial

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section, and wer^ covered with precious stones, as illustra-
tions 3 and 4 and the two skulls in the Christie Collection
evidence ; but the one before us is of stone, and not at all
adapted for such a purpose. It is too large and heavy
for an amulet. The pyrites head in the Christie Collection
might have been so worn; but I scarcely think this could
have been. What then was its probable use? And
here I am unable to speak with certainty; my conjecture
must be simply and purely hypothetical The object of
supreme worship of the Aztec races was connected with war,
the sacrifices therewith involved the loss of much human
life. Hideous skulls were the chief adornments ; and it does
not appear to me unreasonable to suppose that the priests
used such an object as this as the head of a mace, by fixing
it to the end of a pole, to be borne before them in their
processions or their ceremonies. The Christian bishop has
his staff of office, and why not the heathen priest some
rude emblem, such as this, of that office and worship which
undoubtedly involved a fearful sacrifice of human life ?

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"WRECKAGE," AND LORD DEVON'S RIGHTS TO
THE SAME, ON THE SOUTH DEVON COAST,

BT A. W. HUHRELLy B.A.
(Read at Faignton, August, 1878.)

Our Association has, I observe, frequently chosen for its
annual meeting a town within easy access of the sea-coast.
I have thought therefore it would not be uninteresting to
the members if I selected a subject for a paper immediately
connected with the sea and its action.

By the common law of England, if a ship was lost at sea,
but the cargo or a portion of it came to land, the goods saved
belonged to the Crown. The strictness of this prerogative
was however relieved by very early charters and statutes, and
the owners of shipwrecked goods were allowed to retain them
if they could identify them. By later acts provision was
made for rewarding those persons by whose labour and
enterprise shipwrecked property had been saved. The right
to unclaimed " wreckage" was originally vested in the Crown,
but by special grants and by prescriptive right, in a great
number of instances, it has been claimed by lords of manors
where their lands happen to border the sea. This right
however does not necessarily pass under a general grant of
manorial royalties, and if not enjoyed by prescription, or
alienated by express words of transfer, it continues to remain
in the Crown as its ancient prerogative franchise.

This right in the olden time, although not much thought
of in some localities, proved in others to be of considerable
value ; and I have no doubt when lords of manors were
calculating their respective incomes, they did not entirely
ignore the probabilities of gain which might accrue in the
event of wrecks occurring on their privilege in the forth-
coming years. This right is still to a certain extent valuable,
although considerably diminished of late years by the estab-

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lishment of lighthouses on the coast by the Board of the
Trinity House in London, which happily has saved a great
number of wrecks. The means of communication also, and
the speedy modes of progress which we now possess, enable
shipowners either to be present themselves, or to commission
agents on their behalf to attend, and put in their claims. A
few years after the passing of the Merchant Shipping Act
of 1854 an inquiry was instituted throughout the kingdom
relative to the respective rights of lords of manors to un-
claimed wreck. For this purpose two commissioners from
the Board of Trade sat at Plymouth to inquire into the rights
of the lords of the different manors on the South Devon
coast. It is as to the rights claimed by Lord Devon in respect
of his manors that I wish to call your attention. The claims
made by Lord Devon before the commissioners, and the
title to which have been admitted by the Board of Trade,
are —

1st. The right of wreckage in front of the Hundred of
Coleridge, which abuts upon the coast of South Devon, and
extends from Dartmouth Castle or thereabouts to Kingsbridge
Quay or thereabouts ; and,

2nd. " From the point of junction of the parishes of West
Alvington and Salcombe, on the western shore of the Kings-
bridge estuary, round the coast of Bolt Head and Bolt Tail,
to a point a short distance to the north-west of the point of
junction of the parishes of Thurlestone and Aveton Gifford
on the eastern shore of the Avon estuary." The claim to
this latter privilege was made in respect of the lordship of
the following manors ; viz., Ilton, Salcombe, CoUaton Prawle,
Portlemouth, East Sewer, Bolberry Beachum, Bolberry Allen,
Galmpton, South Huish, and South Milton. The receivers of
wreck on the coast before named are directed by the Board
of Trade to give up possession of all unclaimed wreck, after
the usual term of one year, to Lord Devon's agent Among
the manors before mentioned the manor of Ilton Castle has
perhaps the most interesting history.

It is situate about three miles from Kingsbridge, and the
castle was undoubtedly at one period a place of considerable
importance, as shown by the remains still in existence.

In the reign of Henry II. the manor belonged to the
Bozuns, a co- heiress of which family brought it to the
Cheverston family. From them it came to the Courtenays,
Sir John Cheverston having settled it, in case of his death
without issue, on his father-in-law, Hugh Courtenay, Earl of
Devon.

VOL. X. 2 b

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Sir John Cheverston had a grant from the Crown in 1335
to build a castellated mansion. In this grant the name of
the manor is written Yedilton.

Lysons, in his Magna Britannia (vol. vi, AJ). 1822), sajrs
the manors of Malborough, and seven other manors in this
parish which I mentioned just now, belong to Lord Viscount
Courtenay, who holds a Court of Admiralty for an extensive
line of coast.

King Edward I. (a.d. 1274) issued his commission to
inquire by what authority every person claiming jura regalia
(of which wreck of the sea is one) in any part of the kingdom
held such rights. The extracts of the returns to the commis-
sion go only to show, that as such right was not mentioned
in the commission, it was at that time enjoyed by the
Crown.

"Thurlestone was enjoyed by ludael de Totnes, by gift of
the Conqueror, which he held after two hides. Afterwards it
was Bozun's inheritance, and by a daughter of Bozun came
to CheVerston, and so to the Courtenays."

The first mention I can find as to Lord Devon's right
appears to be in the third year of Henry V.'s reign, A.D. 1416,
where, at an inquisition held after the death of Richard
Courtenay, Bishop of Norwich, it was stated that he held on
the day of his death the manors of South Hywishe and
Malleburgh (now Malborough) — " cum wreceo maris, knights'
fees and services of tenants thereto belonging " — also Bolberry
and others.

There appears to be very little doubt as to the existence of
an express grant at one time, there having been found on a
previous investigation of Lord Devon's claim to wreckage a
schedule of papers at Powderhara, which mentions a grant of
wreck at Thurlestone, Huish, and Salcombe.

This grant, however, cannot be found at the Bolls. In the
absence, however, of such " express grant," the court rolls of
the said manor will doubtless go very far to evidence a pre-
scriptive right. We find deeds of confirmation of Edward VL's
and Elizabeth's reigns, which were granted by the Crown at
the request of Sir William Courtenay, Knight.

The original deed of confirmation has been kindly lent
by Lord Devon to the writer of this paper. Lord Devon's
ancestors held on the occasion of any wreck, or at certain
periods, Admiralty courts at the various villages on the sea-
coast within the manors over which they claimed royalty,
and set down a code of laws, the breaking of which involved
certain punishments. I will read one of these chaiges.

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ON THE SOUTH DEVON COAST.

395

A CHAEGE IN A COURT OF ADMIRALTY.

" What is inquirable in this Court is as follows : This Court is
a Eoyal privilege granted from the Crown to the subject

''Wherein are inquirable all matters relating to the seas as
wreck, which are three sorts — as 'Flotsam,' 'Jetsam,' and 'Lagan.'

" 'Flotsam* is when a ship sinks, and the goods ttiat swim.

" 'Jetsam,* when a ship is in danger, and the goods are cast into
the sea to lighten the ship.

" And 'Lagan* is when the ship is in danger that they cast out
the heavier goods into the sea to lighten the ship, and put a buoy
or a light tMng that swims to it to take it up again — ^if they are
saved, and find it again.

" Whosoever finds any wrecked goods ought to carry it to the
chief inhabitants of the town or place next to where it was found,
and there to remain until a claim be made to it, either by any
person saved alive belonging to the ship, or their wives, children,
or executors, owner, merchant, or such a good title to the land.

"And if no claim be made within a year and a day, then it
must be delivered to the Admiral, or such as hath the Eoyal
privilege of the Koyalty, paying reasonable for their trouble for
salvage.

"If any man or living thing escape to shore alive, it is no
wreck.

" If any one should have a lanthome or make a light in order to
subject them in danger of shipwreck (if no harm happen), yet it
is felony.

" If any one convey secretly any of the goods, if it be the value
of a nail, it is felony. Wrecked goods do not pay customs.

" If any cast out any ballast from any ship or boat within the
port of Salcombe contrary to the statute forfeits 3s. 4d. (and by
an order formerly made in this Court). If it be let lie there
forty-eight hours, shall forfeit 40s.

"If any one fineth another out of this Court, if it be here
determinable, forfeits 40s.

" If any one doth labour within this Koyalty between sun and
sun on the Sabbath-day forfeits 40s.

"If any one ashore salt pilchards, and suffer the guts to be
thrown or go into the salt water forfeits for each offence 3a 4d.

" If any one launch any boat within this Eoyalty on a Sunday
before midnight forfeits 40s.

" If any one forceably takes another's hale (haul), or disturb him
therein, forfeits 40s."

From the foregoing you will notice that Admiralty Courts
at that time had exclusive jurisdiction in all fhatters con-
nected with the sea, and that they possessed unlimited power
with regard to the administration of punishment on the

2 B 2

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396 LORD DEVON S RIGHTS TO "WRECKAGE"

violation of any charges or laws. In fact such power did
they possess that a quotation in the Hundred Eoll (of the
time of Edward I.) says, that Viscount Courtenay obtained
the power of inflicting capital punishment from the Chever-
stones, which power I have no doubt continued in the family
until the last two or three hundred years.

The steward of the manor generally held an Admiralty
Court on the occasion of any wreck. I will read a copy of
the presentments made at a court in the year 1737. It is
thus headed :

" A Court of Admiralty held at Hope, within the parish of South
Huish, in the Right of the Honble. Sir William Courtenay, Bart,
the one and twentieth day of April, in the tenth year of the reign
of our Sovei'eign Lord King George II., and in the year of our
Lord God 1737, which is a Royal privil^e granted from the Crown
of the Royalty extending from Shagg Rock, in Bantham River, to
Salt Rock, or Stone, in Salcombe River, and as far at sea as a man
can see an xunber barrel in the sea from the top of the hills on
horseback."

Then follow the twelve names of the jury.

" We present Greorge Hamblin of Orford Jelferd (Aveton Gifford)
for taking up of a graper about fifty weight at the place the
Dagger was cast away at Bantham (1736) harbour.

" We present a tierce of wine taken up in Salcombe by Roger
Jarvis, Thomas Goss, and Joseph Fairweather, now in the posses-
sion of the Lord of the Royalty to agree the salvage.

"We present a mast of forty foot long taken up by Joseph
Whiting of S. Milton at Thurlestone.

" We present a copper teapot and one pewter dish taken up by
James Jarvis.

" We present John Piles of Kingsbridge for taking up a small
cannon gun where the Dagger was lost."

Names of persons signing presentment

From this you will perceive that men as well as goods
were presented for any theft or infringement of the local
statutes. The fact of it being the custom of allowing salvage
at the rate of one-third the value of the property saved, no
doubt made villagers and others, then commonly termed
" wreckers," very pleased to see wrecks ; and there seems no
doubt that they used foul and improper means for securing
the same. 'Before the introduction of lighthouses for the
preservation and safety of our ships, the system of lighting
beacon fires on the most dangerous and prominent rocks of

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UJN TUJfi bUUTU UJfiVOH UOABT.

our coast was in vogue, and these beacon fires materially
assisted mariners in the navigation of their ships. And the
system was so well carried out, and navigators put such
implicit faith, and depended so entirely on the appearance of
these lights, that they shaped the course of their vessels
accordingly. If therefore false lights were exhibited, a wreck
would be pretty sure to follow ; and I am afraid the dwellers
on the coast of our county in former times were guilty of
many of the charges made against thein as to false lights.
Now, however, we are more civilized, and our eflforts, one and
all, are made for the purpose of saving life and property, and
not to cause its destruction.

About one hundred and fifty years ago wrecks were ex-
ceedingly numerous, as proved by the Court EoUs of this
Admiralty Court. At that time, on a south-west gale, wreckers
were always on the alert, and wrecks frequently occurred. I
will conclude my paper by reading you the copy of a letter
from Mr. George Taylor, dated 16th January, 1753, to the
Hon. Sir William Courtenay, Bart, to show you to what an
extent wreckers carried on their depredations about a century
since:

"Totnes, 16th January, 1753.

" Honoured Sir, — I hope you, my lady and family, had a safe
journey to Town, after such bad weather, as probably you had on
your road.

" I to acquaint you that last Wednesday night, about ten, a
Hamburgh-Dutch galUott, burden about one himdred tons, laden
with wine, brandy, coffee, indigo, and one bale of safiQ[X)n, bound
from Zante to Hamburgh, was stranded on Thurlestone sands, within
the precincts of your Eoyalty. Thursday mom I went thither to
do what lay in my power to prevent the coimtry from plundermg
her and to save the cargo, and have the pleasure to let your honour
know that more than three parts of four is so done. The lost cable
and anchor I Ve secured (as usual) for your use ; but as to what
share of the salvage (extracted from the expenses of saving) is due
to you 1 'm at a loss to judge at, especially as the ship is not broke
to pieces by the waves, and the master and men all saved, and not
deemed wreck.

" As your Honour is in Town you may advise what is most proper
to be done by me for your interest The Custom House ofl&cers of
Plymouth, Dartmouth, and Salcombe all assisted in saving the
goods. The cargo is valued at about £3,000. A great part of the
goods are in the custody of Mr. Adams and others of your tenants.
A great part of the goods were saved Thursday and Friday from
being plundered by my being there, on account of my acquaintance
and knowing most of the persons then there; but Saturday evening

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theie were not less than ten thousand people who came from remote
parts, in order to plunder the remainder of the cargo, which they
had certainly done if the Plymouth official had not ordered a party
of soldiers to attend, who opportunely came just as the mob was
about to make a disturbance; by accident one of the ringleaders
was killed, he being drunk and Mling upon one of the soldier^s
bayonets fixed on the gun. This and other circumstances gave a
damp to the rest of the rioters ; and more goods have been saved
out of this vessel than all the ships that have been stranded for
fifty years past

I am, your Honour's most faithful servant,

"Geo. Taylor."

" P.S. — I 'm but just come home weary and tired, wet every day
into the skin ; but helping the distressed makes an atonement"

On the 13th of June last the Freemasons of England
presented to the National Lifeboat Institution a new lifeboat,
to commemorate the safe return of the Prince of Wales from
India. This boat has been stationed at Hope Gove, one of
the most dangerous parts of the coast within Lord Devon's
wreckage rights.

His lordship kindly gave the ground for a site for a boat-
house ; and I feel assured that he would far rather, in case of
need, see the lifeboat employed on her errand of mercy than
consider any possible gain he might have in case of a wreck.

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COLLECTANEA CUEIOSA DEVONIENSLA

BT PAUL Q. KABEXSE.
(Bead at Paignton, AngoBt, 1878.)

Undeb this title have been gathered together some few odds
and ends of matters relating to Devon, and Devonshire history,
which though in themselves interesting, are not of sufficient
importance to be treated in separate papers.
The Capture of Torrington. 1646.

In a paper entitled "The History of Great Torrington," by
the Eev. F. T. Colby, -b.^, f.s.a. {Trans. Devon. Ass., vol. vii.),
the following statement occurs: "The next day a terrible
occurrence took place. A number of prisoners were confined
in the church, where was the magazine with about eighty
barrels of powder. These, whether by accident or design,
were set on fire, blew up the church, and a great part of the
houses of the town," &c. The writer of the paper was in
error as to the day on which this catastrophe happened. In
"Fairfax in thB West" {Trans. Devon. Assoc., voL viii.) allusion
is made to the explosion ; and, quoting from Fairfax's letter,*
I describe the event as taking place even during the retreat
of the Eoyalists, and the entry of the Parliamentarians ; that
is to say, during the fight. Eushworth's Collections has no
letter but that of Fairfax from Torrington ; but in the Sixth
Beport of the Historical Maniiscripts Commission, p. 100, is given
a letter from Eush worth himself, describing the combat, and
the unfortunate incident of the blowing up of the church; and
this account confirms the view expressed by me in "Fairfax
in the West^" that it was during the capture of the town, and
not on the next day, that the explosion took placa In the
other respects this letter of Eush worth's is very interesting.

" Feb. 17. Letter from J[ohn] E[ushworth], at Torrington,
to [the Speaker of the House of Commons]. On Saturday,
the 14th, we marched from Crediton to ChimUgh (Chumleigh),

* Spiigge.

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ten miles; the day very rainy, and the ways deep. On Sunday
we marched two miles, when we had intelligence that Lord
Hopton was at Torrington; and hearing that there was a
troop of horse at Burrington, the General sent a party against
them, who routed them, and brought Lieutenant- Colonel
Dundashe prisoner, mortally wounded, to King's Ash (Ash-
reigny). This is the Dundashe who ran to the enemy when
the Earl of Essex's forces lay about Thame. Another party
of horse, sent out at the same time, also routed some of the
enemy, and shot Major Brettee, who, being well mounted,
escaped. Meantime a broken bridge had been made up, and
three regiments of horse, and three of foot marched some four
miles towards the enemy; the rest returned to Chimligh
with orders to march by break of day. We hoped that the
enemy, after the alarums we had given them, would have
taken their resolution before morning, whether to go east or
west, which we were very desirous of knowing. February the
16th the General, with his forces, joining those that had gone
on to King's Ash, drew up his army in battalia on the moor,
within five miles of Torrington, and then advanced towards
the town. After some skirmishing a party was sent against
Squire KoU's house, which the enemy quitted without resist-
ance. After some further skirmishing between the forlorn
hopes on each side, the enemy drew out their foot into the
closes, about a quarter of a mile from the town ; our forlorn
hope then lined the hedges, and so the men faced one another
within half musket -shot for about two hours, exchanging
coarse language, and bullets now and then. When all the
horse and foot had come up they were drawn out in Mr.
Koll's Park, and supports immediately sent to second the
forlorn hope. It was now growing dark, and after a council
of war the General and others rode up to the forlorn hope
to see the posture of the forces, and find out whether the
reports of the flight of the enemy were true. Six dragooners
were ordered to creep under a hedge near to the barricadoes
to see if the enemy would answer. The fire was returned
by a very sharp voUey, upon which the forlorn hope, seeing
the dragooners engaged, also gave fire. The enemy replied all
along their line, and our reserves coming up to support the
forlorn, the whole army advanced, and so, about eight at
night, the battle was begun about six fields from the town-
We beat them from hedge to hedge into their barricadoes,
which our men carried after about an hour's fighting, after
several repulses, and so forced the enemy into the town;
whereupon the horse were set in, and chained the enemy in

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UUJjLiiSUTAJNlfiA UUIUUS:^ UJfiVUJNllfiJNSiA.

the streets, and after hard lighting drove them out of the
barricadoes at the further side of the town. Many prisoners
were taken and put into the church ; but many more threw
away their arms and escaped in the darkness. No sooner
were we possessed of the town than the enemy's magazine,
about eighty barrels of powder, which were in the church,
blew up ; whether fired by accident or on purpose we cannot
yet learn. Many of the prisoners were killed, many houses
defaced, and the whole town shaken. Some of our men in
the churchyard were killed, and two great pieces of lead fell
within half a horse's length of the General. One whole
barrel of powder was blown out into the street without taking
fire. The enemy seeing the explosion, made another charge
under John Digby, brother to Lord Digby, but were repulsed
by pur musketeers; and our horse, instantly advancing, began
the pursuit at eleven at night, and I hope wUl give a good
account of the business. Thus hath it pleased God to rout
Lord Hopton's forces, foot and horse. We trust soon to
follow them, and reduce the remnant. We hear that they
^GTQ from two thousand five hundred to three thousand men.
They fought valiantly, and defended their barricadoes at
push of pike, and with the butt end of their muskets, till
our men got over a hedge and flanked them, which forced
them to give way. The old Oornish foot, and Greenvile's
and Goring's old soldiers, English and Irish, were engaged, but
are now scattered. The hedges in these parts are so thick
that each hedge was a bulwark for the enemy. There are
many wounded, but few slain on our side ; of the enemy
many. You shall have further particulars hereafter. Let
the glory be given to God.

"Torrington, Feb. 17, 5 in y* morning. We hear some of
the horse are going towards Bamstapla Colonel Cook is
that way ; but Colonel Whaley should quarter nearer New-
bury, to follow any that may come from Oxford, and not
divert our horse, that are on so probable a design to settle
the West of England."

Whitley. The letter from Prince Maurice, authorising Sir
Edward Fortescue to repair and fortify the old Bulwark, after-
wards called Fort Charles, at the mouth of Kingsbridge river,
is dated from Whitley, Dec. 9th, 1643. It has been suggested
that this Whitley is the farm bearing that name near Kings-
bridge.

I am of opinion that the place from which Prince Maurice
dates his letter is Whitlegh, or East Whitley, in Budeaux,

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about four miles from Plymouth. The head-quarters of the
Boyalist army during the siege of Plymouth was stationed
at Widey, about a mile and a half from Whitlegh. A very
considerable post, however, was at St. Budeaux; and Whitlegh
must have been a very convenient rendezvous for the ofiBcers
of both divisions. Prince Maurice was presiding over the
siege, and during the early part of Dec, 1643, there was
plenty to do, so that it is not at all likely he would have
been so far from Plymouth as Kingsbridga The probability
then seems to be in favour of l^itlegh, or East Whitley,
being the Whitley from which the letter was dated.

Bastard. At the close of the Meeting of the Devonshire
Association at Kingsbridge, an excursion was made in a steam-
boat down the Kingsbridge river, and the luncheon took place
at Splatt Cove. In the course of the day Mr. W. A Jarvis,
of Higher Bolberry, related the following local legend relating
to the spot :

"The family of Mr. Bastard, of Kitley, Yealmpton, near
Plymouth, are supposed to have come over from Normandy
with the Conqueror, and the ancestor of the family had
command of one of the ships which brought the army across
the Channel The fleet was scattered by a gale, and this
particular ship made the shore at the entrance of Salcombe
harbour, and the leader and his men landed at the very spot
on which we are now assembled. This spot, together with
the field, in all about an acre, is still held by the Bastard
family ; and although their land in this neighbourhood was
sold or oflfered for sale about thirty or thirty-five years ago,
this little isolated spot was retained, and it was supposed at
the time, by those acquainted with the legend, that ttie reason
for its being retained was the family tradition attached to it"

Now, although the legend is very interesting, there does not
appear to be much foundation for it.

No chronicler mentions the gale which is supposed to have
scattered the fleet ; and even if a landing did take place in
Splatt Cove, no one can be expected to believe that the
invaders made a stay here, because the conquest of Devon
did not take place until 1068, two years after the battle of
Hastings. The name of Bobert the Bastard does not occur
in any of the lists of the Norman heroes who fought at
Ht^tings, though it does in Domesday^ and then as holding
from the king the following manors; viz., Bachestane, Harold-
sore, Dunistanetone, Blackeurde, Mtorde, Stanlius, Bicheton,
Merwi. Splatt Cove is situated in the manor of West

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Portlemouth, in the parish of Malborough, and neither of the
manors of Eobert the Bastard can be supposed to answer to
that of West Portlemouth.

According to Lysons, certain property in the parish of
Malborough came into the Bastard family by purchase, after
it had been possessed by the families of Haris, Davels, and
Batson, and this may have been acquired at the seune time.

Amy Bdbsart. There seems to be a general impression that
this far-famed lady is of Devonshire origin, though the only
authority for it is the celebrated romance Kmilworth, The
Committee on Devonshire Celebrities, in their first report,
presented last year at Kingsbridge, have placed this name on
the list, and therefore in future one must be supposed to claim
the lady in question as a Devonian. But in reality there is
no more evidence that she was ever in this county than that
she visited the castle of Kenilworth during the visit of Queen
Elizabeth. All those who have written on this subject,
particularly Mr. George Adlard, Mr. Pettigrew, and more
recently the Eev. Canon J. E. Jackson, twsign Stanfield Hall,
in the county of Norfolk, as her probable birthplace. Sir
John Eobsart was Lord of the Manor of Sedistern, in Norfolk,
and married Elizabeth, widow of Eoger Appleyard, of Broken,
in the same county. Eoger Appleyard left Stanfield Hall to
his widow for her life, and at her decease it was to descend to
his son, John Appleyard. In a pardon granted to Sir John
Bobsart for certain political actions of a treasonable nature,
he is described as "late of Windham, in Norfolk, alias of
Stanfield, in the parish of Wymondham." This would show
that he was residing at his wife's own house, Stanfield, and
here in all probability it was that his only daughter Amie, or
Amye, was bom.

There is no mention of the name of Eobsart in the Herald^
Vmtation of Devony 1620, nor in Westcot or Eisdon's Survey,
nor in Pole's Collections; and, as far as historical data go,
there never would have been, but for the poetic licence of Sir
Walter Scott; and why he so generously gave our county a
heroine who belonged to Norfolk will for ever remain a
mystery.

Digitized by

ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OSSIFEROUS DEPOSITS
IN THE ORESTON CAVES.

BY R. N. WORTH, F.G.8.
(Read at Paignton, Angnst, 1878.)

In the course of his "Notes on Recent Notices of the
Geology and Palaeontology of Devonshire," published in the
Transactions of (lie Devonshire Association for 1877, Mr.
Pengelly, F.R.S., has done me the honour to comment at
considerable length upon my paper on the " Geology of
Plymouth," published in the Journal of the Plymouth Insti-
tution for 1876. There is no reason why I should review
the whole of the ground therein traversed by Mr. Pengelly ;
but upon one matter the difference between us is so great,
and the particular point so important, that some reply seems
necessary. I refer to the question of the origin of the
ossiferous deposits in the Oreston Caves. Before passing to
that special subject, I may however be permitted to express
my regret that by what is evidently a looseness of statement,
since it led Mr. Pengelly to draw a different conclusion from
my words than I meant them to convey, I have been under-
stood to state that the " amount and direction of the dip of
the Cleavage [of the slates at and near Plymouth] coincide
commonly with those of the Bedding." When I wrote that
"the bedding and cleavage [of those rocks] have a general
coincidence," I cei1;ainly did not mean that they were
generally identical, but simply that they generally dipped in
nearly the same direction, and to nearly the same amount. I
intended resemblance ; not identity.

It is unnecessary to describe in detail the character of the
Oreston caves and their contents. The fullest account of
both will be found in Mr. Pengelly's cavern literature, pub-
lished in our Transorctions. It is sufficient for my present
purpose to note that there are fissures in the limestone rock
at Oreston, near Plymouth, which have from time to time

Digitized by Google

THE OSSIFEROUS DEPOSITS IN THE ORESTON CAVES. 405

been found to contain the bones of the mammoth, rhinoceros,
bear, lion, hysena, and other animals. In the limestone rock
on the opposite side of the Cattewater, on Plymouth Hoe,
there are also fissures, for the most part filled with clay, sand,
and stones of undoubted Dartmoor origin — at least I under-
stand that in this assignment I have the support of Mr.
Pengelly himself. In my paper on the "Geology of Ply-
mouth" the following passage occurs: "These deposits are
by no means isolated phenomena in connection with the
Hoe. Sand was found in digging the foundation of Elliot
Terrace adjoining ; but that was largely mixed with pebbles.
At the south-eastern comer of the Hoe, near the little cavern
which is used as a tool-house, the fissures in the rock contain
pebbles precisely similar in character to those above. In
such fissures we have the authority of Dr. Moore for saying
that bones were found representing with tolerable closeness
the Oreston fauna, including remains of the elephant, rhino-
ceros, and bear. Then again in 1808 a deposit of sand was
found on the Western Hoe, fifty feet above high-water mark,
which contained the jaw of an animal with teeth two inches
long, and a large vertebra 9J inches by 4i."

Hereon Mr. Pengelly joins issue ; and having examined
abstracts of the papers of Dr. Moore describing one set of
discoveries, and an account of the discovery of 1808, comes
to the conclusion that I was in error when I quoted Dr.
Moore as saying that bones were found in these fissures
"representing with tolerable closeness the Oreston fauna."
For this conclusion three reasons are assigned.

A. That Dr. Moore "makes no mention of fissures at all;"
but describes two sets of deposits, the higher identical in its
constituents with the fissure accumulation described by me ;
the lower a raised beach.

B. That although Dr. Moore describes " his Eaised Beach
fauna " e^s similar to that of the Devonshire caverns, " we are
not informed by whom the identifications were made, and also
that only the genera, but not the species, are named," More-
over, before Dr. Moore's statement of the similarity can be
unhesitatingly accepted, an "explanation must be given of
the fact that the hyseua, the most prevalent gentis of Kent's
and Yealm Bridge Caverns, did not occur on the beach on
the Hoe, and of the companion fact that the ox found in all
the caves named by Dr. Moore was also absent; and even
then a trustworthy identification of the species as well as the
genera will be required."

C. That even if the Hoe species were identical with the

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406 ON THE ORIGIN OF THE OSSIFEROUS DEPOSITS

cavem, and found in the fissures, it would be unsafe to " infer
thence that the fissure and cavem deposits were contem-
porary, for the remains were found in the Cave-earth, but . . .
on the accumulations on the Hoe. They were coeval with
the Cave-earth, but more modern than the Raised Beach."

To each of these objections there is, I think, a sufficient
answer.

a. It is perhaps one of the inevitable dangers of an argu-
ment which is based on the assumption of the proof of a
negative, that Mr. Pengelly should have formed his opinion
as to Dr. Moore's views on insufficient data — the papers of
Dr. Moore, and the papers only. I grant that the Raised
Beach deposit, so-called, was really a raised beach, and so
described by that gentleman. But this was by no means the
only discovery of a similar kind made in connection with
the Hoe, quite apart from those which Mr. Pengelly cites.
The museum of the Plymouth Institution contains a number
of specimens deposited there by Dr. Moore himself, and by
him labelled as from the Hoe Raised Beach and Fissures.
This is conclusive evidence then, on the authority of Dr.
Moore, though it finds no mention in his papers, that the Hoe
fissures were ossiferous, as stated by me. Since then bones
of a similar character have occasionally been found in fissure
pockets in the limestone of Cattedown.

b. Dr. Moore is of course responsible for the identification
of the genera of the remains found. His general accuracy
can however be tested by the examples preserved in the
museum. Moreover these dispose at once of the crucial test
applied by Mr. Pengelly to the theory of the similarity of
the (so-cjdled) Raised Beach and cavem fauna — the absence
of relics of the hyaena from the remains found on the Hoe.
The hyaena is amongst them. In other words, " the fact that
the hyaena, the most prevalent genus of Kent's and Yealra
Bridge Caverns, did not occur ... on the Hoe" (I simply
omit the words "on the beach") *'is not a fact" So also with
the ox.

c. The argument against the contemporaneity of the fissure
and cavern deposits is to a certain extent met by the proof
that the fissures were really ossiferous ; because whatever the
position of the Raised Beach remains to that deposit, those
from the fissures must have been embedded in the deposits
therein. And this brings us to a further objection to my
argument. Mr. Pengelly says, "The period during which
the Raised Beach was formed was certainly not subsequent
to the Cave-earth era, for the species of mammals found on

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IN THE OKEBTON CAVES.

the beach were either identical with those of the Cave-earth,
or they belonged to an earlier fauna ; the. latest known
British elephant and rhinoceros being the E. primigenius and
B. iichorhinus of Kent's Hole/* To my mind nothing can be
clearer than the fact that the remains being found on the
beach proves the beach to be of that subsequent origin which
is essential to my theory, and which Mr. Pengelly denies.
That the date of their deposition in that place was later than
the formation of the Beach requires no argument; but to
hold that the remains were either contemporaneous (in part)
or subsequent seems to me akin to a contention, for example,
that the Liassic fossils which bestrew the beach at Lyme
Eegis are the remains of animals inhabiting our present seas.
I account for the presence of these bones on the beach by
their having been washed out of an ossiferous fissure or
fissures. The presence of the whale would create no diffi-
culty.

Mr. Pengelly declines "very decidedly to accept the
fluviatile hypothesis " which I thus expressed : " I hold it to
be capable of demonstration, that the level wall-like character
of our limestone — and this is no mere local phenomena, but
may be observed in Torbay — is due to the action of water ;
that our limestone ridge is, in short, a platform of denuda-
tion, formed by a great river which probably followed in the
main the course of the present Taraar, though it is quite
possible that ice may have aided in producing this result."
He holds that "an agency is required that would apply to
several and widely separated localities — from the confines of
Cornwall to those of Dorset and Somersetshire, and to heights
varying from the one hundred feet level of Plymouth Hoe to
the eight hundred feet of Haldon ; that was capable of trans-
porting the wreck of Dartmoor rocks as far as its levelling
action has been traced, and that would allow the formation of
litliodomous perforations at a height more than double that
of the Plymouth plateau. In short, I see no reason for
abandoning the opinion I expressed in 1864, as already
stated, that 'the grinding action was that of the breaking
waves,' and that the various terraces, from the level of
Haldon to that of the now submerged forests, ' are indications
of periods of intermittence in a long series of up-
heavals.' "

That something must be allowed to marine action in the
production of the phenomena which Mr. Pengelly describes
all must admit ; but I, like him, see no reason to depart from
the opinion I have already expressed. Such distinctive Dart-

Digitized by

raoor detritus as we find on the Hoe can have but one
origin, and that directly fluviatile. Moreover, the hypothesis
that the Tamar was the agent has been greatly strengthened
since I wrote by the discovery therein of a pebble of basaltic
character, which can only be attributed to the rocks in the
vicinity of Brent Tor. At the present moment Dartmoor
detritus is being deposited by Dartmoor streams at all levels
in the county below that of Dartmoor itself; and this
process must have been in progress ever since Dartmoor had
existence. For the assumption that a "geologically very
modern river" transported Dartmoor detritus to Haldon I
am not responsible.

Finally, my hypothesis with regard to the introduction of
the osseous remains in the Oreston caves and the Hoe
fissures was thus stated : "And now to return to the bone
caverns. Their contents must have been carried into them
by waters which flowed at a much higher level than those of
the Tamar and the Plym, or by waters which flowed when the
land was at a much lower level. Here then, is my hypothesis^
The similarity in character and method of occurrence of the
two classes of deposits leads me to hold that the caverns are
in the main contemporaneous with the surface formations
which I have described, and date back to a time when the
limestone rocks which enclose the fissures were but slightly
raised above the waters, and when therefore nothing was easier
than the introduction into the caverns of bodies of animals
swept down the stream, probably in time of flood; just as
they are commonly swept down the rivers of tropical coun-
tries in the present day. This view has the double advantage
of reconciling difficulties, and of agreeing with the generally
observed facts." Mr. Pengelly's objections to this are five-
fold.

A. He asks for instances of bodies being engulphed in
fissures traversing the bottoms of rivers. I simply refer to
the washing of the bodies into the fissures in times of flood.
We all know that at such times dSbris of various kinds col-
lects in the land hollows, especially as the waters subside,
and where they have neither power enough nor depth suf-
ficient for the further transport of bulky b^ies.

B. It is next stated that it is not "easy to. see why the
Oreston fissures should receive such a number and variety
of osseous remains, whilst those on the Hoe should receive
absolutely none." I have shown that this is an error.

C. Mr. Pengelly remarks that " the Raised Beach era must
have been contemporary with or prior to that of the cave

Digitized by Google

IN THE ORESTON CAVES.

mammals ; hence at that time the country might have been
from thirty to forty feet, but not anything like one hundred
feet, lower than at present," and argues that, without making
** a lofty cataract a part of the machinery," the Plym or the
Tamar could not have had the plateau of the Hoe as its
rocky bottom, when the sea was cutting a platform in the
cliff of the plateau, or depositing a beach " on such a platform
at from sixty feet to seventy feet vertically below the stream
itself." K the Raised Beach era was suhsequent to that of
the cave mammals, this objection has no force.

D. Mr. Pengelly denies the similarity of the deposits in
the Hoe fissures and the Oreston caves. " Whilst the preva-
lence of Dartmoor detritus was the most striking fact in the
fissures on the Hoe, there was no such material in those at
Oreston." There are several points at which it would be
diflScult to decide with certainty that the contents of the
Hoe fissures were of Dartmoor origin, if the enquirer stopped
there ; for the dissimilarity existing at different localities on
the Hoe is quite as remarkable as any that I can imagine
between the Hoe and Oreston. And, with all deference to
the high authority of Mr. Pengelly, I cannot see in this dis-
similarity any adequate reason for abandoning a conclusion
to which so many other arguments seem to point. That one
set of causes may produce deposits of very different character
may be seen at the present moment on the shores of the
Sound, and even in localities quite as closely adjoining each
other.

E. Pointing out that my hypothesis assumes that "the
time represented by the Oreston fossils was not long enough
to produce any such changes in the physical conditions of
the district as would affect the machinery by which the
caverns received the organic remains," Mr. Pengelly cites the
opinions of eminent palaeontologists that the Oreston cave
mammals belonged to distinct faunas, and therefore probably
to such very dissimilar conditions of physical geography as
would absorb more time than would be consistent with the
preservation of this machinery. But does it necessarily follow
that this variation in the character of the components of the
fauna involves this extension of time ? We may have all
the conditions necessary for such variation absolutely co-
existent within a comparatively limited area, where difference
of level induces variation of climate. The great mountain
chains of the present day afford all the proof of this that we
can need; and it singularly happens that in the section of
his Fauna of Devon which includes the mammals, in our last

VOL. X. 2 c

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41U THE OSSIFEBOUS DEPOSITB m THB OKESTON CAVES.

year's volume, Mr. Parfitt illustrates this very point by a
reference to the Altai Mountains.

In conclusion, Mr. Pengelly utterly fails "to see what
difficulties are reconciled by the author's hypothesis, or the
observed facts with which it agrees;'* nor does he "see the
least occasion for supposing anything more than a series of
gaping fissures traversing a table-land above the reach of
flooded rivers — ^though not necessarily or probably of great
elevation — into which some animals fell and were killed, and
others retired to die ; where perhaps a few were dragged or
pursued by beasts of prey ; whilst the rains of Devonshire
washed in at least some of those which died near at hand on
the adjacent plateau."

The "observed facts" I have endeavoured briefly to indicate.
The main difficulty to be reconciled is the difficulty of be-
lieving that contemporaneous and similar deposits in fissures
so closely correspondent as those on the Hoe and at Oreston
were due to causes so utterly dissimilar as fluviatile action in
one case, and casual falling into open fissures on the other ;
for I am unaware of any evidence that the Oreston caves
were ever the resort of living animals, or at all approached
the character of dens. Did such evidence exist, it would
indeed be a strong argument against my hypothesis ; bat in
its absence I know of none. That water did play some part
in depositing the Oreston bones in the position in which
they were found is not denied ; and I think that the cautious
conclusion of Mr. Pengelly, as the result of his visit to
Oreston in 1859, when he declined to say " whether animals
fell or were draped in, or whether the bones found there
were wholly or partially the remains of dead animals washed
in," far safer, and far more in accordance with the teachings
of modern geology, than his return to the antediluvian theoiy
of Buckland, minus the deluge.

Digitized by Google

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

. LEPEDOPTBRA.
BT EDWABD PABFTCT.
(Bead at Paignton, Angiut, 1878.)

Devonshire, so far as I am aware, can boast of only one
fossU Insect ; and that, geologicaDy speaking, does not date
very far back in time. It was discovered in the Lignite beds
of Bovey Tracey during the investigation of that deposit by
Mr. Pengelly and Professor Heer. The paucity of Insect
forms in this interesting formation is very remarkable, as
compared with a similar deposit at (Eningen examined by
Professor Heer, in which he discovered no less than 5081
specimens, belonging to 844 species; viz., Coleoptera, 518;
Neuroptera, 27 ; Hymenoptera, 80 ; Diptera, 63 ; Hemiptera,
133; Orthoptera, 20; and Lepidoptera, 3 only. And Dr.
Hagen discovered, in the Lignites near Bonn, about 90 species,
besides about 125 more species from other deposits of brown
coaL

In the adjoining county of Dorsetshire, in the Purbeck
beds, vast numbers of insects have been discovered; all, how-
ever, belonging to those groups having hard or coriaceous
wing-cases, such as the Coleoptera, or beetles; and Hemiptera,
or plant bugs; and a few of the hjtrder Neuroptera, of which
the dragon fly may be taken as the type.

" The fossils," says Professor Westwood, *' show abundant
evidence of the presence of numbers of lignivorous species,
such as the Elateridsd and the Buprestidse ; but we nowhere
find amongst them traces of the great longicom and lameli-
com beetles. Herbivorous insects also occur in considerable
numbers; but we do not meet with the gigantic grasshoppers
and locusts of tropical climates."* In tdl the mass of insect
remains entombed in the Purbeck beds, not a single relic

• Jowr. 0$ol, SociHff, vol. x.

2 c 2

Digitized by

of Lepidoptera, or butterflies and moths, has been found;
but this perhaps is not to be wondered at when we consider
the peculiar structure of the formation, being a sort of estuarine
deposit, and the fragile and delicate structure of the Lepi-
dopterous forms.

The evidence arrived at, from an examination of this vast
array of fossil insects in this formation, is, that they represent
a temperate climate, when they were being collected at the
probable mouth of a large river, or that they were brought
down from some hilly or mountainous district whose climate
was temperate, though the valleys may have been tropical.

If we trace the insect Fauna still deeper and earfier into
the earth's crust — the Lias, for instance, of Gloucestershire —
no less than six species of dragon-flies have been exhumed by
the Eev. K. Brodie. The genera to which these belong still
exist in this country. The same may be said of most of the
other genera belonging to other orders of insects found in
this formation, and out of all these there is not a single
butterfly or moth. But when we consider the numbers of
delicate Dipterous insects that have been preserved, both in
the Purbecks and in the lias, even to the fragile and short-
lived gnat, we are led to wonder at the absence of the gorge-
ously-painted scale-wing family, considering how generally
abundant they are, both in tropical and temperate climates,
and even extending far beyond the Arctic circle.

If we pursue our insect Fauna still further and deeper
into the crust of the earth, to the Carboniferous or coal for-
mation proper, and even deeper into the Devonian, we still
find forms very like those that are living at the present day.
Thus Professor Huxley says, in his lectures delivered in
America: "There are to be found nuriierous insects allied to
our cockroaches; there are spiders and scorpions of large
size, the latter so similar to existing scorpions that it requires
the practised eye of the naturalist to distinguish them. In-
asmuch as these animals can be proved to have been alive in
the Carboniferous epoch, it is perfectly clear that, if the
Miltonic account be accepted, the large mass of rocks, ex-
tending from the middle of the Palaeozoic formations to the
uppermost members of the series, must belong to the day
which is termed by Milton the sixth."

We have then plenty of evidence of the existence of insects,
extending from the Carboniferous forests through all the
various changes and vicissitudes that the earth has undergone;
but at what period they were really introduced upon the
scene it is impossible to tell.

A writer in the Cc
page 538, says: "Few
those rank jungles of
single moth or butterf
and pines, as they flit
of the Amazon, or the
All we can say of th
may have been abund
bourhood of the mars
and gigantic horsetail
the vegetation being
there would of course
and consequently no
insects. But there is
Lepidoptera are not p
are they provided wit!
probability that the oi
been developed in af
to appear, and when
necessary to the perpe

We have seen that
the coal of the Carb<
and in America;* an
not from those of the
tion they did not — the
then as now ; so that
moths and butterflies
world's history, althou
sands of time."

The intimate relatio
plants of our own time
by experiments proseci
a reference from me.
is so peculiar that it i
fertilization in these p
the insects inhabiting
particular orchids gro^

In 1857 I publishe(
an orchid found atta
irifolii. This attracti
was then working at
Orchidse through the
in 1862. (See page 36

I have stated prev

♦ OeologicQi

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what period of the world's history the Lepidoptera were in-
troduced. The first indication — ^but this is doubtful — of the
remains of one was found in the Carboniferous in America ;
but the most perfect, and beyond all doubt, was found in the
middle of the Lower Oolites, a formation termed Stonefield
Slate, in Oxfordshire. It is the anterior wing of a large
butterfly, and named PalceorUina oolitica (Butler). Mr. Butler
says : " Though a British fossil insect^ this species belongs to
a group completely tropical ; its nearest allies are the genera
Caligo DasyopMhalma and Brassolis, all three essentially
tropical American genera." Mr. Butler goes on to say that
P. oolitica is especially interesting, as being the oldest fossil
butterfly yet discovered ; the most ancient previously known
to science having been found in the Cretaceous series (white
sandstone of Aix-la-Chapelle), whilst the bulk of the known
species are firom the Lower Miocene beds of Croatia. It is
also interesting as belonging to the highest family of butter-
flies."*

The species Neorinopm sepulta (Bois) is wonderfully per-
fect The Upper Cretaceous white sandstone of Aix-la-
Ghapelle has preserved the creature, or at least the wings, in
a remarkable manner, so much so that even the coloration
and eye-like markings are almost as distinct as when the
insect was alive. It is also very remarkable that both this
species and the one horn the Oxford Stonesfield Slate should
belong to tropical American forms ; or, as Mr. Butler says,
" Its (speaking of Boisduval's species) nearest ally is Neorina
Zoweii, a common Bornean species."

These butterflies, it would seem, if any reliance is to be
placed on the nearest of kin inhabiting or being found in
similar climates, would point to a different state of things
pertaining to the Coleoptera, &c., found in the Purbeck beds,
as these are pronounced by one of the highest authorities to
represent a temperate climate. The butterflies, however,
coincide bo exactly with the Cycadaceous plants or palms,
&0., in the Lower or Stonesfield Slate formation, as do also
Boisduval's species agree with the sub-tropical vegetation of
the Lower Miocene period ; so that one bears out the other
in a remarkable manner — that is, the vegetation and the
creatures which flit about amongst such vegetation.

Entomologists as a rule have been more twitted by the
generality of people than perhaps any other students of
nature, it being considered injra dig. for men to busy them-
selves about such apparently trivial things as insects. Chasing

* Oeohgieal Magasme^ yol. x., p. 8.

a buttertly or a moth has caused the stud
little better than insane, and this recall
known satirical lines written by Dr. W
on Sir Joseph Banks :

A moth should flutter^ would the rm
Forgettmg state afBdrs, the knight
Would seize his hat with wild deligl
And, ohasing, make the most inf emi
O'ertuming benches^ statesmen, eve
To make a prisoner of the mealy wi

Although insects may appear trivial
numbers are sometimes so great as to
ance upon the most casual observer. \
become more numerous on the Contir
in America than before, I am not abk
it may, the governments of both Germ
have now their State Entomologists, wl
give and direct the best means of keeping
destroying, the insects injurious to the
(Germany, a part of a forested s education
various stages of the insects that are in
and forests. And within the last two yea
and gentlemen have associated together
and peculiarities of some of our insects,
to the various crops, both of the garden
association is likely to do a great deal <
attention to the habits of the various sp€
what is more, very nicely figured, in tl
By directing the farmer and gardener to t
they are then better able to know how
and to know those that are their particuli
that are not. For instance, if the farme
that destroy the caterpillars of, say, tl
Butterfly, he would be very unwise to de
but without knowing his friends from 1
just as likely to kill the one as the other

The destruction of Eooks by poisonin
other birds, either by the gun or des
allowed the insects to increase very coi
stroying of the balance in Nature's law
own tale, and Legislation had to step in t
destruction of the insectivorous birds. Fc
in the year these creatures live almost
noxious to the cultivators of the land.

isew Zealand colonists have been obliged to import some ot
these farmers' and gardeners' friends.

Would it not be well to instruct the young in our schools
in the knowledge of the common insects injurious to the crops,
and of the relation of the birds to the insects ? The know-
ledge could be imparted to them by having the objects them-
selves hung up in a case in the room. The minds of the
young might also be disabused of such superstitions as the
following, which is credited to Devonshire :

" One of the superstitions prevailing in Devonshire is, that
any individual neglecting to kill the first buttei'fly he may
see for the season will have ill luck throughout the year.*
The following recent example is given by a young lady. ' The
other Sunday, as we were walking to church, we met a man
running at full speed, with his hat in f>ne hand and a stick in
the other. As he passed us he exclaimed, " I shan't hat 'en
now, I b*lieve." He did not give us time to enquire what he
was so eagerly pursuing ; but we presently overtook an old
man whom we knew to be his father, and who, being very
infirm and upwards of seventy, generally hobbled about by
the aid of two sticks. Addressing me, he observed, ' My zin
a took away wan a my sticks, miss ; wan*t be ebble to kill 'n
now though, I blieve.' 'Kill what?' said I. *Why 'tis a
butterfly, miss — the furst hee'th a zeed for the year; and
they zay that a body will have cruel bad luck if a ditn' en
kill a furst a zeeth.' "

There is one other superstition connected with the Lepidop-
tera, which I have never seen in print, and that is, that the
'serpentine markings seen so abundantly in some seasons on
the leaves of brambles and roses, but more especially on the
former, when they are very abundant are said to be indicative
of wars and general ill-luck to the nation. This superstition
is not confined to Devonshire ; for I have heard it in other
parts of the kingdom. These markings, or rather the coin-
cidence of these markings, represent, I believe, a very deeply-
rooted superstition which pertains more or less to the whole
human race, the story of the serpent. To work this out would
be foreign to my subject ; but the cause of these markings in
the bramble-leaves must be laid at the door of one of my
subjects ; namely, the larvae of a lovely little moth, one of the
smallest moths in the world, which rejoices in the name of
the 'Diamond-barred Pigmy,' Nepticula aurella (Fabricius.)
The larvae of this moth mines the bramble leaves in the
manner observed, by eating away the parenchyma, or the

* R. Hunt, Popular Bomances, v. ii., p. 243.

substance of the lea
latter soon becomes (
ings then have son
serpents on the leave

The Insect Fauna
both in numbers and
of our indigenous in
cannot say whether 1
sea-birds, as we have
so large a caterpiUai
this insect finally di
very scarce at about
iii, it is stated thai
Londinemis, found i
This would be about
again have increasec
supply the various c
ever, it finally disapj
Devonshire species <
knowledge, and whic
collection, and with
the cause of this seci
to present a catalogi
The number of speci
dom is about 1880.

It is to be regrett
not paid more atteu
for, so far as I am av
only collectors of th
of the imperfections
is a rich field open i
of the fair sex woul(
studying these gem
it a healthful purs
beautiful lanes, woo
these sparkling atorr
bestowed to collect t

At the end of this
species that have l
which I have to thai
the Island. And it
names of those gen
from distant parts o
my catalogue could
especially in localitie

Digitized by Google

i5amstapie aismcL nave been Kindly suppiiea oy uervaise
Mathews, Esq., late of H.M.S. Britannia, now of the sa
Sumatra; those fipom the Plymouth district by George Carter
Bignell, Esq. ; and those from the Torquay district by J.
Buckton, Esq. I am also indebted to the Bev. J. Hellings for
his kindness, and to Mr. J. Bowdon for his list of species
captured principally in the neighbourhood of Exeter. The
late J. C. Dale, Esq., of GlanviUes .Wooton, very kindly
placed in my hemds his notes on the rarer species of Insects
captured by him in Devonshire during the many visits of
his long entomological career; and my old and valued Mend
the late H. D'OrviUe, Esq., of Alphington, near Exeter, also
gave me notes of some of the rarer species he was fortunate
enough to take in his own garden. His garden was planted
with food plants to attract the butterflies and moths, and it
is astonishing to think of the number of species that were
attracted in this way. What with this, £md what with the
number of species that came to ''sugar" on the trees in his
orchard, his garden and grounds were quite alive with moths
and butterflies.

WITH

Donoyan's British Insec
BtephenB*B niustrations
Weetwood and Humphr
Kewman'B lUustzated N
Stainton's Manual of Bi
Fust, Herbert Jenner,

Ireland. 1867.
Beading, J. J., Oatalogt
Jordan, W. B. H., Natu

tion TransaotionB.
Turton and Kingston's ]
Dale, J. 0., Ml Htt.
Gairington's Dartmoor.
Entomologist's Monthly
Entomologist's Annual.
Natural History of the '
Bignell, Gt. 0 , MS. Gate
Buckton, J., Notes in M
Geological Magazine, vc

Ora
Seeti

KHAMNI, Linn. Bri
W$8t. and Sump.

This is generaUy
the spring, the
winter. The la
gtUa, growing •

EDUSA, Fai. Cloud

As a rule this b
end of sunune
is then seen fli

the coast line or withm a few miles of the sea. But
this year (1877), from some unaccountable cause, the
insect has appeared in great numbers aU over the
southern and eastern counties, including our own
county, from June 7th, on which day I saw specimens
flying over the fields of Trifolium incamaium at Pinhoe,
and a few days afterwards in the marshes at Topsham.
Mr. W. Buckler, writing in the Entomologist* s Magazine,
vol. xiv. p. 40, says : " In this neighbourhood (Emsworth,
Hampshire), during the past and present week, JSdusa
has appeared in great numbers, culminating perhaps on
the 11th instant (viz., June), when they were seen flying
in all directions." The specimens I saw were evidently
faded, from which I presume they were hybernated
specimens ; but whether they were British-bom I have
my doubts. They might, it is true, have survived our
winter, which was as a whole a mild one, the mean
temperature ranging from 51** in December; January,
46°; February, 51°; March, 50°; April, 53°; May, 54^
June, 69° : so that they might have borne this tempera-
ture very well.

HEUCE, Hiib,

West, and Hump,, Brit. Butt., t. 2, f. 8.

This is a rare variety, but has been taken in the neigh-
bourhood of Plymouth by Mr. J. J. Heading, and at
Sidmouth and Teignmouth ; at the latter place by Mr. R.
C. R. Jordan. Mr. G. F. Mathews tells me that he
took eleven specimens in one day near Start Point, and
saw many more, in August, 1876. Four specimens were
taken near Exeter in August, 1877.

CHRYSOTHEME, Stephens.

niust. Haust., pi. 2, fgs. I, 2 (not of BoisduYal); compare Witst. and
Hump., fgs. and translated description, p. 18 ; H^Mt and Hump., t. 3,
fgs. 1-3.

Taken in the Pl3niiouth district, but very rare. Buckfast-
leigh, Mr. J. W. Stroud.

IMMACULATA.

Mr. J. J. Reading says : a form of the female, and a rarity.
Ground-colour of the typical form, but differing from it
in having the border of the wings rum-spotted, and the
hind wings more powdered with black. The abdominal
channel is also paler, and freer from scales than is usual
in the type.

Two specimens hi
Mr. McLachlan

HYALB, Linn, Pale

Witt, and Hump,, ]

Sare. Has been
Mr. E. Johnson
G. Carter Eigne
race-course at 1

CRAT^i, HiUJb. Bla

IVeaU and Hump,, ]

Exceedingly local,
only spot know
tonhampstead.
Kingston's Natv
writing of its ]
stated, "Taken

BRASSiCiE, Linn, Li

West, and Hump., 1

This is one of the
to aU the cabba
first in April ai

RAP^, Linn, SmaU

West, and Hump,, 1

Generally more 8
destructive to
the same as the

NAPI, Linn. Green-

West, and Hump., 1

Common everywl
the two former,
which ought tc
is called Micrc
very small, but
larvae of this l
are full-fed the
the victim, anc
yellow silk, whi
the butterfly. ^
little heap of si]

d by Google

Var, BRYONLS, Oodart.

JFesi, and Mump., t 6, fgs. 11, 12.

Taken at Egg Buckland by Mr. T. R. A. Briggs, June 22nd,
1835.

DAPLEDIOE, Lirm. The Bath White Butterfly.

JFttt and Hump., t. 6, fgs. 6-10 ; MorrU, Brit Butt., pL 10.

In all probability a Continental visitor, as single speci-
mens only are seen very rarely. A specimen is recorded
in the Zoologist, voL ii. p. 398, 1836, as having been taken
in Eoseberry Wood, near Exeter.

GRNT78, AVTH0CHABI8, Boitduval

CARDAMINES, Lirm. The Orange-tipped Butterfly.

West, and ffump,^ t. 6, iga, 1-6 ; Morrit, Brit. Butt., pi. 12.

Common round the woods and lanes of Exeter from May
to July.

Genus, LEUCOPHASIA, StephenB.

SINAPIS, Lirm. The Wood White Butterfly.

West, and Hump,, t. 6, fgs. 11-18; Morris, Brit. Butt, pi. 11.

Found about the end of May floating gracefully along in
the glades of our woods. The species is scattered, but
not abundantly, all over the county. This is perhaps
the most delicate and fragile of the whole group.

Var. B. Without the duslgr spots on the anterior wings,
and only a little powdered with dusky atoms at the base
of the wings. In the cabinet of Mr. J. Rowdon, jun,,
Exeter. It was taken in Fordlands Woods.

Family, NYMPHALID.^, Swainson.
Sub-Family, SATTRIDI, Stephens.
Genus, ABOE, Sehrank,

GALATHEA, Linn. The Marbled White Butterfly.

West, and Hump,, t. 17, fgs. 1-6 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 13.

This must be regarded as a scarce species with us. One
specimen taken on the clifis opposite the Mewstone,
along the coast from Dartmouth to Babbington, and in
a limestone quarry at Berry Pomeroy. 1 used to take it
in a hilly grass-field below Perage House, Fordlands,
Exeter, some few years ago. The field was afterwards
cultivated, and the habitat destroyed. It has been taken
at Sidmouth by Mr. E. Johnson, and at Axminster by
the Eev. Z. J. Edwards ; by Mr. G. C. Bignell on Homer
Down. A new locality has been discovered for this
species in this neighbourhood, in a hilly field about

half-way betw
have been tal
I took it this ^

Ob]

-fiGEBiA, Lmn, Th<

Jr09t. and Himp.,

Abundant in all c
out the county^

MEG^RA, Linn. Th

West and Hump,,

Very common in
throughout the
in August.

Gbm

SEMELE, Linn. The

WetL andSump.fi

In rocky and stc
throughout the «
plentiful, Auguj
male of this spec
wings beneath,
scarcely discemi
is quite absent.

JANnu, Zinn. The 1

JTest. and Sump., t.

This is perhaps the]
generally in prof
of June to Septe

TiTHONUs, Liim. The

West, and Hump., t

Quite as abundant
places, and at the

HYPERANTHUS, Linn.

Wett. andSump.f t. !

Not SO abundant a
numbers of specin
from June to A
rather frequent,
the anterior wing

on one anterior wing, and three on the other, the posterior
one being very small In this specimen the two larger
ocelli, both on the anterior as well as the posterior
wing, show through to the superior surface, but not
so conspicuously as on the inferior side.

GtEVVS, CJENONYMPHA, Eubner,

PAMPHILUS, Linn, The Small Heath Butterfly.

West, and Hump., t. 22, fgs. 1, 2; M9rris, Brit. Butt , pi. 21.

This is a common species, and generally distributed through-
out the county. As a rule, this species does not come
down into the low meadows and grass-fields like the
three former ones, but is found more on heathy and dry
places.

Var, B. With the apical ocellus on the anterior wings totally
obliterated. Taken on Haldon. In my own cabinet.

Sub'FamUyy NYMPHALIDI, Stephen;
Gbnvs, APATUSA, Oehsenheimer,

iKis, Linn, The Purple Emperor Butterfly.

fFest. and Hump,, t, 16, fgs. 1-6 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 36.

This fine insect I believe to be very rare in Devon. I once
saw it at Dunsford Bridge, but did not capture it ; and
Mr. W. Powley informed me he had seen it in the woods
near Starcross.

Sub-Famap, VANI8SIDI, Stephens.
Genus, CTNTHIA, Fabrieius,

CARDUi, Linn, The Painted Lady Butterfly.

West, and Hump,, t. 15, fgs. 7-10 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 34.

Very uncertain in its appearance. This year (1877) I saw
specimens at the end of May, but they all seemed much
worn. The insect is very generally (fistributed over the
county.

Genus, VAKSSSA, Fabrieius.

ATALANTA, Linn, Eed Admiral Butterfly.

West, and Hump., t. 16, fgs. 1-4 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pL 27.

This beautiful insect is generally very abundant in gardens,
about fallen fruit, from July to October.

10, Linn, The Peacock Butterfly.

West, and Hump , t. 14, fgs. 2-4 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 28.

Very common, and generally distributed. It makes its
appearance about the middle of July, and continues until
the cold of autumn becomes too much for it.

ANTIOPA, Linn. Tl

W^U and Hump.

Exceedingly rar
" Once taken a
from each of tl
Zoologist, vol. x
gencer, p. I79)
A specimen wfi
about ten yeai
Mr. G. 0. Bigi
combe, by Mn
1866, p. 150.

POLYCHLOEOS, Linn.

W$9t. and Hump., \

Very generally dii
common auywl
April, if the wi
Juna The bro<
The larvae feed c
URTiCA, Linn. The £

W'ett. and Hump,, t.

Common everywhe
perfect insect ap]

C.ALBUM.

TFut. and Hump., t.

Mr. G. F. Mathews
this species on
W. Peers. Dat<
^ag., 1868, p. 1
species in Devon.

Sub-fami
Genu

PAPHiA, Linn. The Si

JFest. and Hump., t 1

This beautiful insect
districts, and on fi
July and August.

Var. A. VALEZINA.

JFeat. and Hump., t IS

This fine variety
insects by Mr. R
Bickleigh Vale."
of Devon and Com

VOL. X.

igitized by Google

ADIPPE, lAnn. The High-brown Fritillary.

Wwt, and Sump., t. 11, fgs. 1^; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 49.

By no means a common insect. Frequents the borders of
woods in similar localities to the one above, in July and
August

AGLAIA, Zinn. The Dark-green Fritillary.

JFeat and Eump,, t 10, fgs. 6-10 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pL 60.

Taken in similar places to the two former species. It is
not common, but widely distributed. July and August
are the months it is pn the wing.

APHRODITE, Fab. The Venus Fritillary.

WeU. and Eump., t. IS, %8. 4, 5 ; Morrit, Brit Butt, pL 52.

Mr. Dale, some little time previous to his death, very
kindly gave me a list of the rarer insects taken by him-
self and friends in Devonshire, in which this grand
insect occurs, but with a note of interrogation. It is
said to have been captured in Bradley Wood, near
Newton Abbot, by Dr. Jordan* The species is a native
of North America.

LATHONIA, Linn, The Queen of Spain Fritillary.

West, and Eump., t. 11, fgs. 4-7; Morris, Britt Butt., 51.

Very rare. Bovey Tracey (Eev. Z. J. Edwards), Barnstaple
(Mr. G. F. Mathews).

SELENE, Fab. Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

West, and Eump., t. 9, fgs. 1-4 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pi. 46.

Generally distributed. Found in furze-brakes, near woods,
and on commons, from the end of May to tfuly.

EUPHROSYNE, Linn. The Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

Wsst. and Eump., t. 9, ^8. 8-10 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pL 46.

This is the most abundant of the whole group. On heaths
and commons^ borders of woods, &c., in May and June.

Gbnub, KELITiBA, Fabrieius.

ATHAMA, Esper. The Pearl-bordered-likeness Fritillary.

West, and Eump., t. 8, fgs. 9-12 ; MorrU, Brit. Butt., pi. 47.

Mr. J. J. Eeading says : " In 1855 I bred a hundred and
twenty specimens of this insect fix)m larvae found feed-
ing on Plantago lanceolata and Tencrivm scorodania.
The first hrvsd passed into the pupa condition on June
6th; the imago ceone forth on June 28th, making the
pupa state to occupy three weeks." The insect is local.

but abundan
Fordlands A?
Juna Take;
Blomer), Bu«
combe-in-fche

ARTEMIS, Fob. Tl
W$iU and Humj

This, like the fc
where it occu
stricted in its
the Plymouth
at Bideford, 1
Battersby ; J.
a boggy mead
by myself, in
viaduct, by M;

Fat

LUOINA, Linn. The

WmL and Hump.,

A rare species in
reached its lin
found further \
byMr. J.Whit(
one specimen (
which it should

BETUL^, Linn. The

Jf^est. and Hump , t

This pretty insect
Moretonhampst<
Buckfastleigh, IS
burton Road to
of blackthorn (M
Haldon (Dr. Jor
August.

QUERcus, Linn. The

^ett andHun^.,t

Very generally dist
August. I have
Wood, near Exet
weeks, and came

igitized by Google

RUBi, Linn. The Green Hair-streak Butterfly.

Wut. and Sump., t. 26, fgs. 6-10 ; Morris, Brit. Batt., pi. 38.

This beautiful little butterfly is very generally distributed
over the county, appearing about the end of May. I
remember once on Haldon seeing some 'scores, to say
the least, of this species flying round, and occasionally
alighting on a bush. The bright green under-side, as
they moved at various angles in the bright sunlight,
made them shine like so many emeralds flashing in the
sun. This bright green under-side reflecting the sunlight,
and the dark superior surface absorbing the light, are,
when seen under such conditions, very deceptive to the
eye ; for one moment you see the little gem, and in the
next instant you lose sight of it. This sight impressed
itself upon my memory twenty years ago, and it is one
never to be forgotten.

Gbnus, CHBYSOPHAinrB, Subner.

PHLiBAS, Linn. The Common Copper Butterfly.

JFeit. and Hump,, t. 28, fgs. 4-8 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pL 66.

A very-generally- distributed species, on open commons
and fiize-brakes. I am of Mr. Beading's opinion, that
this insect is not so common as formerly.

GBinis, POLTOXMATirS, LatreUU.

ARGIOLUS, Linn. The Azure-blue Butterfly.

West, and Eump., t. 81, fgs. 1-3 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pi. 68.

A common and generally distributed species ; to be seen
in all our meadows, near woods, and in the woods flying
round the holly bushes in May and June, and again in
August, as the insect is double- brooded. Mr. G. F.
Mathews says : "Almost all larvas taken early in June
produce butterflies in August ; but I have had the spring
larvae produce perfect insects the following ApriL

ALSUS, FaJ). The Bedford; or, Little Blue Butterfly.

Wett. and Hump., t. 31, fgs. 4-8 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pi. 69.

This must be regarded as a rather rare insect in Devonshire.
It is almost confined to the Calcareous districts ; in fact,
is limited by the range of its food-plant. It has been
taken very sparingly at Plymouth, Meavy Vale, Dart-
mouth, Torquay, Teignmouth, and Seaton ; and again on
the edge of the county at Pinhay CliflP, to the west of
Lyme Begis.

ARION, Linn. Th

TP'^st, and Sum

There are only i
for this fine
the Bolt He
mation, and
sought for d
pugnacious, t
a few hours,
out. Thisspe
of the insect

ADONIS, FcA. The

W'est, and Hump

This is another s
or Calcareous
but it is not
than Torquay,
Cove, and Ho
Seaton. It si
May, and agai

ALEXIS, Hiib. The

WeMt. and Hump.,

This, the most al
about our mej
spring brood s
Tlie species is
colouring, and

iEGON, Borkhausen.

JFesL and Hump.,

Taken at Torqua;
Jordan, Bovey*
Knhay CliflFs, i
lit., "Abundant

AGESTES, JFein Verz.
ff^ett. and Hump., i

Generally distribu
Occurs in May i

Var. SALMACis, 8teph
Jf^eit. and Hump., t

Taken by myself

Far. AETAXERXES, Fdh, The Scotch Argus Butterfly.

and Hump., t. 37, fgs. 4-6.

Dr. Leach says : " I once observed it on Dartmoor, August
23r(i, 1823."

Family, HESPERID^ Leaeh,
Gbmxjb, THTKELS, Stephens.

ALVEOLUS, Hub. The Grizzled Skipper.

West, and Hump,, t. 88, fgs. 1-6 ; Morris, Brit. Batt., pL 66.

This is not an abundant species, but is widely dispersed
over the county, from Whitsand Cliflfs, near Plymouth,
to Axminster, including Torquay and Exeter, at the end
of May.

Genus, THANAOS, Boisduval.

TAGES, Linn. The Dingy Skipper.

West, and Hump., t. 38, fgs. 9-13 ; Morris, Brit. Butt., pL 66.

This species will rank about the same in number to the
former, and is found in similar situations. It is double-
brooded, appearing in May, and again in August. The
best place 1 have found for both is the higher part of
Fordlands Woods, and Stoke Woods, near Exeter.

Gbnxjs, 8TEB0PES, Boisduval,

PANiscus, Fab. The Chequered Skipper.

West, and Hump-, t 89, fgs. 6-9; Morris, Brit. Batt., pi. 71.

Near Dartmouth, Abbotsham Road, near Bideford (£ev.
6. Bostock). This must be regarded as a very rare
insect in Devon. Neither my friend Mr. J. J. Beading
nor myseK have taken it.

Gbnts, PAKPHILA, Fabrieius.

SYLVANUS, Fab. The Large Skipper.

West, and Hump., t. 40, fgs. 4-6 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pi. 67.

The most abimdant of the whole group ; appearing in May
to July, in heathy places, and near woods, throughout
the county.

COMMA, Linn. The Pearl Skipper.

West, and Hump., t. 41, fgs. 1-4 ; Morris, Brit. Butt, pi. 68.

An uncommon species in this county. Taken along the
Embankment Boad, Pl}Tnouth, by Mr. E. B. Eeed ; and

by myself at Exmonth, on tlie cliffs beyond. Mr. F.
.c. . Mathews has taken one near Dartmouth.

ACTION, J?5p«r, The Lulworth Skipper.

West, and ITump , t 41, fgs. 6-7; JiTon-is, Brit. Butt., pi. 70.

Very local and rare. On grassy sloping cliffs beyond Ex-
mouUi, and to the east of Sidmou& (ILil^^.Iafguy

(Dr. Battersb
August, in th(

LINEA, Fab. The J

We9t, andSwnp,

Generally distril
near woods, a
July and Augi

Sectum

Oro\
I
<

STATICE8, Linn. Tl

West, and Sump,
vol. i., p. 78.

This is not a com
are near Plym
bury, and Soui
pearingin Jun<

TRiFOLii, Esper.

West, and Hump,, ^
Brit. Butt, and ]

This handsome ini
but by no mean

LONICER^, Hsper.

West, and Sump., ^
p. 81.

This is not so freq
Cattedown(Plyr
and near Bamst

HLIPENDULiE, Zinn.

JFett. and Sump., ^
Moths, p. 81.

Common, and gene

Fam
Gam

OCELLATUS, Linn. E;

JFett. and Sump,, v(

This beautiful insc
seems to gradual!
makes its appear

Jigitized by Google

POPULI, Lirm, The Poplar Hawk Moth. '

Wett, and Hump,, toI. i., t. 1, 1 4 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 4.

Generally distributed, but not abundant, at least in the
Exeter district. The perfect insect appears from May
to July.

TILLS, Linn, The lime Hawk Moth.

JFest. and Hump,, toL i., t. 1, f. 7 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 4.

Very generally distributed. This insect varies greatly ia
colour, and in the intensity of its markings. I have a
variety of the male with the markings on one side
barely indicated, whereas on the other wing they are of
the normal intensity. Some have the markings of rich
burnt sienna, and others of olive-green.

Gbmus, ACEEEOKTIA, Oohtenh&imer.

ATROPOS, Linn, The Death*s-head Hawk Moth.

Wesi. and Hump., voL i., t. 2; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 5,

This grand insect is not uncommon in the Exeter district
in the larva state, and it is generally distributed through-
out the county, as we have it recorded from Plymouth
to Axminster, and at Barnstaple in the north.

I had a larva brought me on August 10th, 1877, feeding
on Euonymus Europoem,

Gbnvs, SPHHrX, Linn<Bu$,

CONVOLVULI, Linn, The Convolvulus Hawk Moth.

Wett, and Hump., voL i, t. 3, fgs. 1-3 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 6.

This fine insect is not rare. In some seasons my late friend
Mr. D'OrviUe used to take them in some numbers over
petunia and Marvel of Peru beds. We have notice
of it from Tavistock, Barnstaple, Torquay, Plymouth,
Teignmouth, &c. The larvae feed on Convolvidus arvensis.
The perfect insect is met with in August and September.

LIGUSTRI, Linn. The Privet Hawk Moth.

West, and Hump,, vol, i,, t. 3, f. 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 7.

This is the commonest of all our Sphingidae, and is very
generally dispersed over the county.

Ge^us, DEILSPHILA, Oehtenheimer,

EUPHORBLfi, Linn. The Spotted Hawk Moth.

JFest, and Hump,, toL !., t. 4, fgs. 1, 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 7.

. I . fear this beautiful species is now lost to the Devonshire
fauna^ as none have been seen of late years. Most of

the old cabin*
discovered th(
Burrows, feedii
inl814 Prev
iii., p. 52) says
Londinensis, &
summer in De^
as the volume ]
Mr. G. F. Math
become extinct
ing sands."

GALn, Schif. The S

Wat. and Mump,, t. -

In 1859 Mr. D*Or
ing on Galium i
have been taken
Cummings took
also been captu
that it would s(
same time, it mi

LIVORNICA, Hsper. T]
JFiut. and Sump,, t.

This very beautifii
late. Three spe«
a friend in 1866-
captured one at i
at Alphington, n(
taken at Kingsbr
I have no recort
Mr. Buckton tool
ber 9th and lOtl
Topsham (Mr. J
Dartmouth by Mi

CELEBio, Linn. The S

West, and Mump,, t. t

This is very rare wit
Exeter, Septembei
his house at Teigj
specimen was take
Plymouth, by the

Gbnus, CH2EB0CA1EPA, Duponehsl.

POBCELLUS, Linn. The Elephant Hawk Moth.

West, and Sump,, t. 5, fgB. 9, 10 ; N&wrmm, Brit. Moths, p. 10.

By no means common ; at the same time, found scattered
over the entire county, from Ilfracombe to Plymouth,
Torquay^ Alphington, and Sidmouth. Taken in June.

ELPENOR, Linn. The Elephant Hawk Moth.

West, and Sump., t. 5, fgs. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 10.

This is one of the most beautiful of British insects, and is
very generally distributed; but sparsely so over the
whole country. The larvae are partial to Gaiium verum,
and I have found it on G. uliginomm.

NERH, Linn. The Oleander Hawk Moth.

Wett. and Hump., t. 5, fgs. 1-8 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 10.

This fine insect cannot, I fear, claim a place as indigenous
to Devonshire ; although Captain Blomer met with the
larvsB at Teignmouth in j^ugust, 1832, as recorded in
LovdoTCs Magazine of Natural History, p. 260 ; and it
is said that Mr. Baddon met with the insect near
Barnstaple. The larv» should be looked for where the
periwinkle grows.

Family, LESIID-ffi, Stephens.
GBinrs, MACBO0LO8SA, Scopoli.

8TELLATARUM, Linn. The Humming-bird Moth.

West, and Hump,, t. 6, fgs. 1-3; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 11.

Very generally distributed, and in some seasons plentiful,
flying and sipping the nectar of the tubular flowers,
such as verbenas, petunias. Marvel of Peru, &c. ; ap-
pearing in April, but mostly at the end of August and
September, and remedning till the cold of autumn be-
comes too much for it.

Gbnus, SB8IA, Fabrieius.

FUCiFORMis, Linn. Broad-bordered Bee Hawk Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 6, f. 7 ; Neunnan, Brit. Moths., p. 11.

I used to take this pretty insect feeding on the yeUow
rattle, near the house at Fordlands, in June. Taken also
at Torquay by Dr. Battersby, and at Bickleigh Vale by
Mr. J. S. DeU.

B0MBYLIF0EMI8, EspCT. The Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk Moth.

Wett. and Hump., t 6, fgs. 4-6 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 12.

This has been taken near Barnstaple, by Mr. G. F. Mathews,

and at Bickleigl
sought for in Ma

Himt

APiPORMis, Idrm. Th

West, and Hump,, t

Very rare. Only .
twenty-five years
near Barnstaple,
larvae of this spec
and more especia]
perfect insects ap

BEMBECIFOEMIS, Hub.

JFest, and Hump,, t. 7

Very rare. Taken
Barnstaple by M]
and at Alphingtor

Gbmxj

ICHNEUMONIFORME, Sch/i^
W'ett. and Hump., t. 7,

A true lover of the s
little species may
slopes near the sei
coast, and on the n

PHILANTHIFOBME, Zaspe:i
JTMt, and Hump., t 7,

The honour of perma
of British insects
Torquay, and my 1
mouth. They botl:
took it at Bolt Hea
a sort of border-Ian
the rugged, rocky c
much alike. Mr. ]
at Torquay.

CYNIPIFOIIME, J'sp^. Th
frMt,andHump.,t,7,i

Rare. I took my spe
Wood; Mr. Rogers
mouth ; and Mr. D(
be regarded as a ra
bark of oak and elm

digitized by Google

TiPtJLiFORME, Linn. The Current Clearwing.

Wnt. and Hump., i, 7, f. 9 ; Neuman, Brit Moths, p. 15.

This is the most common of the whole group. I bred the
insect in some numbers from branches of red currants
growing in the gardens at Coaver, near Exeter.

MYOPCEFORMB, Bork The Red-belted Clear Wing.

West, and Hump,, t. 7> f. 11 ; Newman, Brit. Motlis, p. 14.

Very rare in this county. Mr. Abraham captured it in
the neighbourhood of Exeter, and I have one specimen
taken here. Mr. G. F. Mathews has taken it at Barn-
staple. The insect inhabits gardens. The larvse are
said to feed on the wood of the apple and the pear;
and the perfect insects appear in May and June.

Oroup II., BOMBYCIN-ffi, ZatreilU.
Family, HEPIALID^, Stephens.
Qbsvb, HEPIALU8, Fabrieiue.

HUMULi, Linn. The Ghost Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 8, fgs. 7-9 ; Newman, Brit. Motlis, p. 20.

Common in some seasons in the meadows round Exeter,
flying in the dusk of the evening. June and July.

VELLEDA, Hub. The Map-winged Swift.

JFeet. and Hump., t. 8, fgB. 10, 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 20.

Very rare in this county. Only two localities are known
for it; viz., Ivybridge (Miss Lothman) and Torquay
(Mr. Buckton).

SYLVINUS, Ldnn. The Wood Swift.

JTest. and Hump., t. 8, f. 12; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 19.

Scarce. Taken at Instow and Braunton by Mr. 6. F.
Mathews.

LUPULINUS, Linn. The Common Swift.

West, and Hump., i. 8, f. 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 19.

Common everywhere some seasons, in May to July.
HECTDS, Linn. The Goid Swift

JTest. and Hump., t. 8, 1, 2; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 19.

Very sparsely distributed over the county — Plymouth, Tor-
quay, Stoke Wood, Exeter, Barnstaple. At Cann Wood
it is common, but very local. Captured also at Ivy-
bridge.

^ESCULi, £inn. The '

W'ett, and Mump,, t.

Kare. Barnstaple
(Mr.D'OrviUear
(Mr. Maes).

UGNIPERDA, Fah. Th
W'est. and Sump., t.

This beautiful moth
rare. I have ne
taken the moth,
larvae, but it requ
times ^main thrc
has been taken fi
the south, and fro

Family,

viNULA, Linn. The Pi

Wett and Sump,, t 1/

The larvse are genen
on sallows, willow
rarely seen on the
May to August.

BIFIDA, S'wfi, The Pop
West, and Sump., i, u

Eather a rare speci
black poplar. It h
Plymouth, Bamstg
Wood, Exeter.

FURCULA, Limi. The Si

Jf^est and Sump,, t 16,

This must be regard(
the same localities
Ilfracombe.

Gknus,

FAGi, Linn. The Lobst^

West, and Sump,, t, 13,

Eather a rare species,
cumbe, Saltram, Bic
Cann Wood, and P(

GiNUBy liOTODOliTA, Oehtmhe%mer,

DROMEDABius, Linn. The Iron Prominent.

JFest and Hump., t. 13, fgs. 11, 12; N&wman, Brit. Moths, p. 229.

Generally distributed, but not common. Plymouth, Tavi-
stock, Exeter, Barnstaple, Axminster. The larvae were
common, in August and September, in Bickleigh Wood,
1877.

TRILOPHUS, Weiner. The Three-humped Prominent.

West, and Sump., p. 66 (not figured) ; Ketcman^ Brit Moths, p. 230.

Near Exeter ; very rare. Discovered in the larvae state by
the Eev. J. HeUings.

zic-ZAC, Linn. The Pebble Prominent.

W4*t. and ffump., t. 18, fgs. 14, 15 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 231.

Generally distributed, but not common. It has been taken
at Plymouth, Torquay, Exeter, and Barnstaple, in May
and June, and again in September.

Gbnus, LEOCAMPA, Stephen:

DiCTiEA, Linn. The Swallow Prominent.

West, and Hump., t. 13, fgs. 16, 17 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 228.

By no means common. Has been captured at Teignmouth,
Torquay, Dartmouth, Plymouth, and Barnstaple, where
it is said to be rather frequent in May and June, and
has also been taken at Stoke Wood, near Exeter.

DiCTiEOiDES, Esper. The Lesser Swallow Prominent.

West, and Hump., t. 13, fgs. 18, 19; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 229.

A iare species ; has been taken at Plymouth.

Gbnus, FTEBOSTOMA, Germar.

PALPINA, Linn. The Pale Prominent.

West, and Hump., t. 14, f. 6 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 224.

Generally, but sparsely, distributed over the county; ap-
pearing in May and September at Plymouth, Barnstaple,
Torquay, Modbury, Exeter, and Dartmouth.

Gbnus, PTILOPHOBA, Stephens.

PLUMIGERA, Schiff. The Plumed Prominent.

West, and Hump,, t. 14, f. 18; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 224.

Torquay ; not rare in some seasons. May be met with on
the gas-lamps in the public grounds.

Gbnus, DBTMONIA, Hulmer.
CHAONIA, Schiff. The Lunar Marbled Brown.

West, and Hump., t. 14, fgs. 13, 14 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 233.

A rare species with us, but has been taken at Plymouth.

Gbmus, DILOBA, BoUduval.

CiERULEOCEPHALA, Linn. The Figure-of-Eight Moth.

Wett. and Sump,, t. 16, fgs. 4 and 4; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 234.

This curiously-marked moth is rather rare with us. Mr.
D'Orville met with the larvae in some plenty twice. The
first time they were feeding on the apple, and in 1859
he found them on the common laurel The moth is
generally distributed, appearing in August.

Family, LIPARID^ Stephens.
Oenvs, P8ILUBA, Stephens.

MONACHA, Linn. The Black Arches Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 17, fgs. 4-7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 38. Male
and fSemale.

This is not common, but sparsely distributed over the
entire county, appearing in July and August in woods.
The larvae were common at Ivybridge, Barnstaple, and
Dartmouth in 1871.

Gents, DA8YCHIBA, Stephens.

PUDIBUNDA, Linn. The Pale Tussock Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 17, fgs. 17-19 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 38.

Generally distributed, and frequent in woods and copses in
May and June.

Gbnus, DEMAS, Stephens.

coRYLn, Linn. The Nut-tree Tussock Moth.

West, and Humph., t. 17, fgs. 20, 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 40.

Very rare in the Exeter district. It has been taken at
Plymbridge, Kingsbridge, Torquay, and Topsham. The
larvae were common in June and September in Bickleigh
Wood and Dartmouth.

Gbnus, OBOTIA, Oehsenheimer.

ANTIQUA, Limi. The Vapourer Moth.

West, and Hutnp., t. 17, fga. 8-10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 40.

This has become common of late years. The larvse feed
on various trees and shrubs, and, notwithstanding its
beauty and curious form, it must be voted injurious.
Three years ago the rose trees in a garden near Exeter
were completely defoliated by them. This year (1877)
the foliage of a large laburnum tree was literally eaten
to rags. The larvae are pretty nearly omnivorous, for
scarcely a tree or shrub comes amiss to them. Some of
the caterpillars from the laburnum I collected in the
beginning of August, and the moth came out on the
20th of the same month.

GONOSTIGMA, Linn.
Jf^est. and Sump.

This is a rare spe
Stoke Wood, n

SALicis, Linn, The

Wett. and Sump.,

A rare species wit
been taken in S
it are Totnes, T

AURIFLUA, Fah. Th€
Tf^est. and Sump., {

An abundant spec
but is not foun
was captured
me he has taken

CHRTSORRH^A, Linn.
Wett. and Sump., t.

This is also extren
localities are Toi
like the one above
in August.

Family
Gbnus

MINUTA, F<yr8t The I

W fit. and Sump., t. ]

Not abundant, but
places near woods.

CANiOLA, ma. The H

Bombyx caniola, Siib
Newman, Brit. Moth

Very rare ; taken, in
Mr. Bignell inform
Head in July, and
lichens on the rod
it at Dartmouth. ^
appearance is Auei

VOL. X. ^

Digitized by Google

COMPLANA, Liim. The Scarce Footman Moth.

W99U and Hump., t 20, f . 14 ; N$uman, Brit. Moths, p. 28.

A scarce species. It has been taken at Barnstaple by
Mr. G. F. Mathews, and at Fordlands by myself. The
larvse, Mr. Eeading informs me, he found feeding on
lichens growing on cliffs and slopes that are inclined to
the sea. Mr. Bowdon has taken it at Stoke Wood.

LURiDEOLA, Treit, The Common Footman Moth.

WdBt, and Wu»^,, t. 20, t 14 ; yetofnan, Brit. Moths, p. 28.

Generally distributed over the county, though not common
anywhere. Appearing in July.

GRISCOLA, Hiib. The Dingy Footman Moth.

West, and Sump., t. 20, f . 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 29.

A rare species, but has been taken at Mount Edgcumbe,
Bickleigh Down, Barnstaple, and Exeter.

Gbmus, (EHISTIS, Mubner.

QUADBA, Lirm, The Four-spotted Footman Moth.

JFett. and Mump., t. 20, ^s. 17-19 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 29.

This must be regarded as a scarce species. It has been
taken in the woods at Shaugh Bridge and at Torquay ;
and I have taken the larvae on lichens on trees in Stoke
Wood, near Exeter. Dartmouth (Mr. G. F. Mathews).
The moth has been taken at Exeter.

GBNX7B, GKOPHBIA, Stephmt.

RUBRICOLLIS, Linn. The Red-necked Footman Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 20, fgs. 20, 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 29.

Frequent round Plymouth, Ivybridge, Kingsbridge, Tor-
quay, Axminster, Barnstaple, but by no means common
in the Exeter district.

Gents, CYB08IA, Eubner.

MESOMELLA, Linn. The Four-dotted Footman Moth.

West, and Rump., t. 20, t 25 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 27.

Very rare. Only three localities are given for it; viz.,
Torquay, taken by Dr. Battersby ; Foidlaiidft and Stoke
Wood, near Exeter, by myself; and Canil Ifi^ by Mr.
Bignell, in July.

OtvsvB, PHn,3!RA, J>atmm,

iKBOEEUiA, Mm. The Dew Moth.

West and Hump., t. 20, fgs. 22, 23 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 27.

Very rare in Devon — Mount Edgcumbe, Babbington, and
Seaton ; taken by Mr, J. a DelL

MUNDANA, Linn. ]

Wut, and Hump.,

Very generally di
anywhere. Tl
in July. I to(
ac^joining the 1
SENEX, EiJbb. The ]

W$9U and Hump.,

Very rare. One
Exminster mar?

Fam
Gbn

BOMINULA, Linn. T

Vest, and Hump., \

This brilliantly c(
the south of the
Yealmpton, Ivj
abundant; Torq
June and July.

VILLICA, Linn. The i

Vest, and Hump., t.

Frequent in May ;
bracken), near
CAJA, Linn. The Tig<

Wett. and Hump., t.

Generally distribute
to considerable va
however being ve

Gbnus,

RUBSULA, Linn. The (

Tf^ett. and Hump., t, \

Bather a rare specie
I have taken it an
Eowden on Haldo

GbNT78

MENTHRASTI, Schiff. T
W^ett. and Hump., t. 1]

Generally distributed
mon. Taken May
from larv8B feeding

digitized by Google

LUBRICEPEDA, Linn, The Buflf Ermine Moth.

Wett. andHump,^ t. 18, fgB. 17-19; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 35.

Common in June and July, everywhere amongst rough
herbage.

Genus, BIAPHORA, Stephent.

MENDICA, Linn. The Muslin Moth.

Weti. and Hump., t 18, fgs. 20-22 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, pp. 34, 3d.

Sparsely distributed over the county. Messrs. Westwood
and Humphreys say that the "caterpillar feeds upon
aquatic plants in the autumn." Mr. H. D'OrvUle bred
this insect in great numbers, and he found that they fed
best upon the leaves of plantain, chickweed, and the
common lamium, or red nettle.

Gbnus, PHBAOMATOBIA, Stephens,

FULIGINOSA, Linn, The Ruby Tiger Moth.

W$»i, and Hump., t. 19, fgs. I, 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 34.

Not common, but generally distributed. Found near woods,
amongst thick herbage, in May, July, and August. The
larvae feed on fern (bracken) and plantain.

Genus, CALLIMOBPHA, LatreilU.

jACOBiEA, Linn, The Cinnabar Moth.

Weet, and Hump., t. 19, fgs. 20, 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 31.

Common everywhere, in July and August. The lai'vae
feed on the common groundsel.

Var. B., FLAVO-MACULATA, Mihl,

The specimen on which this name is founded is larger than
the generality of specimens in the expanse of wings;
the anterior wings are of the normal colouring, but 5ie
crimson posterior are largely blotched with yellow.

In the variety mentioned by Mr. Stephens, he says : " The
sanguineous colour converted into pale luteous." The
difference then in Mr. Stephens's variety and mine is,
that in mine the sanguineous posterior wings are
blotched with yellow. I met with this specimen on the
Topshara Road, near Exeter. Unfortunately it is injured.
A horse had preceded me, and set his foot on it, which
has damaged the extremities of the anterior wings.

Gbnus, BEIOPEIA, Stephens.

PULCHELLA, Linn, The Crimson-speckled Moth.

JTest and Hump,, t. 20, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 31.

This lovely moth is the gem of the whole group. Mr.
Cooke, of New Oxford Street, London, and myself were

out hunting 1
about twenty
beautiful inse<
to look at it, a
and the wind (
need not say tl
but without SI
Bignell tells :
Kingsand, Stoi
Mr. G. F. M
September, 18'
Paignton.

RXTBi, Linn. The Fc

West, and Rump.,

Generally distribu
common. The Is
leaves in the s
difficult to rea
D'Orville remai
frequently foun(
feeding on clove

TRiFOui, Schif. The

fTest. andEump., t.

I'Ocal and rare. 3
given for it in
thority of Dr. 1
Bolt Head and ]
Eowdon). Carri
of insects taken
It should be look

QUERCUS, Linn. The
W$st. and Kump., t. ]

Common, and genen
The perfect insect

Gbnu

LANESTRis, Linn. The

JFest. and Hump., t. 1

Widely distributed,
tiful where they a
species in this dis
the end of Februa

Digitized by Google

Gknub, CUSIOCAMPA, Curtis.

NEUSTRIA, linn. The Lackey Moth.

JFett. and Hump., t. 10, fgs. 11, 12 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 42.

Common everywhere in gardens and orchards, the female
laying numerous eggs in a broad ring agglutinated
together round the young branches of the trees. The
perfect insect appears in July and August.

Gbnub, TBIUmuJtA, Stephens,

CRATJEGi, Linn. The Pale Oak I^ger Moth.

JFeat. and Hump., t. 10, fgs. 18, 14 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 41.

This must be regarded as a rare species with us. Only
three or four localities, so far as I am aware, are given
for it; viz., Plymouth, Dartmoor (Carrington), Torquay,
Lustleigh, and Exeter. It should be looked for in
September.

Gbihts, P2CIL0CAMPA, Stephens,

POPULi, Linn. The December Moth.

Vest, and Hump , t. 10, fgs. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 41.

This appears to be a sparsely, though generally distributed
species, and is frequently taken by collectors at gas-
lamps around the large towns in December.

Gbnus, 0B0KESTI6, Germar,

POTATOBIA, lAnn. The Drinker Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 10, fgs. 15-17; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 45.

Common everywhere, in July and August.

Genus, eABTBOPACHA, Oehsenheimer,

QXJERCIFOLIA, Linn, The Oak Lappet Moth.

JTest, and Hump., t. 12, fgs. 4-7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 45.

This fine insect would seem not to be rare in Devon, al-
though we have but few localities given for it — Torquay
and near Plymouth, Alphington and Exeter. In these
places it is not at all uncommon in some seasons; for
as many as thirty or forty specimens have been taken
in a season. I have bred the insect from larvae, feeding
on apple leaves.

ILIOIFOLIA, Linn, The Small Lappet.

West, and Hump., t 12, f. 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 46.

Captured by Mr. Horton, near Lynton. (See Entomologist
for November, 1864.)

Ftm
Gb»

VEBSICOLOB, Linn.

West, and Hump.,

This extiremely ra
far as our infoni
Dr. Battei-sby, a
latter, however,
writes me: "I b
flying wildly in
grows in the w(

Fan
G

PAVONIA-MINOK, Lini
.TTest, and Hump., 1

Not uncommon o
Common, Hald
Barnstaple. Th
vulgaris, and th
larva, on the lo
it underwent its

Family

SPINULA, Schiff. Th(
West, and Mump., t

This curious and ai
in hedgerows an(
but not commor

GBNtri

LACERTINARIA, Linn.
Wett. and Hump,, t

A rare and widel;
Vale, Torquay, 1

FALCATARIA, Linn. \
JFest. and Hump., t

A local and rare
former, and in t]

HAMULA, Schiff. The

West, and Hump., t.

A rare and local s]

Jigitized by Google

given for it, Axminster and Torquay, Fordlands, near
Exeter, and Stoke Wood, Exeter.

UNGUICULA, Hiil. The Barred Hook-tip.

Wat. and Hump., t. 74, f . 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 208.

Only three localities are recorded for this pretty species;
namely, Greenbank, Plymouth, and Bickleigh Vale (on
the authority of Mr. J. S. Dell), and Dartmouth (Mr. G.
F. Mathews).

FamUy, PSYOHID-S:, Boiaduval.
Gbmus, PUIISA, Haujorth.

ROBORICOLELLA, Bmd.

W$9t and Hump., t. 16, f. 10.

The larvae of this little inconspicuous species live in small
cases made up of bits of dried grass stems, placed mostly
longitudinally, similar to the caddis-worm cases. They
are frequently found attached to the under side of
bramble leaves, in thickets, the moth appearing in July.
It is found not uncommonly at Plymouth, on Staddon
Heights, 8md I have met with it frequently in the Exeter
district.

Seetion, HETEROCERA, BoUduval.
Family, NOCTUO-BOMBYCID^, LatrUUe.
Gbntjb, THTATIBA, Oehsmheimer.

DERASA, Zinn. The Buflf Arches Moth.

mtt, and Hump., t. 41, f . 16 ; t. .42, f. 106 ; Newman, Brit. Motha, p. 237.

Generally distributed throughout the wooded districts of
the county, but especially in the north, in July.

BATis, Linn. The Peach-blossom Moth.

JFett, andHuinp.,t. 41, f. 13; t. 42, f. 114 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 238.

Also generally distributed in rather damp woods throughout
the ooonty ; not so plentiful in the Plymouth district as

it is in the north of tlie county. In the Exeter district
we take it in Stoke Wood and tlie woods belon^'ing to
Mrs. Merivale's estate. When recent, this is one of the
most beautful of our Britifih inseeta 3)»Nle loDked fi»
in July.

Genus, CTKATOFHOBA, Tr4iteehk$,

DOTLABTS, Linn. The Lesser Satin Moth,

Ji'fsf. ai^d Hump., t. 43, f. 2; Kcicman, Brit. Moths, p. 239.

Eather a rare species ; at the same time it has been taken
all over the county, at "sugar," in July*

DiLUTA, Schiff. The

West, and Hump.,

This is not a com:
but is not uncx
in August.

MiAVicoRNis, Lirm.

West, and Hump,, t

A rare species in ]
for it are Wemt
Exeter.

RIDENS, ^aJ. The F;

We»L and Sump., t.

A very scarce speci
side, Plymbridgi
near Exeter. O
the county, I t(
The krv8B of thi
and June in Can

Family
Gbnts,

PERLA, Schif. The M

West, and Sump., t. i

Very generaUy disti
bourhood of Exe
lichens, in July a

GLANDIFERA, Schiffl I
West, and Sump., t. 4

Generally distribute
staple, Exeter, To
and rocks where e
August.

Family,
Gbnub, I

ORION, Hsper. The Sea

Weet. and Hump., t. 41^

Exceedingly rare in ]
recorded for it; na
the authority of ;
Tramway, near Shi

GsKVS, ACBOVTCTA, Ochimheimer.

TRIDEN8, Sdiiff. The Dark Dagger.

JFett. and Hump., t 42, f . 7 ; t 41, f. 18 ; Newmn, Brit Moth«, p. 248.

A rather rare species, but widely distributed ; mostly found
in gardens, about the middle of June. Mr. Dell has bred
this insect from larvae found feeding on blackthorn.

PSI, Linn, The Grey Dagger.

We9t. and Hump.y t. 41, f. 116 ; t. 42, f. 5 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 250.

Common everywhere, in gardens, throughout the county.
The larvae of this are very beautiful, and feed on a variety
of plants, such as leaves of peaches, privet, &c., the moth
appearing in July.

LEPORINA, Linn. The Miller Moth.

JTeat. and Sump., t. 41, f . 1 ; t. 42, fgs. 12, 13 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths,
p. 151.

Not uncommon around Plymouth, at Greenbank, North
Hill, Milehouse, Devonport, Torquay, and Teignmouth.
Very rare in the Exeter district; has been taken on
Haldon. The moth appears in June and July.

ACEBis, Linn. The Sycamore Moth.

JFeMt. and Mump., t. 41, f. 6 ; t. 42, f. 17 ; Netowum, Brit Motha, p. 251.

Very rare; found in Saltram Woods, Mount Edgcumbe,
and Torquay, in May and Juna

MEGACEPHALA, Schiff. The Poplar Grey.

West, and Hump.y t. 41, 116, 42, f. 16 ; Nwman, Brit Moths, p. 252.

Not uncommon about Plymouth (especially in the larva
state), Torquay, and Barnstaple. Eare in this district

ALNI, Linn. The Alder Moth.

WeiL and Hump., t 41, f. 114 ; t 42, f. 3 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 252.

Very rare ; taken at Plymouth, Barnstaple, and Tavistock,
larvse only, September 8th, 1862 (Mr. R M'Lachlan).
The perfect insect appears in Juna

LiGUSTRi, Sdhiff. The Coronet.

Wett. and Hump., 1 41, f. 1 12 ; 1 42, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 255.

Widely distributed, but not common. It is said however
to be very frequent at Barnstaple. Mr. Bignell says :
" Larvae common on young ash trees, in Cann Wood and
Plyrabridge, 1873-4." In the Exeter district it must be
regarded as rare ; the moth appearing in June and July.

RUMicis, Linn, The

Wut, and Mump,^t

Common everywh^

Fam
Gbi4

CONIGERA, ScUff. T]
W$9t. and Hump., t

A generally distri
tiie county ; apj

TDRCA, Linn. The I

JFett. and Sump,, t

This is a local and
at Kingsbridge,"^
ton, at " sugar/'

LITHARGYRIA, IlapT.

West, and ffump., t.

Common everywhe

PUTRESCENS, Hiii. I
Entom. Ann., 1850,]

Very local, but nui
added to the Bi
Stewart, of Torq
Entomologists* In
the Torquay loca
species at Teignr
strictly confined
described the ca
Magazine, voL ii
2nd to the 20th
litt.y that " this is
become full-fed i

LITTORALIS, CuHis. 1

OurHs, Brit. Entom,
West, and Hump,,

This is entirely a coj
feeding on the r
arenarius all roui
perfect insect apj

PUDORINA, Weim, Th

We$t. and Hump., t.

Eecorded as a De^

Jigitized by Google

{Entomological 8ocietj/s Transactions, vol. iv., 3rd Series).
The moth appears in July.

COMMA, Linn. The Shoulder-stripe Wainscot

West, and Mump., t. 47, f. 2 ; Newtnan, Brit. Moths, p. 264.

This species has been taken abundantly at Barnstaple by
Mr. G. F. Mathews. Captured also in Bickleigh Vale
and at Torquay.

STRAMINEA, Trcits. The Southern Wainscot

JFeti. and Hump., t 47, f . 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 266.

Eecorded as Devonian by Mr. J. Fust ; appearing in June
and July.

IMPURA, HiJbb. The Smoky Wainscot

West, and Hump., t. 47, fgs. 3, 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 266.

A generally-distributed species, all over the county, in J uly.
FALLENS, Linn. The Common Wainscot

West, and Hump., t. 47, fgs. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 267.

Very abundant, and generally distributed throughout the
county in September.

VITELLINA, HiiJ). The Delicate.

InteUig^cer, vol. v., p. 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 269.

Captured at Torquay in considerable numbers in some
years.

Gbnvs, VOVAOBIA, Oehsenheimer.

DESPECTA, Trei. The Small Rufous.

StaintoH, Manual, vol. i., p. 192 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 269.

Given by Mr. J. Fust as occurring in Devon.
FULVA, Hiib, The Small Wainscot

West, and Hump., t. 47, f. 9, Leueania fulva; Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 274.

Very mmce in Devon. Three localities are given for it ;
namely, Teignmouth (Dr. Jordm), Ixetor diBtrict (K P.)«
and Cann Wood (Mr. Bignell) ; taken September 14tiu

CANNyE, Steph. The Eeed Wainscot.

West, and Bump., t. 46, iga. 4-10, N, erassieornis \ Netaman, Brit.
Hoths, p. 269.

This is also a scarce species with ns ; but has been takesi
at Torquay and Teignmonth, in August

Gbnus, XTL0FHA8IA, 8Uph$H8.

EUREA, Fcibr, The Clouded-bordered Brindle.

Weti, and Sump.f t. 32, f. 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 283.

Generally distributed, and very common; appearing in
June and July.

LITHOXYLIA, Schiff, The Light Arches.

Wttt. and Hump., t 32, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 284.

Equally common as the former, and appearing at the same
time.

suBLUSTBis, JSsper, The Eeddish Light Arches.

West, and Hump,, t. 32, f. 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 284.

A rare species with us, but has been taken near Harford
Bridge, Dartmoor. Mr. Birchal says it is very abundant
near Galway. It has also been taken near Dublin.
Appears at Midsummer.

POLYODON, Linn, The Dark Arches.

West, and Hump., t. 32, f. 3 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 285.

One of the commonest species, and generally distributed
all over the county, in grassy places ; appearing in June
and August.

HEPATICA, Linn, The Clouded Brindle.

West, and Hump., t. 32, fgs. 6, 7 (X charaeterea) \ Newman, Brit.
Moths, p. 285.

Very generally distributed in our wooded districts ; comes
freely to " sugar ; " appearing in July.

SCOLOPACINA, Esper. The Slender Clouded Brindle.

West, and Hump., t. 32, f. 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 286.

Eather scarce, but has been taken at Barnstaple by Mr.
Mathews in considerable numbers. This gentleman first
added the species to the list of Devonshire insects. The
Eev. J. Hellins captured it in his garden at Exeter. The
insect appears in July.

Gbmus, BIPTSBTGIA, Stephene,

PINASTRI, Linn, The Bird's- wing.

West, and Hump., t. 30, f. 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 28r.

This is a rare species in Devon ; only three or four localities
are given for it ; namely, Bickleigh Vale, Torquay, and
Stoke Wood, near Exeter — one or two specimens only
in each place. It appears on the wing in June.

AUSTRALI8, Soisd. T
JTett. and Hump., t.

Local, and rare. I
Torquay. It w(
line. In 1861 !
blossoms at Ton
mouth.

BXIGUA, Hia>. Small

Newmtmy Brit. Mothi

Very rare. Two aut
in Devon ; viz., ]
Torquay, and Mi
of appearance is

SAPONAKIA, Bork Th€
West, and Hump., t. 3

A rare species, taken
tree. Appears on

Gbnub, ]

POPULARis, Fair. The

W$8t. and Hump., t 36,

Common, and genera
pearing in August

HISPIDA, Hiib. The Bei

Newman, Brit. Moths,

Not rare where it occ
almost be called a
grassy slopes runr
been out on the H
J. J. Beading, an<
clinging to the sho
sluggish, and does :
turned on to it '
midnight This sj
Teignmouth (by
White. It appear

Gbnus, CHAttiEAB, Sifphem.

GRAMiNis, Linn. The Antler Moth.

West, and Sump., t. 22, f . 8 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 292.

Very rare. Taken once in a shop in Albert Road (for-
merly Navy Eow), Devonport, by Mr. J, J. Beading.
Appears in August

Gbnxtb, CEBIOO, 8tephen$.

CYTHEREA, Fctbr, The Straw-coloured Underwing.

West, and Hump., t. 21, f. 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 296.

Very rare, but has been taken at Wembury, Brixham,
Berry Pomeroy, Torquay, and Alphington ; at the latter
place by Mr. D'Orville, on August 20th, 1868.

Gbnvs, LTTPEBUrA, Boisduval.

TESTACEA, ScMff. The Lesser Flounced Rustic.

West, and Sump., t. 35, f. 9 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 296.

A very variable species, and taken in considerable numbers
in the neighbourhood of Plymouth. It is also very
generally distributed throughout the county ; appearing
in August and September.

CESPms, Schif. The Hedge Eustic.

JFeet. and Sump., t. 22, fgs. 4, 6 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 297.

Rare, and local It is a coast insect, being found at
Plymouth, Barnstaple, Dartmouth, Exmouth Warren,
and Exeter ; appearing in September.

Genus, HAKESTBA, Oeheenheimer.

ANCEPS, Hub. The Doubtful Nutmeg.

Weet. and Hump., t. 36, f. 6 ; Neuman, Brit Moths, p. 299.

This must be regarded as a scarce Species with us ; at the
same time it is distributed all over the county ; appear-
ing on the wing in June.

ALBICOLON, Ochs. The White Colon.

Weet. and Sump., t. 36, f. 10 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 299.

This has been added to the Devon list by Mr. Mathews
{Nevman, Brit. Moths, p. 300). The insect appear on
the wing in May.

FURVA, Schiff. The Dusky Brocade.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 300 ; Stainton, Manual, p. 208.

Very rare. It appears only to have occurred once, at
Keyham, Devonport.

Genub, KIAVA, Stephens.

STRiGiLis, Idnn. The Marbled Minor.

West, and Sump,, t. 88, fgs. 2-4 ; Neuman^ Brit. Moths, p. 307^

A very abundant species in gardens and woods in June
and July.

Var. LATRUNCULA, Haw. The Tawny Marbled.
I only possess one specimen of what I believe to be this
variety.

PASCIUNCULA, Haw. The Middle-barred Minor.

West, and Sump.j t. 88, f. 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 308.

Not a common insect, but several may be taken in a season.
It appears on the wing in June.

LirEEOSA, Haw. The Rosy Minor.

Weet, and JItmp,, t 88, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 808.

Generally distributed, and tolerably plentiful; appearing
on the wing in July.

PURUNCULA, Schiff. The Cloaked Minor.

West, and Hump., t. 38, fgs. 5-8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 309.

This is rather a more stable form than the preceding
species; that is, so far as I have been enabled to in-
vestigate the Devonshire insects. At the same time
this has several varieties ; one of the most distinct is —

Var. TERMINALIS, Haw.

West, and Hump., t. 38, f . 8.

One specimen only has fallen under my notice, and this
I took near Exeter. Appears on the wing in July and
September.

ARCUOSA, Haw. The Small-dotted BuflF.

Weet. and Sump,, t. 64, f. 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 276. {Choriodee
areuosa.)

This must be regarded as a scarce species with us; but
has been taken at Bickleigh Vale, Torquay, Lympstone,
and Exeter. Taken on the wing at dusk in July.

GBNtrs, GBAXXXSIA, Siepkme.

TBILINEA, Sehiff. The Treble Lines.

West, and Mump., t. 29, f . 17 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 310.

A generaUj'-distributed species, appearing in Jima

Far. BILINEA, Haw
Ktuman^ Brit. M

This variety is
species occurs
Plymouth and

Gbm

MOKPHEUS, Huf, T
Wett and Hump.,

Not common, bi
county.

ALSINES, B<yrk. The
Nnoman, Brit. Mo

This is a rare spe
from Devonshii
the wing in Jul

BLANDA, ScJiiff. The
W»$t, and Hump., t

Eather common, a
July.

CUBICULAEIS, Schiff.

Wett. and Hump., t

Abundant everyw]
woods throughoi
The larvae of th
upon the grain,
met with great j
in 1858-59.

Fami
Q

TENEBR08A, BOb. Th
JTest, and Hump., t

Not common, but i
the county ; appe

Qbntj

VALLIGERA, Schiff. Th
West, and Hump., t. 2

Entirely a coast ins
south of the coun
colour of the win|
always maintain t

Oigitized by Google

the wing in July and August. The larvae feed on Oaiium
verum, coming out at night to feed, and by day bury
themselves in the sand.

PUTA, Hub. The Shuttle-shaped Dart.

We»L and Hump., t. 23, 111; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 317.

Not an uncommon species in the south of the county, and
also taken in the north at Barnstaple. It comes freely
to "sugar" in July and August.

SUFFUSA, Schiff. The Dark Sword Grass.

West, and Hump,, t. 23, f. 2 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 318.

This fine insect is very common, and generally distributed.
It comes freely to " sugar." In 1857 it was extremely
abundant in the Exeter district

SAUCIA, Hilb. The Pearly Underwing.

WiuL and Hump., t. 23, £.1^ Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 319.

This, the finest of the British noctua, is common in some
seasons. In 1858 Mr. D'Orville took seventy specimens
in his orchard at "sugar." In 1869 it was again abundant
in the Exeter district; captured also in Plymouth,
Barnstaple, Dartmouth, &c. This insect varies very
much in the colouring of the wings, from pale greyish-
brown to nearly black ; in the latter state the markings
are nearly, and in some quite, obliterated. It appears
on the wing in September.

SEGETUM, W. V. The Common Dart.

West, and Hump., t 23, f. 3 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, pp. 320-21.

Much too common, and widely distributed. Very destruc-
tive in the larva state to wheat and turnip crops, or in
fact almost anything that comes in its way. The perfect
insect appears in June.

LUNIGERA, Stqph. The Crescent Dart

Stephens, Haust, t. 2, pi. 20, f. 2, p. 113; Weet. and Hump., t 23,
f. 10 ; Newman, Bnt Moths, p. 825.

A rare species, but has been taken at Bolt Head and
Torquay. The moth appears on the wing in August.

EXCLAMATIONIS, Linn. The Heart and Dart.

West, and Hump., t. 24, f. 13 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 326.

One of the most abundant species throughout the county.
This insect varies very much in both the colour of its
wings and in the intensity of its markings. I have one

specimen witf
the anterior i
lai^ and darJ
very like the
326, lower fig
June and Aug

COBTICEA, HiO), T
fTest, and Sump.

An uncommon s
Torquay, and G

CINEREA, Schiff. Tl
West, and Hump.,

A rare species wi
Eoad, Plymout

RiP^, Hm>. The Sa

West, and Sump.,

Not uncommon c
Convolvulus sold
selves in the sar
The perfect insi
wings and the :
the wing in Jun
and south coasts

CURSORIA, Bork. Th(

West, and Hump., t.

This is another co
one specimen soi

NIGRICANS, Zinn. Th

West, and Hump., t.

Not a common spe
Vale and Teignm
Mr. J. Buckton ;
and I have captu

TRiTici, Linn. The W

West, and Hump., 1. 1

This is more a coast
scattered in the n
is not uncommon
It appears in Julj

AQUILINA, ScUff. The streaked Dart.

WeaU and Hump,, t. 24, f. 9 ; Neumm, Brit. Moths, p. 331.

Mr. J. J. Beading says : Taken once at a gas-lamp near
the house in which Dr. Leach was bom, Hoe-gate House,
Plymouth." Mr. J. Buckton has taken it at Torquay,
July 22nd, 1865. It has been bred from larvae taken at
Cann Wood by Mr. Bignell.

OBELISCA, Schiff. The Square-spot Dart.

WmL and Hump,, t. 24, £ 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 832.

A rai-e species, but has been captured at Stonehouse, Mount
Edgcumbe, and Torquay, at the latter locality July 22nd,
by Mr. J. Buckton.

AGATHINA, Dup, The Heath Eustic.

West, and Hump., t. 22, i. 3 {Lytaa albimaeula) ; lietcman, Brit. Moths,
p. 333.

Very rare. Mr. D*Orville took one specimen in his garden
at Alphington a few years ago. Mr. Bignell says:
" Larvae taken freely in April and May by sweeping at
night the heath {Erica cinerea) in Cann Wood." It
appears on the wing in August.

PORPHYREA, Schiff, The True-lover's-knot.

West, and Hump , t. 39, fgs. 1, 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 334

Not uncommon on our heaths and moors ; Haldon, Dart-
moor, Woodbury Common; and I have taken it in
Exeter. This beautiful moth appears on the wing in
July.

PBJECOX, Linn. The Portland Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 89, f. 6 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 334.

This is one of the most beautiful of our native insects
when fresh from the pupa. The delicate bloom fades
with the death of the moth. It is one of our rarest
species. The larva feeds on Galium verum (Ladies'
Bedstraw), growing on the sand-hills of the coast. It
was taken by Captain Blomer on Braunton Burrows, as
well as on Dawlish Warren. The insect has been taken
by Dr. Jordan on the latter place in August.

BAVIDA, Schiff. The Stout Dart.

West, and Hump., t. 25, f. 6 [Qraph, erassa) ; Netaman,Bnt. Moths, p. 335.

Bare, and local. The only two places known for it in
Devon, so far as I am aware, are Torquay, where it has
been taken by Mr. John Buckton, and Alphington, near

GnnjB, VOCTUA, Oiim^e.

GLAREOSA, JEsper.

SUpkenty Haust, vol. n., pi. 21, f. 1, p. 159; WetU and Hump , t. 29,
f.l6 (poor) ; Neumartf Brit. Moths, p. 343.

Eare; but has been taken at Bolt Head, Torquay, Ug-
borough Beacon, Ivybridge, Dawlish, and Dartmouth
in September.

DEPUNCTA, Linn. The Plain Clay.

SUphmu, Haust, T. 2, p. 133 ; Wttt, and Hump., t 26, f. 14 ; Newman,
Brit. Moths, p. 844.

A rare species with us. It has, however, been taken at
Tealmpton, Harford Bridge, and Exeter by myself; and
at Alpriington by Mr. D'OrviUe. It appears on the wing
in July.

AUGUB, Fab. The Double Dart

WetL and Hump.y t. 25, 6, 7 ; Neumany Brit. Moths, p. 344.

A very scarce insect ; but has been captured both in the
north and south of the county. It appears on the wing
in July.

PLECTA, lAnn. The Flame Shoulder.

WmU and Hump,, t. 26, f. 7 ; linoman, Brit. Moths, p. 345.

Very common everywhere, appearing in June.
C-NIGRUM, Linn. The Setaceous Hebrew Character.

JFett and Sump.^ t. 26, fg^. 4, 5 ; Ntwman, Brit. Moths, p 346.

Very generally distributed in our copses and woods, and
tolerably plentiful ; appearing in August. Mr. D'Orville
has taken it on the 27th October.

DITRAPEZIUM, ffiii. The Triple-spotted Clay.

fFett. and Hump,^ t 25, f. 10 ; Newman^ Brit. Moths, p. 346.

Very rare. Mr. J. J. Eeading says : " Several larvsB have
been found in the vicinity of Plymbridge and Bickleigh ;
but these unfortunately did not complete their meta-
morphoses.'* The perfect insect has been captured at
Barnstaple, Devonport, and Torquay. It appears on the
wing in July.

TBIANGULUM, Fob. The Double-spotted Square Spot

JTiit. and Hump.j t. 26, f. 8 ; N9U)man, Brit. Moths, p. 347.

Not common ; taken at Plymbridge, Torquay, Teignmouth,
and Exeter; appearing in Juna

through my hands m a great many years collecting.
The perfect insect appears on the wing in August and
September.

XANTHOGRAPHA, ScMff, The Square-spot Eustic.

WmL and Sump., t. 29, f . 9 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 354.

One of the most abundant species, and is a perfect pest at
" sugar." Appears on the wing in July and August.

Family, ORTHOSID^, Quen^,
Gbnus, TSACHEA, Ouende.

PiNiPERDA, Espr. The Pine Beauty.

Weit. andHump.,t, d9,fgs. 8,4 {A. ipreta); Neuman,BTit. Moths, p. 355.

This very distinct and beautiful moth is widely and sparsely
distributed in the south of the county — from Devonport
to Exeter. It appears early in the spring, and is then
captured on the sallow blossoms. The larvae feed on the
pine trees; the insect should therefore be looked for
wherever these grow. The moth was plentiful at
sallows, near Plymbridge, 1873.

Genus, T2VI0CAMPA, Oum^,
GOTHICA, Linn. The Hebrew Character.

JFeit. and Sump., t. 27, f 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 356.

Comnion everywhere throughout the county ; appearing in
March and April on the sallow blossoms.

LEUCOGRAPHA, Schif. The White Marked.

JFeat. and Sump., t. 22, f. 2 (P) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 357.

Very rare. Taken at Barnstaple by Mr. G. F. Mathews,
and Exeter by Mr. H. Moore. The moth appears on the
wing in March.

RUBRicosA, Schif. The Eed Chestnut.

JFest. and Sump., t. 30, fgs. 1, 2; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 357.

Bare; captured at Woodside, Plymouth, Bickleigh Vale,
Torquay, Barnstaple, and Exeter. This insect appears
on the wing in March, and is to be taken amongst
"Quakers" and others frequenting the blossoms of sallows.

INSTABILIS, Schif. The Clouded Drab.

West, and Sump., t. 27, fgs. 2, 3 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 358.

Mr. G. F. Mathews informs me "that this species has
been taken in North Devon ; but he has never seen it
either at Dartmouth or Plymouth." A most variable
insect ; some of the varieties are exceedingly beautiful ;

CRUDA, Schiff. The Small Quaker.

Wut, and Hump,, i, 27, 10, 11 ; Nwoman, Brit. Moths, p. 363.

Very abundant throughout the county, and, like the rest
of them, appearing in MarcL

Gbnts, 0BTH08I8A, Qtrntd^

UPSILON, Schiff. The Dingy Shears.

Wett, and Hump,, t. 27, f. 12 ; Nmman, Brit. Moths, p. 364.

Local, and rare in most parts of the county, but plentiful
near Exeter, in Stoke and Mrs. Merivale's Woods, in
July.

LOTA, Linn. The Red-line Quaker.

JFest. and Hump,, t. 28, f. 9 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 865.

This species comes freely to "sugar" in all our woods
throughout the county in September and October. The
larvae may be found feeding on the young shoots of
sallows and willows in the spring.

MACILENTA, Hiib, The Yellow-line Quaker.

JFeat, and Hump., t. 28, f. 10: Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 365.

Common everywhere at " sugar," in the glades of our woods,
in September and October.

GBNT7B, AVCH00SLI8, Doubleday.

EUFINA, Linai. The Flounced Eustic.

Weet, and Hump,, t. 45, fgs. 11, 12; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 366.

Common in our woods, and generally distributed; taken
freely at " sugar " in September and October.

PiSTAcmA, Schiff, The Beaded Chestnut.

Weet, and Hump,, i. 28, fgs. 5-8 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 366.

Common in all our woods. Comes freely to "sugar" in
September.

LUNOSA, Haw. The Lunar Underwing.

We»t. and Hump,, t. 27, %s. 7, 8, 0, Humilit; Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 368.

Generally distributed, but not common. Comes to " sugar "
from September to October. A most variable species as
regards the ground colour of the anterior wings. In
some specimens these are reddish ochre, and in others a
full brown, with the neuration white. The markings,
however, retain their position and distinctness. The
posterior wings are about the same in both.

ouners. it; appears m uctooer ana r*ovemDer, ana again
in spring, on the sallow blossoms. It varies a good deal
in the colouration of its wings; but the markings are
generally distinct.

Genus, Guen^e,

RUBIGINEA, Schiff. The Dotted Chestnut.

Wett, and Hump., t. 30, fgs. 3, 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 372.

This very beautiful and rare moth has been taken in the
Plymouth district, Torquay, Teignmouth, Stoke Wood,
Exeter, Topsham, Alphington, and Barnstapla It is
taken chiefly on the blossoms of the ivy in October to
December; and again in spring on the blossoms of
the sallow. The neighbourhood of Topsham has been,
perhaps, more prolific of this insect than anywhere else
in England.

OENT78, HOPOEIVA, Boisduval,

CROCEAGO, Schiff. The Orange Upperwiug.

Wett. and Hump., t. 46, fgs. 9, 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p 373.

Generally but sparsely distributed over the county. It
frequents the sallow blossoms in the spring. It is taken
also on ivy blossoms and at " sugar '\ in October and
November.

Gbnus, XAKTHIA, Ochsenhetmer,

CITRAGO, Linn. The Orange Sallow.

JFest. and Hump., t. 46, fgs. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 374.

Torquay would seem to be its head-quarters, although it
has been captured rather freely at Barnstaple. At
Plymouth and Exeter it is rather rare. It should be
looked for in September.

CERAGO, Hub. The Sallow.

JFett. and Hump., t. 46, fgs. 3, 4 (X./ulvapo) ; Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 374.

This beautiful insect is not common, and, so far as I am
aware, has been captured only in the south of the
county, from Plymouth to Exeter. The caterpillar feeds
on the catkins of the sallows, and the perfect insect
appears in September.

FLAVAGO, Fab. The Pink-barred Sallow (X sUago), Hub.

West, and Hump., t. 46, fgB. 1, 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 376.

More generally distributed than the former; but rare in
the Exeter district. It appears on the wing in Sep-
tember. It is common at Plymbridge in the larva state.

AUKiGO, iSchiff, The

W$8t, and Hump., t

A rare species wii
fined to the sc
like the others
September.

FEEBUGINEA, ScUff.

West, and Hump,, t.

A very generallyn
tember. Mr. D'l
feeding on rhul
feeding on the
freely to "sugar.'

Gb]

XERAMPELINA, j^^^J. \
Newman, Brit. Mothg

Very rare. Only t
county; namely,
on the wing in Se

Gbmus

SUBTUSA, Schiff. The <

West, and Bump,, t. '

This and the next
southern part of
mouth, Torquay, 1
be regarded as an

RETUSA, Zinn. The Dc

West, and Hump., t. a

This was considered
D'Orville and my
Devonshire that ]
species. It is now
and Cann Wood.
2nd, and the image
Mathews says; "T
1875, near Dartmoi
in 1876 and 1877.
August.

d by Google

TRAPEZINA, Linn, The Dun-bar.

WeaU and Hump., t. 44, f. 13 ; Newman, Brit MothB, p. 381.

Frequent, but scarcely a common species; widely dis-
tributed in the south in woods and gardens in July and
August. Specimens vary very much in the ground-
colour of the wings, some being pale yellowish, or nearly
white, and others graduating down to a dingy brown
colour.

PYRALINA, Schiff. The Lunar-spotted Pinion.

West, and Hump,, t. 44, fgs. 8, 9 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 383.

Rare, but has been taken by Mr. D'Orville at Alphington,
1857-59, and by the Rev. G. C. Green at Modbuiy,
where it is not uncommon. It appears on the wing in
August.

DIFFINIS, Linn. The White-spotted Pinion.

W$9t. and Hump,, t. 44, fgs. 10, 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 383.

By no means a common insect ; and T have records only
from the south of the county. It appears on the wing
in July and August.

AFFINIS, Linn. The Lesser-spotted Pinion.

We»t, and Hump., t. 44, £. 12 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 383.

Not common, but more frequent than the one above, and
more widely distributed, being found in the north of the
county, as well as the south. It appears on the wing in
July and August.

Genus, EBEXOBIA, Stephen:
OCHROLEUCA, Schijj, The Dusky Sallow.

Wett. and Hump., t. 60, f. 5 ; Newman, Brit Motlis, p. 384.

I introduce this species on the authority of Mr. H. Jenner
Fust, Trans, ErU. Soc, 3rd Series, vol. iv. p. 439.

Family, HADENID^, Oumie.
Gbntts, DIAHTHJECIA, Boieduwal,

CAKPOPHAGA, Bork, The Tawny Sheers.

West, and Hump., t. 84, f. 1 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 385.

Rare; but taken in the southern division of the county,
from Plymouth to Exeter. This species varies greatly
in the colouration of the wings. The insect, as its name
implies, feeds on the seeds in the capsules of the bladder
campion, Silene inJUUa. The perfect insect may be
found on the wing in June.

CAPSINCOLA, ScMff. Th
Wett. and Sump., t. 3^

Generally but sparsel
appearance than tl
August

CUCUBALi, Schiff. The

JFest. and Mump,, t 34

Generally but sparse
on the seeds of the
the perfect insect a

CONSPERSA, Schiff. The

JFeit. and Sump,, t. 39

Very rare, and local ;
mouth, Teignmoutl
most beautiful of t'
on the seeds of Lya
appears on the win

Genu

SERENA, Schiff. The Sn

JFest. and Sump., t. 40

Not common, but ta
Torquay, and Teig
from this that it h
The larvae, Mr. Ee£
sow-thistle (Sonchi
sow-thistle {Sonchu
insect is found on
J uly ; but more fre
or less with lichen
the wings of the ii
is extremely difficu

Gbnug

CHI, Linn, The Grey C

West, and Hump., t. 40,

Taken at Plymouth,
in August.

FLAVICINCTA,^cAi/ Th
1F$8t, and Sump., t. 40

This fine insect is n
''sugar" and at gas
mouth and Torquay

VOL. X.

Oigitized by Google

Gbnus, DA0TPOLIA, Qwnds,

TEMPLI, Tfmnb. The Brindled Ochre.

JTest and Mump., t. 39, f. 11 ; If^wman, Brit. Moths, p. 277.
Taken only, so far as I am aware, in the southern division
of the county, from Plymouth to Exeter. The insect is
particularly attracted to gas-lamps, on still, warm nights,
m October and November. I have taken it oflF the gas-
lamps at Torquay, and it has been captured at Exeter.

Qbnus, SPiniDA, JOuponehel,

LUTULENTA, Schtff. The Deep-brown Dart

Vett, and Eump., t. 22, f. 6 (ChartMt fusea) ; Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 396.

Eather a scarce species, but taken along the southern
division, from Plymouth to Alphington, where Mr.
D'OrviUe took it in his garden in October.

KIGBA, Haw. The Black Rustic.

West, and Hump., t. 22, f . 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 397.

Not a common species in our woods in the south of the
county, from Plymouth to Alphington; at the latter
place Mr. D'Orville used to take it at *' sugar" in his
garden. The larvae common at Dartmouth. (Mr. G. F.
Mathews.)

ViMiNALis, Fdb, The Minor Shoulder-knot.

Wett. and Hump,, t. 44, f. 6 {OleO'Vimmalie) ; Nintman, Brit. Moths,
p. 398.

Sparsely distributed in the woody districts ; the larvae on
buds of white-thorn and on sallow ; the perfect insect
appears in July.

LIOHENEA, Hub, The Feathered Eanunculus.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 399.

The head-quarters of this species would seem to be Ply-
mouth, where Mr. Besuiing used to take it plentifully.
It has also been captured all along the south coast as
far as Alphington, Mr. G. F. Mathews has taken it at
Barnstaple. Taken in September and Ootdbor.

Genus, MISELIA, Ochsenhcimer,

QX^iLcmmm, lAim. The Green-brindled Crescent.

This beautiful moth is common in most damp woods in the
ooimty. A few years ago these insects were so abunda^t^
in Mrs. Merivale'a woods, near Exeter^ ftiil iNy actually

ADVENA, Schiff. The Pale-shmiiig Brown.

West, and Hump., t. 40, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 409.

Scarce, and found in similar localities to the preceding ;
but, so far as I know, it is not found in the Exeter
district ; taken in July.

Gbnus, HADEVA, Oehaenheimer,

ADUSTA, Esp, The Dark Brocada

Wett. and Eump., t. 33, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 412.

Generally distributed, and common, particularly in the
south ; appearing in July.

PROTEA, Schiff, The Brindled Green.

West, and Eump,, t. 34, fgs. 3, 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 413.

Generally and commonly distributed over the whole county;
appearing in September.

GLAUOA, JETiii. The Glaucus Shears.

West, and Hump., t 33, fga. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 414.

Rare ; taken by Mr. D'Orville at Alphington. It appears
on the wing in June.

DENTINA, Schiff, The Shears.

JFest. and Hump., t. 33, fg^. 9, 10, (IT. pleheia) ; Newman, Brit Moths,
p. 416.

Not uncommon, and widely distributed. I used to take
them in great numbers, some years ago, flying round
some poplar trees near Trew's Weir, below Exeter. This
species appears in June and July.

CHENOPODii, Schiff, The Nutmeg.

West, and Eump., t. 36, f . 13 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. il6.

Only two or three localities are given for this species;
namely, Barnstaple, Millbrook, and Alphington ; but it
is rare. The larvae feed on Chenopodium and Atriplex,
leaves and seeds, on the latter principally; and the
perfect insect appears in July.

ATRiPLicis, Linn, The Great Orach Moth.

West, and Eump., t. 39, fgs. 6, 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 417.

Bred from larvse taken near Plymouth by Mr. H. S. Bishop.
OLERACEA, Linn, The Bright-line Brown-eya

West, and Eump., t. 36, fgs 4, 6 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 419.

, One of the most common species; in every garden; ap-
pearing in May and June.

SUASA, ScUff. The D

Weat. and Hump, y t.

Very rare. I have
and there is one
insect appears in

Pisi, Linn. The Broo

We»t and Hump,, t. S

Generally distribut
Plymouth distric
Dartmoor ; but n<

THALASSINA, Huf. Th
Wett, and Hump.y t. !

Very generally disti
August

CONTIGUA, Schiff. The

Wttt. and Hump., t. S

Very rare. Mr.
only collectors t]
appears on the wi

GENiSTiE, Bork The 1

West, and Hump., t. 3

Rare; but has bee
county, both nort
in May and June.

Fami
Genu

LTTHORHIZA, Bork. Th
JFest. and Hump., t 3

Widely distributed,
sallows in Marcl
common in the E:

Gbnui

SOLIDAGINIS, Rub. Th
West and Hump., t. 3

" Only taken by Lie
while * sugaring ' t

Gbnvi

VETUSTA, ffiib. The E

West, and Hump., t. 3

Common in our w
"sugar;" appearii

igitized by Google

EXOLETA, Linn, The Sword-grass.

We$t, mid Hump., t. 81, fga, 9, 10 ; Niwwumy Brit. Moths, p. 427.

This fine insect is common in some seasons in this district.
Mr. D'Orville has taken it in abundance in his garden
at Alphington at "sugar;" and I have taken numbers
of them in Stoke Wood, near Exeter, in September
and November. The larvae Mr. D'Orville has found
feeding on dock and asparagus.

Gbnts, ZTLIHA, Stephmt.

RHizoLiTHA, Schiff. The Grey Shoulder-knot

WetU and Bump,, t 81, 1 6 (X. Lmnhda) ; Ntwrnon, Brit. Motha,
p. 428.

Generally distributed, and rather common; appearing in
September and March, on ivy and sallow blossoms.

SEMIBRUNNEA, Haw, The Tawny Pinion.

fFeat, and Mump., t. 31, f. 3; Newman^ Brit. Moths, p. 429.

A rare species, sparsely scattered over the county, both
north and south. It comes to " sugar" and ivy blossoms
in September and October. The larvae feed on the ash.

PETRIFIOATA, Schiff. The Pale Pinion.

West, and Sump,, t. 31, f. 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 480.

Generally distributed over the county, and not uncommon.
Comes freely to sugar " and ivy blossoms in September
and October. Mr. D'Orville bred this species several
times. The first lot came out the end of August ; the
larvae fed on bramble and sallow. Bred some more in
1858 ; the larvae fed on apple. They will also eat the
foliage of lilac

Gbmvs, CTJOTTLLIA, Schrank,
VERBASCI, Linn. The Mullen.

JFttt, and Mump,, t. 48, ^s. 7, 8; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 480.

A very abundant species, especially in the larva state,
throughout the county. Mr. Mathews says: "I am
positive that had any one desii*ed to have taken ten or
twenty thousand " (of the larvae) " it might easily have
been done." This was on Braunton Burrows in 1858,
1859, and 1860. The moth appears in April and May.

SOROPHULARLE, Schiff. The Water Betony.

West, and Hump., t, 48, fgs, 9, 10 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 481.

Frequent in the larva state, and generally distributed over
the county ; the perfect insect appearing on the wing in
May.

it IS impossible, 1
two so-called spec
precisely alike; t
and the larvae fe<
The very slight diJ
these are really p
to separate these 1

ABsmrnn, Linn, The

Weit. and Hump.^ t. 4

Very rare. Mr. D'Oi
in his garden a1
plants, in 1862, i
also been taken i
to me just previo
has been taken (
Mr. Bignell says
Tealmpton, in li
that the larvse \
moth appears in J

CHAMOMILLA, Schiff, '
19^e*L and Hump., t. ^

Mr. Eeading says:
Pyrethrum inodon
nor matricaria, '.
shores and waste
estuaries of the
The larvae were
Mathews.) So fi
been found in tl
plenty of the fo(
According to Mr
local; that is, as
moth appears in j

UMBRATICA, Linn. Th

W$8t and Eump,^ t. 4

Generally distribute
at the same time
where.

Family
Qkivb,

MAEGINATA, Fab. Thc
WetU and Hump., t. i

This is a southern s

capi/ureu or seen m tne norDii oi une county, irienurui
in the larva state at Dartmouth. It is a very distinct
and beautiful insect, appearing in May and July.

PELTIGERA, Schiff. The Bordered Straw.

West, and Hump., t. 63, fgs. 2, 3 ; Neunnm, Brit Moths, p. 437.

This pretty species was regarded a few years ago as very
scarce, and was a desideratum to most, except the very-
best, collections of native Lepidoptera ; but since then
its habits in the larva state have been discovered, and
the species is now seen in most collections. The larvae
feed on two or three plants, but seem to prefer the
Spinous Eestharrow (Ononis arvensis, variety Spinosa)
and the henbane (Hyoscyamm niger), which grows on
the sand-hills on the coast. It is met with now from
Plymouth Hoe to Exmouth Warren, and has beea
captured by Mr. D'Orville at " sugar " in his garden. It
appears on the wing in September and October.

AKMIGERA, ffiih. The Scarce-bordered Straw.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 439 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. L p. 291.

This beautiful moth is rare, and very sparsely distributed
both in the north and south of the county ; but although
rare with us, it is a great pest in the larva state in the
cotton plantations in the State of Louisiana, in America,
where it is called the Army- worm. (See Athenmtm,
September 29th, 1866, p. 406.) But this species is not
only found in America and England ; it, like Deiopeia
piUchella, is a cosmopolite, being found in almost every
part of the world. It appears on the wing with us in
September and October. Mr. Buckton took it at Torquay
on September 28tL

Gbnvs, AKABTA, Oehsmheimer,

MYRTILLI, Linn. The Beautiful Yellow Underwing.

West, and Hump., t. 63, f. 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 441.

Very scarce ; taken on Bickleigh Down, Brent Hill, near
Tavistock, Torquay, and Haldon. It appears on the wing
in June.

Gbnvs, HSLIODEB, Quen^e.

ARBUTi, Fab, The Small Yellow Underwing.

JTest and Hump., t. 63, f. 10; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 442.

Not common; is met with flitting about amongst ivy
herbage in open spaces in May and June.

ISTENUB, JKIVAA, Wi€me0,

OSTRINA, Eiib, The Purple Marbled.

West, and Hump., t. 63, t 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 447.

Extremely rare. Five specimens were taken at Torquay,
the first by Miss Battersby. These were discovered
scattered along the coast, half-way down the cliffs to the
water's edge. The insect appears in June.

URTiCiE, Hub. The Spectacle.

West, and Hump., t. 60, %i. 8, 9 ; Jfeuman, Brit Moths, p. 449.

Generally distributed; but not common. It appears on
the wing in June, and again in August.

TRIPLASU, Linn. The Dark Spectacle.

West, and Hump., t. 60, fgs. 6, 7 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 460.

The same as the above. The caterpillars of both feed on
the nettle in September and October, and the perfect
insects appear in June and August

ORIOHALCEA, Foh. The Scarce Burnished Brass.

West, and Hump., t 62, f. 7; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 461.

Mr. Beading says : " This beautiful moth was added to the
insect fauna ... by Mr. E. Lethbridge, who secured an
example near Plymouth. A second specimen was ob-
tained from under the Hoe. Both these insects were
captured during the day, and while they were flying from
flower to flower." It appears in August.

CHBYSITES, Linn. The Burnished Brass.

West, and Hmnp., t. 62, f. 6 ; Caterpfllar, t. 61 ; Newman, Brit Moths,

Generally distributed, and tolerably plentiful in some
seasons, flying in the da3rtime, or just at dusk, from
flower to flower in June, and again in August

• FESTUOiE, Linn. The Gold Spot

West, and Hump., t 61, f. 9 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 461.

Mr. Newman has transposed his wood-cuts of these two
species ; the one on page 451 should be in the place of
the figure on page 453. This beautiful species is rare.

Group, QUADBIFIDiB, Quends.
Seetion, VARIEGAT-E, OuM^e.
Family, PLtJSUDiE, Boisdupal.
Gmnrs, EABB08T0LA, Oehsenhsimer.

Gbnxjs, PL1T8IA, Oehsenheimer.

p. 463.

and, so far as I am aware, is found only in the south of
the county, from Plymouth to Exeter. It appears on
the wing in August.

IOTA, Linn. The Plain Golden Y.

West, and Hump., t. 51, f. 4 ; Newmm, Brit. Mothfl, p. 453.

Widely distributed, and not uncommon. Appearing on
the wing in June and July.

v.-AUKEUM, Ouenie. The Beautiful Golden T.

West, and Hump,, t. 52, f. 1 ; Knoman, Brit. Moths, p. 454.

A rare species with us, and apparently found only in the
south of the county. It appears on the wing in July.
This insect and the above, "Iota," are so much alike,
that they are frequently mistaken one for the other;
but there is one thing to be observed, V.-aureum has
always, and more especially when fresh, a deep rosy
hue all over it.

GAMMA, Linn. The Silver Y.

We*t. and Hump., t. 51, f. 7 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 455.

An abundant species everywhere, flitting about in the
bright sunshine from flower to flower.

NX, ffiib. The Ni Moth.

Hubner, 284, Engr. 595, A, b, o {VJjouUe)\ Neumum, Brit. Moths,
p. 455.

A single example of this species was captured by Mr.
D'Orville at Alphington, on flowers of the red valerian,
on August 13th, 1868. Great care is required in the
discrimination of this insect from P. gamma, and more
especially some of the varieties of the latter. This moth,
like several other natives of this country, is somewhat
of a cosmopolite, being found in several parts of Europe,
and in North and South America.

INTERKOGATIONIS, Linn. The Scarce Silver Y.

West, and Hump., t. 51, f. 6 ; Kernnan, Brit. Moths, p. 456.

Two specimens of this northern species have been cap-
tured in Devon; the first by Lieutenant R. B. Reed,
of the 12th Regiment, who took it at Torquay ; the next
was taken by Mr. J. S. Dell, of Devonport, who captured
his specimen near Cann Quarry, Bickleigh Vale. It
appears on the wing in June.

Familyy GONOPTERn)^, Quenie,
Gbnus, OOHOPTESA, LaireiUe.

LIBATRIX, Linn. The Herald.

Wett. and Hump., t. 41, f. 17, t. 42, f. 118; Jftwrnan, Brit Moths, p. 466.

Generally distributed, and rather common. A very sluggish
and sleepy insect, frequently found sticking about dwell-
ings. I don't remember to have ever seen this insect
on the wing. It appears in August and September.

Section, TSTRVSM, Gumie,
Family, AMPHIPYRID-ffi, Guenie,
Gbnus, AMPHIPTBA, OchsenhHmer.

PYRAMIDEA, Linn, The Copper Underwing.

WmL and Sump., t. 30, f. 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 467.

This beautiful insect comes freely to " sugar." It is widely
distributed, and common in some localities. It appears
on the wing in August.

TRAGOPONis, Linn. The Mouse.

West, and Hump., t. 30, fgs. 13, 14 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 468.

Widely distributed, not so common as the last, comes to
" sugar," and appears on the wing in July and August

Gbnts, KAKIA, TreiUekke.

TYPICA, Linn. The Gothic.

Wett. and Hump., t. 30, fgs. 17, 18 (£. lypica) ; Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 468.

The generic name applies very well indeed to the wild
flight of this species. It is generally distributed over
the entire county, frequents damp places, and comes
freely to " sugar." Appears on the wing in July,

MAURA, Zin7i. The Old Lady.

West, and Hump., t. 66, fgs. 1,2; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 469.

Generally distributed over the county, but not common.
TMb loves damp places^ neax water^ and fliee about in
the wildest manner just at dusk; comes to light and
" sugar." It is taken on the wing in June and August.

Jbm%, TOXOGAMPIDiB, Omn^
Qms, TOZOOAUAp QmOf.

VABTmju, Tmt. The Bkck Nook

West OfM Ai9-ff t 10| III Newman, Brit. Molil^ p. 461.

Not common, except at Barnstaple and Ilfracombe; but
taken in several localities in the south ; namely, Wem-
.bQijTi Kingsbridge-road, Toi^uay, and Tfignmouth. This
is met wi£ on wing towiueda tihi eni if June.

GLTPHIGA^ mnn, rne I5umet iNoccua.

Wti, and Mump., t 66, t 10 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 469.

Grenerally distributed, and common in the sonth-west of
the county, but sparsely so to the east and north;
appears on the wing in May and June.

FamUy, POAPHILID^, Guen^.
Gbnus, PHTTOHETEA, Haworth,

iENEA, ScUff. The Small Purple Barred.

We9t. and Hump.y t. 64, 1 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 469.

This pretty little species is generally distributed over the
heathy parts of the entire county. It appears on the
wing as early as May to July.

Section, GEOMETRY, Liwnmut.
Famay, URAPTERYGID^, Qwn^.
Genus, 17BAPTSETX, Leach,

SAMBUCARIA, Linn, The Swallow-tail Moth.

Weet. and Hump., t. 69, fgs. 29, 30 ; Newman^ Brit. Moths, p. 60.

This beautiful insect is not uncommon on the sides of our
woods and lanes in all parts of the county. It is met
with at dusk in June and July.

Family, ENNOMID^, Ouende,
Genus, EPIONS, Duponehd,

APiciARiA, S(^iff. The Bordered Beauty.

Weet. and Hump,, t. 62, f. 3 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 61.

This is not a common species with us, though generally
distributed ; taken by beating our thick hedges in lanes
and sides of woods, in July, near Stonehouse Reservoir
(Mr. H. S. Bishop), and Stoke Wood, Exeter.

ADVENARIA, Bork, The Little Thorn.

Weet, and Hump., t. 62, f. 6 ; Neuman, Brit Moths, p. 61.

Bare and local; taken on Haldon by Mr. J. Rowdon and
mysel£

Obnvs, BUKIA, LuponehiL

CRATiEGATA, Linn. The Brimstone Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 69, Igs. 26-28 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 62.

Generally distributed, and very common. Appearing as
early as April and in June.

Genus, YSKIUA, DuponeheL

MAOULATA, Idnn. The Speckled Yellow.

Oofttinoii on aU our hettOui and open 9p(tm$ near woods in
Jane and July.

PRUNARIA, Linn. The

JTesL and JECump.^ t. i

This beautiful moth
Our best locality
field at the upper
at dusk by the si
the field. It ap]
the Plymouth dls

Gbnvg

MARGABITARIAy Linn.
West, and Sump., t. 6

GenerjJly distribui
delicately-tinted :
fresh; but unfort
a comparatively
white. It is me
the end of June i

Gem

FUSCIARIA, Linn. Thi
West and Sump.^ t.

Not common, but ^
In the Exeter dis
in Stoke Wood ir

Gentti

DOLABRARIA, Lirm. T

Wett. and Hump., t. '

Eare in the Exel
Bickleigh (Mr. B

Gbitc

SYRINGARIA, Linn. T
West, and ffump., t.

This beautiful insec
but is not plentii
in shrubberies an
rare both at Dart

ILLUNARIA, Hiib. Th€
JTest. and Sump., t.

Ck>mmon everywher
and July.

d by

Google

IFett. and Hump,, t. 69, fgB. 16, 16 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 65.

Captured at Compton, Saltram, and Bickleigh, by Mr. H.
S. Bishop ; and at Alphington by Mr. Rowdon.

ILLUSTRARIA, Hiib. The Purple Thorn.

We*t and Eump,^ t. 69, f. 18 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 66.

This beautiful insect has been taken at Bideford by Mr. J.
C. Dale; at Compton, Saltram, and Bickleigh by Mr.
H. S. Bishop ; at Exeter by Mr. Rowdon ; and at Dart-
mouth by Mr. G. T. Mathews. It appears on the wing
in May and in August, being double-brooded.

Gbnub, OBDITTOPSBA, Stephen:

BiDENTATA, Linn. The Scalloped HazeL

Weet, and Sump., t. 69, fgs. 6, 6; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 66.

Generally distributed, and common in all our woods ; ap-
pearing in May and June.

Gbnus, GBOOALLIS, Treiteehke.

ELINGUARIA, Linn. The Scalloped Oak.

West, and Htmp.y t. 69, fgs. 3, 4 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 66.

Generally distributed in our oak woods ; appearing in July
and August.

Gbnts, EKITOKOS, TreiUehke.

TILIARIA, Bork. The Canary-shouldered Thorn.

Weet. and Hump,, t. 69, fgs. 7, 8 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 67.

Bare; one specimen only has fallen to my lot in some
twenty years' collecting in the Exeter district. It is
taken at Plymouth. It appears on the wing in August.
Mr. Eowdon took one at Exminster.

FDSCANTARU, ffaw. The Dusky Thorn.

West, and Hump., t. 69, f. 20 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 67.

Widely distributed, but not common; has been taken at
Plymouth, Teignmouth, Barnstaple, and the Exeter
district. The moth appears on the wing in August and
September.

EROSARIA, Schiff. The September Thorn.

JTeMt. and Hump., t. 69, fgs. 9, 10 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 57.

Extremely rare. Taken once near Shaugh, by Mr. H. S.
Bishop ; on Haldon by Mr. Bowdon ; and at Dartmouth
by Mr. G. F. Mathews.

GsNus, HEXEBOPHILA, Stepheiu,

ABRUPTARIA, Thun, The Waved Umber.

W$9t, and ffump., t. 61, f. 1 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 62.

Generally found sticking against boles of trees, or against
walls, when it is rather difl5cult to distinguish it It is
not uncommon in the Exeter district, and appears on the
wing in May and August Very rare near Plymouth.

Genus, OLEOSA, Curtii.

VIDUARIA, Schiff. The Speckled Beauty.

}F4tt, and Eump., t. 60, f . 12 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 62.

Taken at Clovelly and Lynton (Mr. G. F. Mathews). This
moth is said by Newman to have been taken only in
Sussex, and the New Forest^ Hampshire. It appears on
the wing in June.

GLABRARIA, HiA. The Dotted Carpet

lF4tt. and Sump, f t. 60, f. 13 [C. Uneraria) ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 63.

Very rare. One locality only, so far as I am aware, has
been recorded for this insect in Devon, and that is
Clovelly. It appears on the wing in July.

LICHENARIA, Schiff, The Brussels Lace.

Wui, and Hump,, t. 60, %8. 10, 11 ; Netoman, Brit Moths, p. 63.

A widely-distributed species ; found about lichen-covered
trees, walls, and rocks, and when settled on them is very
diflScult to discover. The insect appears in July. It is
rare in the Plymouth district.

GsNUS, BOBKIA, TreitMchke,

REPANDARIA, Linn. The Mottled Beauty.

We$t, andHump.y t. 60, fgs. 16, 18, 19, 20 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 63.

Common everywhere, in woods and gardens; frequently
comes into houses in June and July.

Var. CONVERSARIA, Hiib.

West, and Hump., t. 60, f. 20.

This very distinct variety is larger than the type, and the
ground-colour of the wings is lighter. The broad dark
fascia across both anterior and posterior wings gives to
this insect a distinct and marked appearance. It must
be regarded as rare with us. Mr. Bignell says : " I have
many times bred the beautiful banded variety by feeding
them on JSrica cinereaJ*

PUNCTULARIA, ±Lub, Tiie Urey I5ircii.

West, and Hump,, t. 61, 7, 8 ; Newman^ Brit Moths, p. 67.
Taken in the Plymouth district, in Bickleigh Vale and
Boringdon Wood, but it is sctirce. It is met with in
woods in May and June.

Genus, GKOPHOS, Treitschke.
OBSCURATA, Schiff, The Annulet.
Newrmn, Brit. Moths, p. 68.
A very variable species in the ground-colour of the wings ;
an(i taking the extremes of variations, they might easily
be mistaken for distinct species; indeed when I first
began to collect they were regarded as such. About
twenty years ago, this moth was very abundant for one
or two seasons on bramble blossoms, flying just at dusk ;
but since then I have not met with it in anything like
abundance. It flies in July. It is generally distributed
both on the north and south coast of the county.

Fam., GEOMETRID-ffl, Guen^.
Genus, PSEITDOTEBPNA, Hilbner.

CYTISARIA, Schiff. The Grass Emerald.

West, and Hump., t 60, f. 6 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 69.
This delicately-coloured moth is not uncommon, and widely
distributed over the county. The green tint is very
evanescent, and leaves the ground-colour of the wings
a dull chalky white. The moth is found on the margin
of woods, or where the common broom grows, on which
the larvae feed. It appears on the wing in July.

Genus, OEOKET&A, Leach.
PAPILIONARIA, Linn. The Large Emerald.

West, cmd Hump., t. 60, fgs. 1, 2 ; Nevman, Brit. Moths, p. 70.
This beautiful insect is scarce with us, but scattered over
the entire county. Several specimens were taken in
one season at Topsham a few years ago. The larvse, in
addition to feeding on birch and some other forest trees,
feed freely on broom, the same as the last The perfect
insect flies at dusk in July.

Genus, KEMOBIA, Hubner.
VIBIDATA, Linn. The Small Grass Emerald.
Nevmum, Brit. Moths, p. 71.
Mr. Newman records this insect as taken in Devonshire.
It appears on the wing in May.

omcBONARiA, Schiff. The Mocha.

West, and Sump., t. 61, f. 17; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 78.

Common in thick hedges and lanes amongst oak all
through the Exeter district in May and June. This was
especially abundant in a lane leading from Polsloe Farm
to Stoke Hill on the 9th June, 1856.

PENDULARIA, Linn, The Birch Mocha.

JFeet. and Mump., t, 61, fig^. 18-26 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 74.

Bare. Taken near Starcross by Mr. Powley.

Family, ACIDALIID^, Ouen^,
Gbnvs, ASTHEKA, Hubner,

LUTEATA, Schiff, The Small Yellow Wave.

West and Hump., t. 71, f. 27 {E. luteata) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 74.

Generally distributed, and common in most localities in
May and June.

CANDIDATA, ScUff, The Small White Wave.

West, and Hump., t. 71, f. 26 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 75.

Common on the margins of woods all through the county
in May and June.

SYLVATA, Schiff. The Waved Carpet

West, and Hump,, t. 71, f. 24 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 75.

Taken at High Bickington by Mr. Dale; Barnstaple and
Dartmouth by Mr. G. F. Mathews ; Bickleigh Vale and
Plymbridge by Mr. Bignell; and in the furze-brake in
Stoke Wood, Exeter, by Eev. J. Hellins.

BLOMERARU, Curtis, Blomer's Eivulet.

West, and Hump,, t. 71, f. 25 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 75.

This very distinct species has been captured at Teignraouth.
I give this on the authority of the late Mr. J. C. Dale,
who furnished me with the note. The moth appears on
the wing in June.

Obnus, EITFISTEBIA, Boieduval,

HEPARATA, Schiff, The Dingy Shell

West, and Hump., t. 71, f. 28 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 75.

Not rare. Taken at Yealm Bridge by Mr. H. S. Bishop,
and at Barnstaple and Dartmouth by Mr. G. F. Mathews.
It appears on the wing in June.

Gbnub, VjsjnuSIA, Curtis.

CAMBRICARIA, Cii/rtis. The Welsh Wave.

West, and Hump., i. 63, f. 15 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 76.

Captured in Stoke Wood by Mr. J. Eowdon.

SCUTULATA, ScUff,

West and Sump., \

Generally but sp
thick hedges an
Wood, Exeter.

BISETATA, ff'nf, Thi
West, and Hump., t

Not uncommon ii
tributed; appea
in Camel Wood.

TRIGEMINATA, Haw,
West, and Hump., i

Common, and gene
sides, in June ai

RUSTICATA, Schiff. T
West, and Mump., t

Very rare. One s]
aware of, in the
Mr. H. S. Bishoi

OSSEATA, Schiff. The

West, and Mump., t
Moths, p 78 {A. {

Generally distribut
the county in Ju

HOLOSERICATA, Diipon
Nexoman, Brit. Motb

Very rare ; capture

mCANARIA, EiO). Th.
West, and Mtmip.,i.\

Common everywhei
PROMUTATA, 0uen4e.

West, and Mump., t. ?

Taken in Devon b
that it is common

SUBSERICEATA, ITaw.
West, and Mump., t.

Eare ; but has been

riJNtrUBiJiJNATA, £^nier, MAJNUuiNiATA, j^noggs,
Knt. Ann., 1866, f. 1, p. 144.

The species compared with its nearest relation Suhsericeata,
requires close comparison. Mr. G. F. Mathews writes
me: "This occurred commonly in one locality near
Dartmouth, in June, 1875 ; but the two following years
only one or two examples were seen." For correction
of synonyms, see Unt Ann., 1870, pp. 134, 135.

IMMUTATA, Fab. The Lesser Cream Wave.

TFest and Hump., t 72, f. 12; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 80.

This has been taken in the county, at Cann Wood, where
it is said to be common, but not in the Exeter district.
It appears on the wing in June.

KEMUTATA, Linn. The Cream Wave.

WeMt. and Hump., t. 73, 9, 10 ; Newman, Brit. Motha, p. 80.

Common, among nettles and coarse herbage, all through
the county, in May and June.

COMMUTATA, Ouenie. The Changed Wave.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 81 (A. fumata).

Captured by Mr. Rowdon at Torquay.
IMITARIA, Hiib. The Small Blood-vein.

West, and Hump., t. 73, f. 18; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 82.

Tolerably common, amongst rough herbage and borders of
woods, in July and August.

AVERSATA, Linn. The Eiband Wave.

JTest. and Hump., t. 73, f. 6 ; Netoman, Brit. Moths, p. 82.

A very common and variable species. Mr. Newman's
figures are very good, representing in the lower figure
the type, and the upper figure an extreme variety, with
the dark band filling up the space between the costal
and lateral lines. Found in every hedge and wood, in
July and August

INORNATA, ffaw. The Plain Wave.

West, and Hump., t. 73, f. 7 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 83.

Taken by Mr. Rowdon in Stoke Wood, in Juna
EMARGINATA, Linn. The Small Scallop.

Wett. and Hump., t. 73, f. 26 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 84.

Not common in the Exeter district. I took it in the
Exwick fields, July 25th, 1856. Mr. Bignell took it at
Shaldon.

Geni

AMATARU, Linn, Th(

• We8t. and Eump,^ t.

This beautiful motl
The caterpillar i
growing plants c
appears in July a

Fami

PUSARiA, Linn. The (

Witt, and Hump, ^t, i

Common everywhe;
hedges in June ai

ROTUJNDABIA, HaW, Tl
JFeti, and Hump., t. 6

A rare species with
district by Mr. I
May.

XANTHEMARIA, Scop, 1
Weit, and Hump., t. 6]

Common everywhere
from June to Sept

Genu

TEMERATA, Schtff, The
JTut, and Hump,, t. 71

This beautiful insect
widely dispersed.

TAMINATA, Schiff, The
JFett, and Hump., i, 71

Eare. Only one spec
many years' collect
in May and June
eastern end of Che

PICTARIA, Guen^, The i

JFeti, and Hump,, t. 60,

Captured by Mr. Ec
appears in April, w

Family, MAUAKIID^, Gvm^e.
Genus, MACABIA* Ourtit.

ALTERNATA, Schiff, The Sharp-angled Peacock. .

JFtsL and Mump., t 73, f. 23 ; Newman firit. Moths, p. 87.

Very scarce in the Exeter district, but not rare in the Ply-
mouth, on the road to Shaugh from Plympton (Mr. H. S.
Bishop). Mr. Norcombe and myself have taken it in the
neighbourhood of Exeter. The larvae feed on sallow and
black-thorn, and the moth appears in July and August.
Mr. Norcombe bred this species in 1858. The larva is
green and glossy, head and anterior legs with a purple
stain, two or three purplish blotches on the fifth and
sixth segments, and in some extending the whole length
of the body. Before going into the pupa state it changes
to a reddish-brown. The larvae were full-fed by the 1st
of July.

NOTATA, Linn. The Peacock.

West and Hump., t. 73, fgs. 21, 22; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 87.

Also scarce. It has been captured at Plymouth, Compton,
Bickleigh, and in the Exeter district, in the month of
June.

LITURATA, Linn, The Tawny-barred Angle.

JFest. and Hump., t. 73, fgs. 24, 26 ; Ifetoman, Brit. Moths, p. 88.

This is also rare, but not so scarce as the two former ones.
It appears on the wing in July. Mr. Bignell informs
me that this is common at Cann Wood, but very local

Genus, HALTA, Duponehel.

VAURIA, Ihip, The V. Moth.

JFest, and Hump., t. 61, fgs. 9, 10; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 88.

Generally distributed, but not common; found mostly
amongst rank herbage on wood sides in July.

Family, AVENTIID^, Ouen^e.
Gbnus, AVSKTIA, Duponehel.

FLEXULA, Fab. The Beautiful Hook-tip.

fTeat. and Hump., t. 73, f. 27 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 66.

Eare. I have one specimen I captured in Stoke Wood,
near Exeter, in July.

Family, FIDONIID^, Guen^e.
Gbitds, 8TBEKIA, Duponehel.

CLATHRATA, Linn. The Latticed Heath.

JFeet. and Hump., t 72, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 89.

Very scarce ; has been taken occasionally on the borders of
Dartmoor. It is met with in May and June.

PETRARIA, E^. The ]
We$t, and Htmp,^ t. 6i

This pretty moth ij
woods amongst t
laxvaefeed. Itisci
Brake. The mot]
distributed.

GsNve

PULVERABIA, Linn. Th
West, and Sump., t 6

Not uncommon in s
Wood, near Exeter
on Wattles Down
and Bovisand, in t
mouth. Mr. Matl
supposed-to-be-con
pears in May and ,

Gbkus

ATOMARIA, Zinn. The (
TTett. and Hump.^ i. 67

Common on Haldon,
heaths, in June an(

PINARIA, Linn. The Bo

West, and Hump.^ t. 67,

Scarce; has been tal
Exeter, and in Stok
wing in April and ]

CONSPICUATA, Schiff. Tl
West, and Hump., t. 67,

Bare ; one captured n-

GSNUS,

SACRARiA, Linn. The V

Neuman, Brit. Moths, p

This beautiful and del
added to the British
took specimens at B
in the EntomologisV
men has also been c
Plymouth, Devonpo
near Barnstaple, ft
at Alphington, at " €

STRIGILLARU, Hub. The Grass Wave.

West, and Hump.f t. 62, fgs. 13, 14 {A. reaperMaria) \ Newman^ Brit.
Moths, p. 97.

This is not a common species with us, but specimens may
be taken occasionally on Haldon. It is beaten or brushed
out of the heath in July.

CITRARIA, Hub, The Yellow Belle.

West, and Hump., t. 62, f. 9 ; Newman^ Brit. Moths, p. 97.

Taken on Dawlish Warren, and on the railway banks near
there. It has also been captured at Plymouth, Whitsand
Bay, and Yealm Point, in May and in August.

GILVARIA, Schiff. The Straw Belle.

West, and Hump,, t. 62, f. 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 98.

Taken in diy heathy places, but not common, in August.

Family, ZEKENIDJS, Oum4e.
Genus, ABKAXAS, Leach,

GROSSULARIATA, Linn, The Currant, or Large Magpie.

West, and Hump., t. 65, fgs. 4-6 (new vara ) ; Neuman, Brit. Moths,
pp. 98-100.

Very common and very destructive in the larvae state some
seasons in gardens, but not so destructive to the goose-
berry and currant-bushes as the larvae of the saw-fly,
which in some seasons entirely defoliate large tracts, of
gooseberry-bushes more especially. Some varieties of this
moth are very beautiful and distinct, so much so as to
be scarcely recognized as belonging to the same species.
The moth appears in July and August.

ULMATA, Fah, The Scarce Magpie.

West, and Hump., t. 66, f. 3; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 100.

This insect, which is figured both by Stephens (vol. iii.,
Haudellata, p. 32, £ 1, and by West and Hump., t 65,
f. 3, is said by Mt. Haworth, on the authority of Mr.
Frandllon, to have been taken in DevoQ^ba

Genus, LIGDIA, Gumtd^,

ADUSTATA, Schiff. The Scorched Caipet

Wut. md Hum^., t. 65, f. 15 % Nmmm, Bdl. MolH |w 101.
This very pretty moth is not uncommon, and jgenerally
distributed. Found ou the margins of woods and in
gardens in June.

MARGINATA, Idnu. Th
West, and Hump., t. 7

Common, and genera
and rough herbag
great variation in

Fam

The only insect belo
discovered in Dev<
not be found on tl

Family,

GENUf

KUPICAPRARIA, Schtff. '
West, and Sump , t. 68

Common everywhere
niay be captured
winter months.

LEUCOPH^ARIA, Schiff,

Wtat, and Hump , t. 67

Widely distributed i
in the Exeter distri
The males fly by di
of trees, in Februa
found sitting on th(

AURANTIAKIA, Hub. Thi
Wext. and Hump., t. 67
Moths, p. 103.

A very uncommon g
common, as I am i
Bickleigh, and Can
Mr. E. Norcombe ;
moth flies in Octobc

PROGEMMARIA, Hub. Th
WeaL and Hump , t 67,
p. 104.

Generally distributed :
February and Marcl
on the boles of larg(

DEFOLIARU, Linn, The ]

West, and Hump., t 67, 1

This beautiful moth is
the colour of the win

and when sitting amongst the lichens on the boles of
oaks it is very difficult to discover. The males appear
on the wing in October. It is common.

Gknub, AHISOPTEBTX, Stephens.

^SCULARIA, Schif. The March Moth.

West, and Mump,, t. 67, f. 18 ; Newman^ Brit. Moths, p. 106.

Grenerally distributed in our woods and gardens, and comes
to gas-lights, in April. It is not so frequent in the
Exeter district as in the Plymouth.

FamUy, LABENTIID^, Ouen^.
Genus, CHSDCATOBIA, SUphent.

BRUMATA, Idnn. The Winter Moth.

TTeat, and Mump., t. 68, f. 10 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 106.

Much too common in gardens and orchards, the larvsd
completely destroying the crops in some seasons. The
males are to be seen on most gas-lamps all through the
winter months in a mild season ; the females are nearly
apterous, and are to be met with on the stems of
apple-trees in our gardens, &c.

Gbnub, OPOEABIA, Stephent.

DILUTATA, Schiff, The November Motli.

West and Hump., t. 68, fgs. 7, 8 ; Ketimum, Brit. Moths, p. 108.

This is a most variable species as regards the colour and
markings, and the size or expanse of wings. Some
specimens are almost destitute of lines or markings,
others again are distinctly marked. The ground-colour
also varies from a light grey through several shades to
brown. The moth is tolerably plentiful, in October and
November, in woods and lanes in the Exeter district ; it
is also common at Plymbridge.

FnJGRAMMARiA, ffer, Sch, The Polar Carpet.

West, and Hump., t 68, f. 9 (Z. polata) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 109.

This is said to have been taken in the Plymouth district.
(See Stainton's Manual^ voL iL p. 77.) This requires
confirmation.

Gbnus, LABEKTIA, Treiisehke.

DIDYMATA, Linn. The Twin-spot Carpet.

West, and Sump., t. 63, f. 1 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 109.

Generally distributed in lanes and margins of woods
amongst rough herbage in June.

West, avd Mump., t. 71, fgs. 20, 21 ; Newman^ Brit. Motha, p. 116.

Captured in the north of Devon, by the Eev. E. Horton,
in the early part of June. .EtU, Ann,, 1865, p. 113.

Gbmub, ETJPITHECIA, Ouritt,

VENOSATA, Fab. The Netted Pug.

West, and Mump., t. 70, f. 20 ; Newman, Brit. MothB, p. 118.

Not common, but taken occasionally in the Exeter district.
Common in the larva state at Plymouth, on the railway
embankments, and on the coast (Mr. Bignell). The
larvae feed on the seed-vessels of the bladder campion,
Silenea inflata. The moth appears on the wing in June.

LINARIATA, ScUff, The Beautiful Pug.

West, and Eump., t. 69, fgs. 1, 2; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 119.

Plentiful in some seasons in the larva state. It feeds on
the seed-vessels of the common yellow toad-flax (Linaria
vulgaris). I have found this more abundantly near
Sandy Gate, on the road to St. George's Clist, than any-
where else. . Rare in the Plymouth district.

PULCHELLATA, Steph, The Foxglove Pug.

West, and Eump., t. 69, f. 3 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 119.

Not common in this district, but Mr. Bignell informs me
that it is common in the Plymouth district, where the
foxglove grows. The larvae feed on the seed-vessels of
the common foxglove {Digitalis purpurea). The moth
appears on the wing in May and June, and has been
taken at Duusford and Exeter. Dartmouth and Instow,
common.

CENTAUREATA, Schiff. The Lime Speck.

West. at,d Sump., t. 70, f. 16 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 120.

This pretty little species is not uncommon in the Exeter
district. It is taken at Plymouth in July in gardens.
The larvsB feed on clematis flowers.

SUCCENTAURIATA, Linn. The Bordered Lime Speck.

West, and Hump. y t. 70, f. 14.

A most variable species ; but perhaps the extreme of varia-
tion is reached in the variety named Subfulvaia by
Haworth. Both the species and varieties are not un-
common in the Exeter district in August. The larvse
feed on the seeds and leaves of yarrow {Achillea miUi-
folmm) and mugwort {Artmeaia mUgaris),

STJBUMBRATA, HUh,

^ett, and Hump., i,

A scarce species.
Wood, near Exei

PLUMBEOLATA, HaW.

West, and Bump,, t.

Scarce ; taken by ;
Exeter district, i]
{Melampyrum pr
meadows.

ISOGRAMMATA, Tr&i. \
HAWORTHIATA, Z>&/. /
Newman, Brit. Mothi

This little species
The larvae feed on
(Clematis vitalba)
for where this pi
calcareous soils.
The moth appears

VALERUNATA, ffiib. ) ,
VIMINATA, Dbl, j '

Newman, Brit. Moths,

This rare moth has
larvae is said by J
seeds of the com
The moth appears

CASHGATA, Hub. The i
West, and Bump., t. 69,

Taken in Stoke Woo(
Humphreys say Ji
with on the wing ;
taken it as above
broods of this in t
Bickleigh, &c. (Mr.

PIMPINELLATA, Aiv. \^
VIRGAUREATA, Dbl. /

Newman, Brit. Moths, p.

This is one of the m
frequent species; fo
larvae feed on the i

VOL. X.

abundant plant on tne iJevonian and carbonueroas
formations. The perfect insect may be taken on the
wing in July and August.

ALBIPUNCTATA, Haw. The White-spotted Pug.

West, and Hump.f t 69, f. 14 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 129 (deaoriptian
only)

This pretiy little moth has been taken by Mr. D'Orville,
and is common in Bickleigh Vale, Plymbridge, Clifton,
&c. (Mr. H. S. Bishop.) The larvae feed on the blossoms
of the wild angelica {Angelica sylvestris) and hog weed
{Heradeum sphondylium). The moth appears on the
wing in May.

PUSILLATA, Ev^. The Dwarf Pug.

JFest, and Mump,, t. 70, f . 7 ; Neuman, Brit Moths (description only),
p. 130.

I have taken this in lanes in the Exeter district, and it
occurs in other parts of the county; but it is not
common. The larvae feed on the spruce fir {Pinus abies).
The moth flies in May.

IBRIGUATA, -HuJ. The Marbled Pug.

Wett. and Hump,, t. 69, f. 18 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p 131.

Captured by the Eev. J. Hellins. The moth appears on
the wing in April and June. It is rare in the Plymouth
district ; taken in Boringdon Wood by Mr. H. S. Bishop.

Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 131 (description only).

This, from the abundance of the food -plant in Devon,
ought to be conmion; but my experience goes in the
contrary direction. The moth appears on the wing in
April and August. The larvae feed on the flowers and
seeds of the Burnet saxifrage {Fimpinello aaodfragra)^
which is common in pasturea

YRXXV^ AT A, Crewe, ^

INNOTATA, Hub. j ^

Weet, and Sump., t 70, f. 2 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 181 (description
only.

This has been taken by Mr. D'Orville. It appears to be
rare with us. The moth appears on the wing in June
and July. The lajvae feed on the ash (Frasdnus ex-

INDIGATA, Hiib. The

Newman^ Brit. Mothi

I have a specimen o
said to feed on
the wing in May

NANATA, Hiib. The N

West. at%d Mump*, t. 7
only.

Taken at Homerdo
The larvae feed *
moth appears in I

SUBNOTATA, Hilb, Th<
West, and Mump., 1 70

The larvae feed on tl
podium and Atri
and July.

VULGATA, Haw. The (

Wut, and Hump., t. 6£
only).

Common, and genen
Mr. Bignell infori
neighbourhood. 1
and the moth app<

EXPALLIDATA, Que, Tl
Neufman, Brit. Moths,

This very distinct sp
on the flowers of i
in July and Augui

ABSINTHIATA, Linn. T

West and Mump,, t 7(
only).

Not uncommon, and
larvae feed on the
such as Senecio ^
common wormwoc
in June and July.

MINUTATA, Schiff. The
NetDman, Brit. Moths,

Mr. D*Orville has ca]
to be rare. The lai
vulgaris), and the

ASSiMiLATA, JJOL. TJie uurrant rug.

Wett, and Eump,, t. 70, f . 4 ; Newman, Biit. Moths, p. 138 (description
only).

Mr. D'Orville bred this species from larvae obtained in his
garden at Alphington, specimens of which he kindly
presented me. The larvae feed on the black currant,
and the moth appears in May and August. The moth
is common in the Plymouth district

TRisiGNATA, H. S. The Triple-spot Pug.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 130.

Common in the larva state in Bickleigh Vale (Mr. Bignell).
DODONEATA, Ghce, The Oak-tree Pug.

Neuman, Brit. Moths, pp. 139-40 (description only) ; Weet. and Mump.,
t. 69, f. 15 (P JS. $ubumbrata).

This species is rare with us. Mr. Bishop has taken it in
Boringdon Wood.

ABBREViATA, SUph, The Brindled Pug.

West, and Hump., t. 69, f. 12 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 140.

A very generally-distributed species. The larvae feed on
the oak, out of which the moth may be beaten in April
and May.

EXIGUATA, Hub. The Mottled Pug.

West, and Hump., t. 69, f. 11 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 141.

This is a widely-distributed and, it may be said, a common
species at Exeter; but becomes rare as we proceed
westward. Two localities only are given for it in the
Plymouth district; viz., Ivy bridge and Maker (Mr.
Bignell). The larvae feed on several trees and shrubs,
such as whitethorn, sallow, &c. ; and the moth appears
on the wing in May and June.

PUMILATA, Hub, The Double-striped Pug.

West, and Rump., t. 69, f. 8 (£. strobUata); Newman, Brit. Moths,
p. 143 (description only).

Somewhat generally distributed ; but not common. Lee Moor
tramway and Ivybridge are the localities for the Plymouth
district. The caterpillar feeds both on the flowers of
Anthriscns sylvestris and clematis flowers. The perfect
insect appears on the wing iu April and May, and again
in August.

LOBULATA, Eub, The Early Tooth-striped.

West, and Sump., t. 68, fgs. 14, 15; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 148.

Taken on sallow blossoms in March and April ; not very
common.

viRBTATA, Hiib, The Yellow-barred Brindla

W$sL and Hump.fi. 58 (description only) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 147.

Taken in the neighbourhood of Exeter by Mr. D'Orville.
It appears on the wing in May and June, but is rare.
Captured at Cann Wood, Clifton, and the Hoe, Plymouth.
Mr. 6. F. Mathews kindly informs me that he has bred
this from larvse found feeding on the flowers of the
sycamore, and found both at Barnstaple and Dartmouth.

Genvs, THEBA, Stephens.

SIMULATA, Hub, The Chestnut-coloured Carpet

West, and Sump., t. 68, f. 5 (P. eoni/erata) ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 1 60.

I have taken this in a pine wood on Eedhills, near Exeter;
but it is scarce.

VARIATA, Schif, The Grey Carpet.

West, and Hump., t. 68, f . 2 ; Newman, Brit. Moths.

Bare; captured on Sedhills amongst firs; but very rare
in June.

FIEMATA, Hub. The Pine Carpet.

West, and Hump., 1 68, i.l(T. simulata); Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 152.

So far as I am aware this is scarce at Exeter, but common
at Cann Wood, Plymouth (Mr. Bignell). I have taken
one specimen only in a pine wood at Bedhills, near
Exeter. It appears on the wing in July. The larvae are
said to feed on the fir-trees.

Gbnus, HTPSIPETES, Stephens (Tpsipetes).

RUBERATA, Fre. The Euddy Highflier.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 152.

Taken at Barnstaple, and in Stoke Wood, near Exeter
(Mr. Eowdon).

IMPLUVIATA, Sckiff. The May Highflier.

West, and Hump., t. 66, f. 3 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 153.

Generally distributed, but not common, in the Exeter
district; common at Plympton and Plymbridge (Mr.

Bignell). It is also taken in the north, at liarnstaple ;
appearing on the wing in May and June. The laivsa
feed on birch, hazel, and alder.

Digitized by

UNANGULATA, Haw. The Sharp-angled Carpet.

West, and Hump,, t 63, f. 26 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 159.

Not a common species ; at the same time several specimens
may be taken in a season. The moth appears on the
wing in June, on the borders of woods and in lanes
thickly wooded.

KIVATA, Hub. The Wood Carpet

Weet. and Hump., t. 63, f. 25 (H, eylvaiieata) ; Newman, Brit. Motha,
p. 159.

Common, and generally distributed, appearing on the wing
in the end of June and in July.

SUBTRISTATA, Haw, The Common Carpet.

West, and Hump., t. 63, f. 24 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 160.

Common everywhere in woods and lanes, appearing on the
wing in May, and again in July.

MONTANATA, ScMff. The Silver-ground Carpet.

West, and Hump., t. 63, f. 11 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 162.

Common everywhere, amongst rough or coarse herbage, in
June and July.

GAMATA, Schiff. The Galium Carpet.

West, and Hump., t. 63, f. 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 163.

Generally distributed and common. Found' in similar
places to the above, and at the same time.

FLUCTUATA, Linn, The Garden Carpet

West, and Hump., t. 63, fgs. 12, 13 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 164.

Abundant everywhere all through the summer.

Genus, ANTICLEA, Stephens,

SINUATA, Schiff. The Eoyal Mantle.

West, and Hump., t. 64, f. 14; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 164.

Eare; Egg Buckland (Mr. C. Eogers), Bickleigh Bridge
(Mr. H. S. Bishop), Slapton Lea and Buckfasdeigh (Mr.
G. F. Mathews).

BUBIDATA, Schiff. The Flame.

Wui. andSmmp , t 04, f. 18 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 165.
This beautiftil insect is widely distributed, but scarcely to
be regarded as convmon, although taken freely at Bick-
le%h and Hympton. Dartmouth, abimdaat It oocois

among oaks and <
in lanes, &c., in Ji
fix)m Ide to the I

BADIATA, Schiff, The ;

West, and Hump,, t i

Scarcely common, bi
thickly -wooded ]
When fresh this ii

DERIVATA, Schiff, The
West, and Hump., t. 6

Kather rare in the
Plymouth, but m
borders of woods i

Genui

PROPUGNATA, Schiff. T
West, and Hump., t. 6S

Common in all our
gardens, in the Ex
mon in the Plymo
in May and June.

FERRUGATA, Linn, The

West, and Hump., t. 63

Very common in gar
again in August.

UNIDENTARIA, HaW. Tt
West, and Hump., t. 63,

There is some uncerta
species, or only a
combined them, mj
tainly run very clos
dark fascia or baud
the outer edge, beh
species. This appea
The moth is rare ne

Gbnos, CA]
BILINBATA, Linn, The Y

West, and Hump.,i. 67, :

Common in every hedf
in June and July.

FLUYiATA, {jtuenee, lae irem.

Nevman, Brit. Moths, p. 172.

This was a few years ago regarded as one of our rarest
species, and was added to the Devonshire fauna by Mr.
E. Norcombe, who took specimens (but much -worn
ones) on gas -lamps in the neighbourhood of Exeter;
since then it has been bred in some numbers. Speci-
mens have been taken at Torquay, Sidmouth, and
Barnstaple. In 1857 it was common at gas-lamps in
the suburbs of Plymouth ; since then it has become rare
(Mr. H. S. Bishop). It appears on the wing in June to
September.

Gbkub, PHTBATiAPTKBYX, Stsphma.

TBRSATA, Schiff. The Fern.

JFett. and Rump., t. 66, f, 9 ; Ntwman, Brit. Moths, p. 173.

Taken by Mr. Rowdon at Torquay. It appears on the
wing in June.

Gbmus, SCOTOSIA, Stephens,

DUBITATA, Linn. The Tissue Moth.

West, and Hump., t. 67, f. 2 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 176.

Rare ; captured by Mr. Rowdon at Alphington. It appears
on the wing in August.

UNDULATA, Linn. The Scallop Shell.

JTesi. and Eump., t. 67> f. 5 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 179.

This beautiful moth is very scarce with us. I have seen
perhaps half a dozen specimens taken in the Exeter
district, and it has been taken at Horrabridge and Bick-
leigh Vale by Mr. Bishop. It appears on the wing in
June.

CERTATA, Hub. The Scarce Tissua

Weet. and Hun^., t. 67, f. 1 ; Neumum, Brit Moths, p. 178.

Very scarce; taken at Alphington. It appears on the
wing in May and June.

GBNT78, CIDABIA, Treittehke.

PSHTACATA, ScUff. The Red-green Carpet.

West, and Hump., t 66, f. 2 ; Neumum, Brit Moths, p. 180.

This pretty moth varies a great deal in the intensity of its
markings, as also in the ground-colour of the wings. It
is of frequent occurrence, in September, in lanes and
near woods, and generally distributed.

MIATA, Linn. The Autui

West and Sump,, t. 63, £

A scarce insect^ but tal
Topsham and elsewh
the Plymouth distri^
taken by Mr. Eogera

PiCATA, Hiih. The Short-

West. and Sump.y t. 63, f
p. 182.

A frequent species on t
herbage, and beat out

CORYLATA, Thh. The Haz

Wett, and Hump.^ t. 63, f ^

Not uncommon in the
thick hedges in lanes,
The larv8B feed on bk

RUSSATA, Schiff. The Com

West, and Hump,, t 64, f.
pp. 184-5.

A common but very v£
expanse of wings anc
tributed in woods, g
again in August Th<
no distinct markings.
When about to spin u
together with strong s;
its transformation as
pupa is somewhat anj
but turns darker befor
came out on August
autumnal variety.

Var, COMMA-NOTATA, Raw,

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 18

This beautiful variety
distributed, appearing j

IMMANTA, ffaw. The Marb

JTeet. and Mump,, t. 64, f. 3

Not common; taken at
D'OrviUe bred this froc
strawberry (1862).

SUFFUMA.TA, Schiff, The Water Carpet

West, and Sump., t. 64, f. 7 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 188.

Generally distributed, and common. A variable insect as
regards both markings and intensity of colouring of the
anterior wings. The moth appears on the wing in April
and May.

Var, PICEA.TA, Stq>h. The Pitchy Carpet.

Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 188.

This variety is very uncommon, so far as my experience goes.
SILACEATA, ScMff. The Small Phoenix Moth.

West, and Sump,, t. 63, f. 28; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 189.

A very variable and generally-distributed species. Met
with in woods, and in thick hedges amongst rank
herbage, &c., in May, and again in August.

PRUNATA, Linn. The Phoenix Moth.

JFest, and Hump., t 64, fgs. 4-6; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 190 (C
ribeearia).

Frequent, but not abundant, about black-thorn hedges, and
in gardens ; appearing on the wing in July.

TESTATA, Linn. The Chevron.

West, and Sump., i. 64, f. 22; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 191.

Not common, but taken occasionally among ssdlows in J uly.
POPULATA, Linn. The Poplar Moth.

West, and Sump., t. 64, ^ 19, 20 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 191.

By no means a common insect ; but three or four perhaps
may be taken in a season, in July. In the West it is
captured at Cann Woods and Bickleigh.

FULVATA, Far. The Barred Yellow.

West, and Hump., t. 63, f. 16 ; Neuman, Brit. Moths, p. 192.

Not common in hedges, but generally distributed amongst
coarse herbage on wood sides, in July.

PYRALIATA, ScMff. The Barred Straw.

West, and Hump., t. 64, f . 23 ; Newman, Brit Moths, p. 192.

Not common, but widely distributed in lanes and wood
sides, in July and August.

DOTATA, Clk. The Spinach Moth.

West, and Sump., t. 63, f. 21 ; Newman, Brit. Moths, p. 193.

Rare in the Exeter district ; taken in Stoke Wood.

Genus,

COMITATA, Hiib, The Da

West, and Hump., t. 64, 1

Very rare; taken by
appears on the wing

Family f £
Gbnus, ]

MENSURARIA, ScMff. The
West, and Hump., t. 62, £
Hothfl, p. 196.

Generally distributed, 1:
at Exeter; is said to 1
bridge (Mr. Bignell).
June and August.

CERViNARU, Schiff. The 1

West, and Hump., t. 62, f.

This fine insect is said
Efford and Stoke, a
Exeter district.

PALUMBARU, ScUff, The ]

West, and Hump,, t. 62. f.
p. 196.

Not uncommon, general]
plentiful. I have s(
Exmouth than anywh<

BIPUNCTARIA, ScUff, The (
West, and Hump., t. 62, f. 1

Common at Bovisand an
UNEOLATA, Schiff. The Ob

West, and Hump., t. 66, f. 1

This pretty little species
on Exmouth Warren, \

Gbnvs, ah

PLAGIATA, Linn. The Treb)

West, and Hump., t. 64, t %t

Widely distributed, and tc
be called common ; aj
May, and again in Aug

SPARTIATA, Fue. The Streak.

TTtst, and Sump., t. 67, fga. 13, 14; Neuman^ Brit Moths, p. 200.

Scarce in the Exeter district. Has been taken in the
neighbourhood of Dunsford by Mr. D*Orville, whence
he obtained eggs, and bred a good batch of the insects.
It is local, and not common in the Plymouth district;
taken at Marsh Mills and Plymbridge. The moth
appears on the wing in September.

Famay, SIONID^, Quenie.
Gbnub, TAHAOBA, Duponekel,

CHiEROPHYLLATA, lAnn, The Chimney Sweeper.

We9t, and Hump., t. 71, f. 4; Nnoman, Brit. Moths, p. 201.

Not common; taken near Plymouth and on Dartmoor;
plentiful at Bolt Head.

8$etumj DELTOIDS, Latr$iU$.
Family, HYPENIDJE, OuerUe^
Gbnus, HTFEK a, Sehrank.

PROBOSCiDALis, Linn, The Spout Eggar Likeness.

W0it. and Hump., t. 74, fg%, 9, 10; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii., p. 127.

Very abundant amongst nettles and coarse herbage, in
June and September.

ROSTRALis, Linn. The Button Snout.

Wett. and Hump., t. 74, fgs. 12, 13; Stainton, Manaal, vol. ii. p 128.

Eare; taken at Plymouth and in the Exeter district in
July and September.

CRASSALis, Fab, The Beautiful Snout.

West, and Hump., i, 74, f . 15 ; Siainton, Manual.

This pretty insect was taken many years ago, by Messrs.
Chant and Bentley, near Spitchwick, and Mr. D'Orville
took it at Dunsford, in 1859. He afterwards bred the
insect in some numbers. The caterpillar feeds on the
whortleberry. The moth appears on the wing in June
and July. Mr. Mathews has taken it near Clovelly.

GBNT78, HTPSN0BS8, Guen^.

ALBiSTRiGALis, ffaw. The White-line Snout

WMt. and Hump., t. 76, f. 6 ; Stainion, Manual, vol. iL p. 128.

Taken on Exmouth Warren, Barnstaple, and Dartmouth.
Not uncommon in July. Taken also at Plymouth in
dry sandy places. Comes to " sugar."

COST^TRIGALIS, Stqih. The Dark-line Snout.

Wett, and Hump., t. 75, f . 6 ; Siainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 1

Very rare. Only one specimen has fallen to m
twenty years' collecting. The moth appears on 1
in July. Mr. Mathews has taken it both at Ba
and Dartmouth; and the Eev. E. Horton ii
Devon, in July.

Familf/, HERMINIIB^, GuerUt.
Gbnus, BTVTJLA, Quende,

8ERICEALIS, Schiff, The Straw Dot.

WeaU and Mump,, t. 78, f. 11 ; Stainton, Manual, p. 130.

Rare in the Exeter district. Taken on the railwa
on the South Devon line in June and July.

Genus, HESMIHIA, LatreilU.

TAR8IPENNALIS, JVe. The Fan-foot.

WeaU and Hump,f t 74, 1 20 (P. tartierinalit) ; Stainton^ Ma
ii. p. 131.

Bather common, amongst nettles and rank herbage
road sides and woods, and in gardens, in Juno ai

BABBALIS, Linn.

West, and Sump., t. 74, fgs. 17, 18 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. i

This requires very close observation to distinguish
Tarsipennalis. The moth is found on the wing ii

We$t, and Rump., t. 74, f. 21 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 1

This is not so numerous as the above. It is U
similar places, and about the same time.

DENTALIS, Sch. The Starry Brindled.

West, and Sump., t. 78, fgs. 17, 18; Stainion, Manual, vol. i

Messrs. Westwood say of this insect: "Extreme
Near London, and Tavistock, in Devonshire, it i
at the end of June and beginning of August."

Onrva, PYEALIS, Lmnmut.

FABiKALis, Lirni. The Meal Moth.

Wttt. and Sump,, t. 76, f . 13 ; Stainton^ Manual, voL ii. p. IS

Sometimes abundant, in stables, and bams, and out
in June and July.

Section, PTRALIDES, LUmmu$.
Family, ODONTIID-ffi, Quende,
Gbnus, OBOHTIA, Duponehel.

Digitized by * ^oogle

FiMBKiALis, fyimjf. xne uoia-innge.

Wett, and Mump., t. 76, i. 16 ; Siainton, Manual, voL ii p. ^34.

Taken by Mr. D'Orville in the Exeter district, but very
rare.

GLA.UCINALIS, Linn, The Double Striped.

West, and Hump., t. 75, fl 14 ; Stainion, Manual, vol. ii. p. 136.

Also taken by Mr. D'Orville in the Exeter district.

Gbnt78, AGLOSSA, Ltnnaus.

PINGUINALIS, Linn, The Large Tabby.

West, and Hump., t. 75, f. 9; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 135.

Very common, in stables and outhouses, farm buildings,
&c., in June and July.

CUPREALIS, Hiii, The Small Tabby.

West, and Hump., t. 75, f. 10 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 135.

Very scarce. Taken in the Exeter district in July.

Gent78, CLEODOBIA, Stephens,

ANGUSTALis, Schiff, The Small Snout

West, and Hump., t 56, f. 4 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 136.

Scarce. Taken on Exmouth Warren, on the sand-hills, in
June and July ; also at Barnstaple and Dartmouth.

Family, ENNYCHIID^. Gusnle,
Genus, PTEATT8TA, Sehrank.

PUNICEALIS, Schiff, The Purple and Gold.

West, and Hump,, t. 76, fgs. 13, 14; StainUm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 137.

Generally distributed, in both north and south, in fields
shut up for hay, and in gpen spaces in woods, but more
especiEdly in the former, in June and July ; flying in the
hottest sunshine.

PURPURALis, TAnn, The Crimson and Gold.

West, and Hump,, t. 76, f. 12 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii p. 138.

Scarce. Captured in similar places to the above, both in the
north and south of the county, in May and September.

OSTRINALIS, Eiib. The Scarce Purple and Gold.

West, and Hump,, t. 76, f. 15 ; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 138.

Eare. I captured a specimen on the grassy sloping cliffs
beyond Exmouth in June. Mr. Mathews has taken it at
Dartmouth.

Gbnub, 8TEHIA, Oumie,

PUNCTAUS, Schiff, The Long-legged PearL

WetU and Sump., t. 78, f. 3 (If. lofigipedalis) ; Stainton, Manoal, toL iL
p. 143.

Sidmouth and on Exmouth Warren among grasses, &a on
the sand-hills in July and August. Scarce at Baggy
Point, North Devon.

Family, HYDROCAMPID^, Quen^e.
Genus, CATACLT8TA, Hubner,

LEMNALis, Linn, The Small China-mark.

We9t, and Hump., t. 76, f. 24 ; Stainton, Manual, vol ii., p. 144.

I bred this species May 23rd, 1863. Larva blackish-
brown, head piceous- yellow, mouth ferruginous, the
jaws black, basal half of head velvety -black, pro-legs
black. Spins a case interwoven with leaves of duck-
weed and bits of grass, and floats just submerged. The
larva, when under water, appears as if clothed in silver,
from its being covered with short hairs, amongst which
air adheres, so that the larva is enveloped in a layer of
air. The moth is very common round our ditches and
ponds, almost everywhere, in May, and again in August.

Genus, PABAPONTX, EUbner,

STRATiOTALis, Linn, The Kinged China-mark.

West, and Hump,, t. 76, f. 26 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 144.

I give this on the authority of Mr. H. J. Fust's List, p. 486.
The moth flies in June and July.

Genus, ETBBOGAMPA, LatreilU.

NYMPHiEALis, Linn, The Brown China-mark.

JTest. and Eump,, t. 76, f. 20; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p 145.

Common, in all our stagnant ponds and ditches, throughout
the county, in June and July.

STAGNALis, Don, The Beautiful China-mark.

West, and Hump,, t. 67, f. 21 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii p. 146.

Abundant in the Exminster marshes, and ponds and
ditches everywhere, in June and July.

Family, BOTYDiE, Ouen^,
Gbkus, BOTYS, LatreiUe,

VERTiCALis, Linn, The Mother-of-Pearl.

West, and Hump., t. 77, f. 8 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 149.

Abundant ever3rwhere, among nettles and coarse herbage,
in June and July.

CINCTAUS, Treit. The Lesser Pearl.

West and Bump,, t. 77, f . 10 ; StainUm, Manual, voL ii. p. 153.

On the authority of Mr. H. J. Fust; also at Barnstaple
and Dartmouth (Mr. Mathews).

GBin78, XABOAEOBES.

XJNiONALis, Hiib. The Union Moth.

Entom. Annual, ]860, pi. 1, f. 4.

One taken near Dartmouth in August, 1877 (Mr. G. F.
Mathews) ; taken by Mr. George King within two miles
of Torquay. (See Entom. Intelligencer, voL vii p. 19.)

Genus, SCOPTTLA, Sehrank.

LUTBALI8, Haw, The Yellow Brindled.

StainUm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 154.

Captured in Devon, as recorded by Mr. H. J. Fust, p. 486.

OLiVALis, Schiff, The White Brindled.

West, and Hump., t. 78, f. 14 ; StairUon, Manual, vol. ii. p. 164.
Common amongst nettles and coarse herbage. I bred this
in May, 1862, from larvae feeding on nettles.

PRUNALis, Schiff. The Dusky Brindled.

West, and Hump., t. 78, fgs. 15, 16 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 165.
Common, and generally distributed ; beaten out of coarse
herbage and hedges in June and July.

FERRUGALis, HiJth, The Eusty Dot.

West, amd Hump., t. 77, f. 20 ; Stainton, Manual, voL iL p. 166.
I have taken this insect frequently at dusk on the flowers
of the arbutus. It is not uncommon in the neighbour-
hood of Exeter in September, and also at Barnstaple
and Dartmouth. (See description of the larvae of this
species, and the life-history of the insect, by Mr. Buckler,
in Entomologist's Magazine for January, 1878.)

Seetiotu PLICATE.
Family, SCOPAKIlDiE, Qumee.
aBNUS, 8TEH0FTEB7X, Gmn^

HTBBIDALIS^ ffll*. The Rush Veneer.

West, m§4 Sump., t. 76, f. 30 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 165.

Generally distributed, and common in woods, gardens,
hedges, &a, in June and July.

Obnus, BOOPABIA, Eawwrth.

AMBiauALis, Treit, The Hoary Grey.

WttU andEump,y t. 114, f. 84; Siainion, Manual, vol. ii.

Greneially distributed, and frequent in woods i
places near the Moor, in June and July.

CEMBRALis, ffaw. The Large Grey.

JFeaL and Sump., t. 114, f. 32 ; Stainton, Manaal, voL ii.

Secorded by Mr. H. Jenner Fust as taken in Devo
PYRALALis, Hiib, The Yellow Stigmaed Grey.

JTeat, and Sump., t. 114, f. 36 {Eudorea dubitali*); Staui
vol. ii. p. 161.

Common everywhere in woods where fir-trees a
June and July.

MURALis, Curtis. The Wall Grey.

West and Sump., t. 114, f. 39 ; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. ]

Frequent on waUs among mosses and lichen
Exeter and in the Valley of Eocks, North ]
June and July.

LiNEOLALis, Curtis. The Striped Grey.

West, and Sump., t. 114, f. 38 ; Siainion, Manual, vol. ii. ]

Taken not uncommonly in the Exeter district
and gardens, and on outhouses, &c., in June an<

MERCURIALTS, /S^A. The Small Grey.

West, and Sump,, t. 115, f. 8; Stamion, Manual, vol. ii.
freq%t4nteUa).

Generally distributed, and common in June to Se]

ZELLERi. Zeller's Scoparia.

Has been taken somewhat freely in North Dev<
Ann. 1871, p. 77.)

RESiNALis, Steph. The Eesin Grey.

West, and Sump., t. 114, f. 40 ; Stainton, Manual, Tol. ii.

This pretty little species was taken in some nui
Mr. D*Orville in his garden at Alphington, nea
and I have captured it in Stoke Wood in June.

TBUNCicoLALis, Stain. The Fir-trunk Grey.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 161.

Scarce ; but met with occasionally in woods in tl
district in June and July.

uigiiized by

COAJiOTALis, Zel. The JNarrow-winged wey.

West and Hump., t. 116, 1 1 {E, mguatea) ; Stainton, Manual, toL ii.
p. 163.

Bare in the Exeter district; appearing on the wing in
April and June. Taken also in the Valley of Rocks
(Mr. Dale).

PALLiDULALis, Ovmie.

West, and Hump., t. 114, f. 37; Stainion, Manual, vol. ii. p. 163.

Taken at Braunton Burrows, on the authority of the late
Mr. J. C. Dale, of GlanviUes Weston.

• Section, ORAMBI.

FamUy, ORAMBID^, Ouende.
Genus, FLATTLES, Ou^.

CERUSELLUS, Schiff.

Weet, and Hump., t. 116, fgs. 36-87 ; Stainton, Mannal, vol. ii. p. 180.

Bare. One specimen captured at Dunsford, August 21st,
1862.

Genus, OKAMBUS, Fabrieiut,

PRATELLUS, Linn. The Dark Inlaid Veneer.

West, and Sump., t. 116, f. 11 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 181.

Common in every pasture from May to August. This
group of moths may be known to the young entomologist
by their resting on the stems of grass, or whatever they
may pitch upon, with their heads downwards. In flying
from one place to another they alight with their heads
uppermost; but they instantly turn themselves round with
their heads downwards, in which position they remain.

PASCUELLUS, Linn. The Inlaid Veneer.

West, and Hump., t. 116, f. 8 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 181.

Taken in the Exeter district, in meadows, in June.
HAMELLUS, TKb. The Hook-streaked Veneer.

West, and Hump., t. 116, f. 8; Stainton, Mainoal, vol. ii. p. 181.

Bare. Captured on Exmouth Warren in July.
ULIGINOSELLUS, Zd. The Marsh Veneer.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 182.

Taken by Mr. D'Orville.
MAEGARITELLUS, HiJbb. The Pearl-streaked Veneer.

West, and Hump., t. 116, f. 39; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 188;
Stephens, Brit. Ent., vol. iv. ; Haust., p. 40, f. 2.

Taken on the clifis, amongst coarse herbage, at Exmouth,
on towards Budleigh Salterton, in June.

HORTUELLUS, Hiw. The Gardeu Veneer.

West, and Hump.y 1. 116, f. 13 ; Staintony Manual, vol. ii. p. 182.
Not common. Taken by the side of a hedge in a meadow
at Foxhays, near Exeter, June 30th, 1856.

FamUy^QBILlDMy Guenfy
Genus, 8CE(£H0BIU8, Dv^pmcheL

FOEncELLUS, 7M, Tlie Aquatic Veneer.

West, amd Hump.y t. 117, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 186.

Very rare. I captured one specimen in a meadow by the

St. David's Railway Station, August 1st, 1862.

Family^ FUYCIBM, QuetUe.
Genus, AHEKASTIA, ZelUr.

LOTELLA, Hub, The Pale-edged Flame Veneer.

West, and Hump.y t. 115, fgs. 88, 89 ; Staintorty Mannal, vol. ii. p. 168.

Very rare. I took it on Exmouth sand-hills, August 6th,
1856. Westwood and Humphreys give June as the
time of appearance for this species.

Genus, ILITHYIA, Latreille.

CARNELLA, Linn. The Rosy Veneer.

West, and Hump y t. 115, f. 36; Stainton^ Manual, vol. ii. p. 176;
Donovouy Brit. Insects, vol. v., f. 5, pi. 153.

This very beautiful insect occurs on the clifis, amongst grass
and other herbage, on the south coast. I have taken it
between Exmouth and Budleigh Salterton in August

Genus, HOMCESOMA, Ourtia.

SINUELLA, Fab. The Twin-barred Kilot-horn.

Wsst. and Hump,, t. 115, f. 32; Staintony Manual, voL ii. p. 170.

Rare ; I took two specimens on the sand-hills at Exmouth,
in August, 1856. Mr. Dale captured it at Teignmouth.

NIMBELLA, Zel The Clouded Knot-horn.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 169.

Captured on the sand-hills at Exmouth, among rushes, &c.,
in August, 1857.

NEBULELLA, Qu&rUe. The Bright-clouded Knot-horn.

StaintoHy Manual, vol. ii. p. 169.

Taken by Mr. D'Orville in the Exeter district

ELTTVIELLA, Crueiide. The Ermine Knot-horn.

West, and Hump,, t. 115, f . 4 (P. n8buUUa)'y Stainton. Manual, vol. ii.
p. 170.

Captured in the Exeter district in August, 1862 ; but very
soaroa

Gbntta

ELUTELLA, HiJJ>. The Ci
We»t. and Hump., t. llfi

I have taken this in ni
in Exeter, in July.

SEMIBUFELLA, Haw. Thc
We9t. and Bump^ t. 116,

Captured by Mr. D*Or
it is found on the w.

ARTEMI8IELLA, Stain. Ti
StaintoHy Mannal, vol. ii.

Taken by Mr. D'OrviU

Gbnus, d

BI8TRIGELLA, ffaw. The :
West, and Sump., t 115,

Captured in Devon, a
p. 490. The moth a

INTEKPUNCTELLA, Hub.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii.

Devon (Mr. H. J. Fust'
Gbnvs, H]

ANGUSTELLA, Hiib. The £
JFeaL and Hump,, t. 116,

Taken in Devon, on the
p. 490.

Gbmus,

CAKBONAEIELLA, F. & B.

West. <md Hump., 1. 116.
Mr. H. J. Fust's List, p.

OBNATELLA, Schiff. The S
West. <md Hump., t. 116
Scarce. Two specimer
Coaver Garden, in Jn

ABIETELLA, Sckiff. The Pi
West, and Hump., t 116
Messrs. Westwood and ]
shire in June."

8UB0RNATELLA, 2/!^p. I
DILUTELLA, Hul, J

West, and Htmp.^ t. 115, 1 6 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 176.
Taken by Mr. D'Orville.

EOBORELLA, ScMff. The Dotted Knot-hom.

West, and Hump.^ t. 115, f. 27 ; Stainton^ Manual, voL iL p. 175.
I have captured this species in Stoke Wood, but rarely in
July.

Genus, BHOBOFHJBA, Guen^e.
CONSOCIELLA, HiJlJb. The Allied Knot-horn.

West, and Hump., t. 115, f. 17 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL pp. 170-71.
Stoke Wood, near Exeter ; bred, July 6tL Not uncommon
among oaks.

MAKMORELLA, ffaw. The Marbled Knot-hom.

West, and Hump., t. 115, f. 15; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 173
(MyeUns marmorea).

Taken by Mr. D'Orville in the Exeter district. Appears in
woods in June and July.

TUMIDELLA, Zinck. The Warted Knot-hom.

West, and Hump., t. 115, f. 12 ; Stainton, Manual, vol iL p. 171
{Acrohasis tumiaella).

Frequent among oaks in woods in the Exeter district, in
July and August.

Genus, OHOOOSBA, Stephens.

AHENELLA, Schiff. The Mouse-coloured Veneer.

West, and Hump., 1. 115, f. 41 (Araxes aheneUa) ; Stainton, Manual,
vol. ii. p. 174.

Taken in Devon, on the authority of Mr. H. J. Fust's List,
p. 490.

Genus, XXLIA, Curtis.
SOCIELLA, Linn, The Pale-shouldered.

West, and Hump,, t, 114, f. 27 {Jlythia sociella) ; Stainton, Manual,
vol. ii. p. 164 (A. colonella).

Taken in considerable numbers in a lane leading from St

Thomas to Eedhills, near the old quarry, June 19th,

1857. These moths were flying about the holes and

nests of some humble bees, on the cells of which I have

no doubt that the larvae fed. (?)

PR;
]

QUI
I

REV.

Var
Tl

PYRA

CRAT

Digitized by Google

XYLOSTEANA, Ltun. The Ported Ked-bar.

West, and Hump., t. 80, f. 6 ; Stamton, Maniud, vol. iL p. 203.
Not common, but generally distributed amongst honey-
suckle in hedges and woods, in June and July.

EOSANA, Linn. The Glossy Oblique-bar.

West, and Hump., t. 79, f. 28 (Z. Icevigana) ; StamUm, Manual, vol.
iL p. 204.

Captured on the borders of a wood on Eedhills, and on
Stoke Hill, near Exeter, in June.

TRANSITANA, QuerUe. The Maple.

Wett. and Hwmp., t. 80, f. 12 (Z. acerana) ; Stainton, Manual, voL iL
p. 200.

Not common. Taken in Stoke Wood, near Exeter, in June.

HEPARANA, Schiff. The Dark Oblique-bar.

West, and Hump., t. 79, f. 19 ; Stainton, Manual, voL iL p. 199.
Common, in all our woods and lanes, in June and July.

RIBEANA, Hub. The Common Oblique-bar.

West, and Hump., t. 79, f. 21 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 199.
Generally distributed, and common in gardens, woods, and
lanes everywhere in June.

Far. CKRASANA, Hiib.
The ground-colour of the wings in this is pale yellowish
buff, with the faintest possible outlines of markings to
be discovered. I have one specimen only captured in
the Exeter district

CORYLANA, Fdb. The Great Chequered.

West, and Htmp., t. 79, f. 26 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 200.
Generally distributed, and common in woods and lanes in
June and July.

UNIFASCIANA, Dup. The One Bar.

West, and Hump., t 79, £. 27 {L. coceana) ; Staintoti, Manual, vol
ii. p. 203.

Common everywhere, in gardens, woods, and lanes, in June.

VIBURNANA, Schdff. The Vibumian.

West, and Hump., t. 79, fgs. 12-14, 16 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p.
19a

This dingy and plain insect has been bred in considerable
numbers by Mr. D'Orville. The moth flies in June and
July.

VIRIDANA, L%nn. The ±
West, and Hump.,, t '
Abundant some ses
branches are beatei

MINISTRANA, Linn.

StairUon, Manual, vol.
Common, and general
May and June.

ADJUNCTANA, l^dt. Fo

West, and Hump., t.
voL ii p. 199.

The larva of this insec

leaving the neurati

leaf together, so tl

more general habit

an opening at each

appears in June ai

Qbnd

GROTIANA, Fab, The G
West, ofnd Hump., t. 8
Not common, but t
Exeter district, in .

PILLERIANA, ScMff. Pil
West, and Hump., t. 71

Scarce in the Exeter

Gbniis,

LITERANA, Linn. The 1

Wett. and Hump., t. 9(
p. 230.

This beautiful speciej
taken occasionally

SCABRANA, Sieph. The

Wett. and Hump., t 96

I bred the insect in
second segment w:
directed backw^df
September 6th, w(
moth came out 0(
ligencer, vol. iii. p.

BOSCANA, Fab. i5osc 8 Tortnx.

W$tt. and Hump.j t. 96, f . 8 (A. eeruMsma) ; Stamton, Mannal, voL iL

p. 231.

Taken amoiig8t elms in the Exeter district, but not conamon.
The moth is found on the wing in July. Mr. D'Orville
remarks {Ent. Mag., 1867, p. 187) that this moth comes
out earlier than ScabranaJ'

Gbnus, PEROnA, Curiin.

FAViLLACEANA, ffiib. The Ash-coloured Tortrix.

TTett and Hump., t. 94, fgs. 12, 18 ; Stainton, Manual, voL iL p. 232.

Not common ; in our woods and lanes in September.
RUFANA, Schiff. The Red Button.

West, and Hump., t. 95, fgs. 1-8 (van.) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p.

232.

Not an abundant species; in woods, gardens, and lanes,
where the hedges are tall and thick. There are several
strongly-marked varieties that have received names as
distinct species, thus :

Var. SEMILANA, Steph. The Pale-edged Button.
West, and Hump., t. 95, f. 5.
The colouring in the plate is not nearly bright or pro-
nounced enough. This form in some places is more
frequently met with than the one regarded as the type.
These appear on the wing in October.

MiXTANA, Hub. The Chestnut.

TFest. and Hump., t. 98, fgs. 1, 2 {C. eattaneana) ; StainUm, Manual,
vol. ii. p. 230.

Scarce. The only place I have taken this is on Haldon,
amongst heath, in April; but Mr. Dale, in lit., says,
"Teignmouth and Broad Clist"

S0HALL£BIAKA» Im%. The ShalleriaD.

WeBt. mnd Hwinp., t. 95, Igt. 7, S; Siainimt Itenal, toI. ii. p. 231.

Captured in the woods at DonsfoKl, and aft Bxetor, in the

middle of August,

Var. RUFANA, Haw.
The larvae feed on ttie leaves of Viburnum eolonoide^, in
Messrs. Veitch's nursery. The larva ia aolitary, one in
each leaf; it draws the edges of tlie leaf together, and
undergoes all its transformations in the leaf. The riiotli
comes out the last week in September and first week in
October.

Kar. COSTIMACULANA,
TFett. and Sump., t.

Taken among sallo
Not common.

VARIEGANA, Sckif, T

fTest. andlfump,ft\
vol. ii. p. 284.

Generally distribut
The larva of th
drawing a pinnul
The moth comes
implies, is very v
of the anterior w

One of the most dis

Var. ASPERSANA, Fab,
Taken not uncommi

CRISTANA, Schiff. The

TTMt. and Hump., t {

Widely distributed,
we hava No less
names, and been
far I am not aw£
taken in Devon.

Var. PROFANANA, Fab.

West, and Hump., i 9

Captured in Exeter

Var. FULVOCRISTANA, /S
West, and Mump., t. 9

One of the most bea

Var. PULVOVITTANA, Sit
West, and Hump., t. 91

A very distinct varie
one specimen only

HASTANA, Linn,. Hast'j

West, and Sump., t. 9S

This is another of th(
no less than tweni
ever, so frequent ir
as the former. Tv
viz. :

igitized by Google

aiuf Rump,^ t. 39, 8, 9.

Kot common ; found in August and September.
FERRUGANA, Schiff. The Rust-coloured Button.

Wett. and Sump.^ t 96, f. 6 {A, triptmetulana) ; Stainton, Manual,
vol. ii. p. 236.

Generally distributed in woods and thick lanes in July
and August.

TRISTANA, Hiib. The Mournful Button.

West, and Hump.^ t. 96, fg^. 4, 6 (Tars.) ; Stainton, Manual, toL ii. p. 232.

Not common. Taken in Stoke Wood, near Exeter, in
September.

ASPERSANA, Eiib, The Sprinkled Button.

WuU and Hump.f t 96, f . 2 ; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 236.

Eara Two specimens only have fallen to my lot^ both of
which are the same variety as figured by Westwood and
Humphreys, referred to above. This is found on the wing
in July and August.

SHEPHERDANA, Steph,

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 235.

Eare. Captured in the Exeter district

Obnus, TERA8, Treitsehke,

CAUDANA, Fab. The Common Notch-wing.

JFett, and Sump,, t. 97, f. 3 (r. $jfiractana) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL
p. 236.

Generally distributed in woods in the Exeter district.
Taken amongst oaks in August and September.

Fan BMARGANA, Fab,

Wut. mdSunip., t 97, f. 1.
Not common. Taken in similar localities with the

'* ^

OONTAMINAKA, Hub. The Chequered Pebble.

W$tt. and Sump., t. 97, f. 7 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 227.
Frequent in woods and hedges in July. It is liable to
great variation. Two of the most permanent vaiieties
are more abundant than the form regarded as the

species. Thus :

Var. CILIANA, Hub. The White-fringed.
Wmi, and Mm^^ i 97, t 8.
Is common in elms and hedges.

yar. RHOMBANA, Ea
Weat. and Hmnp.^

This is also comm

Var. nigromaculatj
Anterior wings y
with black; no
costal markings
series of curve(
Fringe yellow,
white, very fine
not sure where
as I omitted to i

Obnct

LCEPLINGIANA, Linn.
JTmL and Mump., t

Generally distribut
HOLMIANA, Linn. Th

West, and Hump., t.

Widely distributed,
in June and Juli

BERGMANNIANA, Unn.
West and Hump., t.

Generally distribut
and copses in Ju

FOESKALEANA, Linn.

West and Hump., i. \

Not uncommon in i
to elms than any

Qtjsaxx

CONWATANA, Fab. Th
West and Hump., t. 9

Beat out of elm hi
Not common.

Obnxts

LEACHEANA, Linn. Dl
West and Hump., t. 9{

This is not a commo
found feeding on
before they open
found feeding on i

VOL. X.

rimtty^ rxksk xnuw .miK, {±ume$,
Oenxjs, DITULA, Stephmt,

HAKTMANNIANA, Linn. The Short-barred White.

West, and Hump., t. 81, f. 10 (P. $eriptana) ; StanOon, Ttfannal, tqL ii.
p. 192.

Not common. In woods in July.

GxifCTB, PEHTHIHA, TT$iUehk$.

PBUKIANA, Hvb. The Lesser Long-doak.

W§9t. and Hump., t 81, £. 15 ; Stamton^ Manna!, Yd. ii. p. 194.

Bred from green larvsB feeding in the joung ahoots of
black-thorn; collected in May. The moths came out
June 8th to 11th. Common in hedges and woods in
June and July. When at rest on the upper surface of
leaves they so much resemble the excreta of birds that
it is almost impossible to tell whether they are so or not
until you touch them. This is probably a protection to
them, as this and the next species, which is similarly
coloured and has a similar appearance when at rest^ are
the most abundant of all this genus.

OCHROLEUCANA, HvA. The Common Long-cloak

West and Hump., t. 81, f. 14 {A. tripunetana) ; StainUm, Manual, vol
ii. p. 194.

Common in woods and hedges everywhere, but not so
abundant as the former. It is found on the wing in
June and July.

CYNOSBANA, Linn. The Black Cloaked.

Weti. and Hump., t. 82, fgs. 2, 3 ; Stainton, Manual, ToL iL p. 194.

Not common. Taken in woods and gardens in July.
OCHKOMELANA, 6uen£e. The Black and Yellow. A. dimidiana.

Stainton^ Manual, vol. ii p. 196.

Bare. Taken in the Exeter district.
MAR6INANA, Haw. The Bordered Long-cloak.

W$tt. and Hump., t 81, fge. 18, 19 ; Stainton, Manoal, vol. ii. p. 1^*

Bare. I took this in the Exeter district in July, 1865.

Family, SPILONOTID^, Oum^e.
GBNU8, 8PIL0H0TA, Qu4u^e.

OCELLANA, Schiff. The Cream Short-cloaked.

West, and Hump., t 82, f. 7 {S. oomitana) ; Stainton, Manual, yoI. ii-
p. 219.

Common, and generally distributed in woods and thick
hedges.

WEGLECTANA, JJwp.

Taken by myself

SUFPUSANA, KuU.

Wett. and Mump,,
ii. p. 206.

Not common. Ii

KOSiEOOLANA, J)bd.
Stamton^ Manual,
Hare. Taken an
Exeter district

KOBORANA, ScKlff, 1

WMt. and Mump,,
ii p. 206.

Generally distribu
and Jnly.

(

TRIPUNCTANA, Schiff.
West, and Mump., t

In oak woods and

I'am
G

UDDMANNIANA, Linn.
We$t. and Mump., t.

Grenerally distribu
lanes in June an

GBm

LITTORANA, Cufi. Th
WMt. and Mump., t.
Taken at Torquay,
ton, in July and

LACUNANA, ScMff. Tl
WeH. and Mump., t.
ii. p. 262.

Frequent in woods,
on the wing in Ji

Obnug

STBIANA, Schif. The

Wtst. and Mump., t ^

By no means of con
at Chrifltow, in Ji

Obnub, CVEPHA8IA, OurHa.

LBProANA, Cturt. The Red-barred Grey.

JTtsi. and Mump., t. 89, f. 11; StainUm, Haimal, toL ii. p. 263 {8.
poll tana).

Bare ; captured in the Exeter district.
MUSCULANA, Eub. The Afternoon Tortrix.

West, and Sump., t 80, t 18 ; Stainton, Manual, toI. ii. p. 202.

I captured specimens of this rather uncommon species at
Exmouth, 6th May, 1862, and I have occasionally taken
it at Exeter.

Obnus, SCIAPHILA, TreiUehke,

NUBILANA, Hiib. The Smoky-grey.

Wett. and Hump., t. 88, fgs. 14, 16 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii p. 269.

Beat out of hedges in the Exeter district in June and July.
SUBJECTANA, OuerUe. The Borderer.

Wett. and Sump., t 88, f. 9 {G. logiana) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p.
267.

Common in hedges and borders of woods in June and July.
VIRGAUKEANA, Treit. The Golden-red Tortrix.

W«9t. and Hump., t. 88, f. 8 {0. interfeetana) ; Stainton, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 268.

Bare with us; at least this is my experience. Captured
in June and July.

ALTERNANA, ScMff. The Alternate.

JFest. and Hump., t. 88, f. 1 (C atinana) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii.
p. 268.

Captured in Devonshire, on the authority of Stephens.
(See Haustdlata, voL iv. p. 129.) The moth flies in the
middle of June.

HTBRIDANA, Hiib. The Mongrel.

WMt. and Hump., t. 88, fgs. 11, 12 (male and female); Stainton,
Manual, vol. ii. p. 267.

Scaree in the Exeter district, appearing on the wing in
June and July.

OCTOMACULANA, Haw. The Eight-spotted.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 268.

Very rare I captured one specimen only on the coast,
between Exmouth and Budleigh Salterton, in August, 1857.

OCHRi^

June.

LANC£^

}

Tak

ai
d.

Tar. p
}

Capi
A

FURFUI
h

Capi

en
an

SICULA]

Bov€

UNGUIC

Bath

COMPTA

Sit

Very
in

LTODAN

Not c

DEBASAl
We

Thisl
Jul

Digitized by Google

MiTTERPACBtERiANA, Schiff, The Eed Hook-tip.

Wett. and Hump,, t. 84, f. 12; StamUm, Manual, toL ii. p. 22S.

Beaten out of elms and in woods, but not common, in
May and June.

Oenub, GBAPEOLITHA, Tr$U$ehk$.

NISANA, Linn, The Sparrow-Hawk.

Wnt, and Hump., t. 84, 6-8; SUinUm^ Manual, toL !i. p. 207.

Bare. Amongst sallows and poplars in July and August
OAMPOLILIANA, Sckiff. The Field lily.

W$9t, and Hump., t. 86, t 26 (P. iuboeellana) ; Stainton, Manual, toI. ii.
p. 207.

Captured in Stoke Wood, June 18th, 1858. Rather com-
mon amongst oaks.

TRIMACULANA, Don, The Three-spotted.

Vest, and Hump., t. 86, f . 28 (P. MitUrbaehsriana) ; 8tatnt0n, Manual,
Tol. ii. p. 221.

Taken in Stoke Wood, near Exeter. Frequent.

For. KXCRUCIANA, Stq>fL

Not common.
OBTUSANA, Haw, The Blunt- wing Blotch-back.

Wiut, and Hump., t. 85, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 225.

Beat out of oaks on Stoke Hill, near Exeter, on the 9th
June, 1868. Rather rare.

NiEVANA, ffiU). The Marble Single-dot.

JFett, and Hump., t. 84, f. 3 ; Stainton, Manual, toI. ii. p. 221.

Captured at Dunsford, in the oak woods, August 21st, 1862.
Tolerably plentiful I have bred this also from larvas •
found feeding on the seeds of Silene mjlata. The moth
came out July, 1861.

0KMINANA, Steph, The Twins.
Stainton, Manualf YoL IL p. 222.

Captured in Moiftli Bmm bgr Ibe Ber. 1^ Hortoii, in Jima.

Genus, FHL(BOrai» <7fiifM».

IMMTJNDANA, FiscL and R6$l

Wm. and Hump.^ t. 84, f . 4 ; Stainton, MamuO, r^iL^ 308.

Exeter distru^ aoarcei Stoke Wood S^ftember and Oetobei;

ANGUSTANA, Hub. The

Weit, and Sump., t. 8
p. 191.

Bred from larvae feed
sallows. Very abi
The moths came c
May. A generally
hedges in June anc

Var. VIMINANA, Ovsn4e.
This differs from the
being darker and o
the apical castaneoi
this from larvae fou

Gejh

ANGUSTIORANA, Haw. 1
West, and Hump,, t. 81,

An abundant species.
August.

Obnus.

CORTIOANA, ScMff. The
W$8i, and Hump,, t. 90
vol. ii. p. 238.

Captured in the mead
Station, Exeter, in .

PBOFUNDANA, ScMff. Tl

W$tU and Bump., t. 81
238.

Taken in Stoke Woo*
siderable numbers.

SOLANDRIANA, Linn. So
West, and Hump,, t. 90,

Taken in woods in the

8EMIFUSCANA, DU. The
Weit. and Hump., i. 90,
208.

Not uncommon in dan

OSNT7S, £1

SOUTULANA, Schiff. The
W08t. and Hump,, t. 82,
p. 212.

Rare. Captured on R

West, and Hump,^ t. 82, f. 11 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 212.

Eare, but widely distributed. Very variable in the ground-
colour of the wings. Taken June and July.

F(ENiiANA, Linn. The White Foot.

West, and Hump,, t. 82, f. 8 ; StainUm, Manual^ vol. ii. p. 213.

Taken by Mr. D'Orville near Exeter. It is found on the
wing in August.

TURBIDANA, Treit. The Muddy.

Figured and described in Zoologist, 1848, p. 2034.

Captured at Chudleigh by Mr. Stainton, in June, 1850, in
some plauts of the butterbur {PetasUes vulgaris). Ent,
Ann., 1855, 2nd ed., pp. 51, 52.

QsNVB, OLIHDIA, Quenie.

ULMANA, Hub.

West, and Hump , t. 99, f. 16 (P) ; StamUm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 239.

Sparsely scattered over the county, in woods and hedges,
in June and July.

Obnus, 8EMA8IA, Quenke.

8PINIANA, Fisch. and Rod. The Thorn Tortrix.

West, and Hump., t. 83, f. 18; Stainton, Manual, toI. iL p. 241.

Not very common, though generally distributed, appearing
on the wing in June.

lANTHiANA, Dupon. The Violet-coloured.

West, and Hump., t. 83, f. 24 ; Stainton, Manual, toL ii. p. 241.

Scarce. Taken in a lane leading from Heavitree to Sandy
Gate, in August.

WCBBERIANA, Schiff. The Weberian.

West, and Hump., t. 86, fgs. 7-11 (not good) ; Stainton, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 241.

Not very common. Captured in orchards and gardens in
June and July.

Gbnub, coccyx, Treitsehke.

SPLENDIDULANA, GhienSe. The Resplendent.

West, and Hump., t. 83, f. 2; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 247 (As-
thenia splendididana).

Scarce. Captured in my garden, July, 1864
ARGTRANA, Hub. The Silver-striped.

West and Hump., t. 83, f. 4 (P. atromargana) ; Stainton, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 243.

Common in hedges and the sides of woods in April and
May.

TiBDANA, umn.

Very rare. I captured a male and female
in a small copse on Marjrpole Head,
26th, 1878.

HERCYNIANA, Bech. The Ancient German i

W$9t. and Sump,, t 99, fgs. 12-U {0. comitan
voL iL p. 216.

Not very common ; appearing on the win
USTOMACULANA, Gicrtis. The Loch Eanoch.

West, and Hump.^ t. 85, f. 12 ; Stainton, Manual,

Not common. Taken in woods and lane
Exeter district.

Qbnus, BSmriA, Ouende.

BUOLIANA, Schiff. Baron Buol's Tortrix.

West, and Hump., t. 99, fgB. 8, 4 ; Stainton, Manx

The larva is reddish-brown, head and seco;
above, pro-legs black. The body is wrinl
with a deep depression on each segmi
curve near the spiracular line. These L
young shoots of the Pintcs, destroying tl
growth, which soon wither and die. Th
transformations in the bottom of their
middle of June, and the perfect insect
the second week in July. Some yean
attacked some specimens of Pinus im
Veitch's nursery at Exeter, in such m
trees were completely disfigured, and s
mens for the time being. The only me
of the larvae was to cut off all the sho
burn them, which was done.

Gbnus, CABP00AP8A, TreiUehke.

SPLENDroANA, ITilb. The Splendid.

West and Hump., t. 86, f. 4 ; Stainton, Manual, ▼(

Plentiful in the larva state in acorns in soi
moth appears on the wing in June and <

POMONANA, Linn. The Codling Moth.

West, and Hun^p., t. 86, f. 2 ; Stainton, Mannal, t

Much too common in some seasons in ^
once in six or seven years this insect 1
pest, especially in small gardens wher<
few apple trees ; in my own, for instanc

DUii uwo. une oi i^nese appears w oe a lavounw wiw.
the insect, as it is with me, being a good kind of fruit —
a pearmain. The larvaB of this moth attack the fruit
and feed on the vitals (namely, the seeds) of the apple,
and instead of its being left long enough to ripeu, it
immediately faUs to the ground. TMs moth is therefore
one of the most destructive of pests. In some places — for
instance, I have been informed at Bicton — at the time
when the moth is on the wing, it has been the custom
to light fires in heaps of rubbish, to create as much
smoke as possible under the trees, so as to stifle these
pests ; and a very good plan I believe it to be. Another
plan suggested to thin the numbers of this moth is, to
collect all the fruits that have been attacked by the larvae,
and destroy them. But this can only be done in com-
paratively isolated gardens; and where large orchards
are cultivated, as in Devonshire, it is almost, & not quite,
impossible to destroy this enemy to the cultivator of
choice fruit There are two broods of this moth in the
year, one appearing in the end of May, and the other in.
August.

Gbntb, BKBOPSIA, QuenSe.

NEBRrrANA, Trett. The Fawn-coloured.

IFtst, and Hump., t. 83, f. 13 ; Siainton, Manual, toI. ii. p. 261 (J?.
nigrieana).

Generally distributed, but not common.
PISANA, Ouen4e, The Pale-brown Striped-edged.

Wtst, and Hump,, t. 83, f. 15 (P. proximana) ; Stamion, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 261.

Taken in Devonshire, on the authority of Westwood and
Humphreys, vol. ii p. 125.

Gbnus, STIQXONOTA, ffum^s.

COMPOSANA, Fah. The Ornamental Tortrix.

JFest, and Hun^., t 83, f. 21 ; Stainton, Manual, yoL ii. p. 246 {8,
compotitella).

Not common with us ; appearing on the wing in May and
in August.

BEGIANA, Zel. The Regal Tortrix.

W0$t. and Sump,, t 83, £. 19 ; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 243.

Bare; at least so far as my experience goes. The moth
appears in September.

GSNUB, I

POiiiTANA, Schiff. The ]

W09U and Hump,, t. 8
ii. p. 2U.

Not common. Captu
ALPiNANA, Dupon. The

fFett, and Hump., t. 83,

Captured amongst ta
common ; appearin
it in August.

PEnvERANA, Linn. The

WeaU and Hump,, t. 83,

Generally distributed
the wing in June a

FLAVIDORSANA, Knaggs,
Ent. Ann., 1867, pL 1, i

Captured amongst sea
North Devon by M

TANACETANA, Stain.

Stainton, Hanaal, voL ii

This species was captu
amongst tansy. Th

Gbntts

BHEEDIANA, Linn. The '.

W$8t. and Hump., t. 98,

This pretty little motl
and the margins of

Gbnub,

uncETANA, Haw. The i

}Fe8t. and Hump., t. 86,

One of the most abu
amongst farze bush*
the sun about four o
again in August and

JULIANA, Bmt. The July

Witt, and Hump., t. 86, i

Very rare. The moth

HOHENWARTHIANA, iSctiiff, Jionenwortn's Tortnx.

WeMt, and Hump., t. 87, f. 8 ((7. fukfana) ; StainUm, Manual, voL ii.
p. 210.

Scarce, but found occasionally amongst thistles in July
and August.

Genus, TBTCHESIS, Cfum^.
MEDIANA, Schiff. The Double Orange-spot

TTest. and Hump., t. 83, £. 26 (P. amana) ; Stainton, Manual, yoL iL
p. 242.

This pretty little moth is not common, but may be taken
occasionally on the flowers of the umbelliferae, on the
margins of woods, in June and July.

FamUy, PYRALOIDID^ Ouende.
Gbnus, 8YMSTHI8, Leaeh.

VIBEANA, Hub, The Tremulous, or Dancer.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 159.

In swarms sometimes in the autumn on the flower-heads
of umbelliferae, flitting about in the most restless manner.

Genus, CHOBSUTES, Treitsehke.

SOINTILULANA, JTifrJ. The Dancing Spark.

We$t. and Hump., t. 76, f. 6 {S. myUrana) ; Stainton, Manna], vol. ii.
p. 169.

Taken in Devonshire (Messrs. Westwood and Humphreys).
It is found on the wing in June, and again in autumn.

Gbihts, ZTLOPODA, Latreille.

FABMCIANA, Linn. The Autumn Nettle-tap.

Wett. and Hump,, t. 76, f. 1 ; Stainton, Mannal, yol. ii. p. 168.

Literally swarm sometimes in autumn on flowers of umbel-
liferae. It is one of the most active little creatures.

PARIANA, Ifinn. The Double-barred Nettle-tap.

West, and Hump,, t. 76, fgs. 2-6 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 158.

Eare ; captured in the Exeter district in June.

Family, CONCHYLID^, Gu&ne'i.
Genus, LOBBSIA, Quende,

RBLIQUANA, Hiib, The Orange and Black.

Wett. and Hump., t, 100, £ 7 {E, permixtana) ; Stainton, Manual, voL
ii. p. 266.

Rare ; captured at Fordlands, near Exeter, June 8th, 1865.

Obnus, EUPiECILIA, Stephens,

ANGUSTANA, Evi, The Narrow-winged.

West, and Hump., t. 100, f. 4 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 273.

Taken in Stoke Wood, near Exeter, in September, but not
plentiful.

CURVISTRIGANA, WUk
Stainton, Manual, voL

Taken at Barnstaple
Magazine, 1866, p.

NOTULANA, Zel.

Stamton, Manual, voL i

Very rare. One spec
KXJPICOLANA, Curt The

JTtst, andJETump^jt. 1(M

Also very rare. Tak
Juna

Gbnub, 2

ZOEGANA, Linn, The Zc

fTest. and Sump,, t. 101

Captured, but rarely,
district, in August.

HAMANA, Linn. The Ho

JTmL and Mump,, t. 101

Frequent in similar pL

GbNX7

TESSERANA, Schiff. The
jr$si, and Sump., t 98, j

Captured in the Exetei
open downs, but not

Ghnxts, AJ

BADIANA, Eiib. The Che

JFeat, and Sump., t 101,

Widely scattered over
where, appearing on

Ghnxtb, C

FRANCILLONANA, Foi. Tl
West, and Sump,, t. 101,

Bred from larvae foun(
12th), and also beat

mopiANA, Haw, The PL

West, and Sump., t. 91, :

Very rare. Captured

Gbnub, TOSTSICOSEB, GumU$.

HYEMANA, Hiib. The Winter Tortrix,

JTut, and Hump., t. 110, fgs. 4, 6; Stainton, Manaal, voL ii. p. 278.

Very common in woods amongst oaks in Februaiy and
March, flitting about in the daytime in the sun.

Seeiion, TIKKS.
Family, EPIGRAPHIIDJS, Outn^e,
Gbnvb, LSMHATOPHILA, TttiiteKk;

PHRYGANELLA, Hub. The Drab Day.

Wwt. and Hump., t. 110, fgs. 8, 12; Staintm, Manual, toL ii. p. 282.

Stoke Wood ; rare.

Genus, DITJBVSA, JECaworth.

FAGELLA, Schiff. The March Dagger.

JFest. and Hump., t. 110, %b. 9, 11 ; Stminton^ Manual, toL ii. p. 282.

Very common in Stoke and other woods in the county at
the end of March and beginning of April.

Family, PSYOHEDJE, Bruand.
Gbnus, TALJBPOBIA, Zeller.

PUBICORNELLA, Haw. The Downy-homed.

Wett. and Hump., t. 110, f. 3 (P) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii p. 286.

Bare. Captured at Coaver, near Exeter, in May.
PSEUDO-BOMBYCELLA, Hvib. The Bombyx-lika

fTtst. and Sump., t. 110, %8. 1, 2 (P) ; SUunion, Manual, vol iL p. 286.

Bare. Taken at Coaver, May 28th, 1866. Larva cases on
palings at Dunsford.

GsNVS, P8T0HB, SekrmUt,

RETICELLA, NeW.

Statntan, Manual, Tol. i. p.. 167.

Very rare. Captured on the coast

ROBORICOLELLA, BtU,

fr$st, and Hump., t 16, f. 10 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. i. p. 167 (Fumam
nitidtUa).

Common on brambles and long grass stems, especially in a
lane in the Wonford Marshes, near Exeter; and it is
found not uncommonly at Plymouth, on Staddon Heights.
The larva may always be known by its case being made
up, or rather coated with bits of grass stems, placed
longitudinally. The moth comes out in June.

VILLOSELLA, Och.

SiainUm^ Manual, Tol. i. p. 166 (P. nigrieam).

Larvse in a very long toughish case on lichen-covered rails,
&c. Very rara The moth comes out in June.

Jvmi

GsNUfi

MELANELLA, ffaw, Th
West, and Hump.^ t. ]

Very rare. One sp
on the Topsham ]

FERRUGINELLA, Hub. '
TTeat, and Hump,^ t. 91

Common. Captured
D'OrviUe took wh
Alphington.

RUSHCELLA, HiJbb,

Wett, and Hump.^ p. 2-

Frequent. Taken at

TAPKTIELLA, Linn. Th(
Wett, and Hump., t. 9t

Taken in the coach-h
and in my house a

GRANELLA, Linn. The '.

Wut. and Hump,, t. 98

Common in stables ai
CLOACELLA, Haw. The

W99t. and Hump., t. Ill

Much too common in
in July.

RURICOLELLA, Stain. TI
Stainton, Mamutl, vol. i

Common in the Exete

PELLIONELLA, Linn. Thi
West, and Hump., t. 116

In my house at the
feeding on an old di
8th, 1856. The la
brown or black, ar
which are turned he
somewhat trumpet-i

FUSCIPUNOTELLA, Haw. The Brown-dotted Woollen.

WesL and Sump,, t. 118, f. 9 ; Staintm, Manual, toL ii. p. 292.

Abundant sometimes in stables and out-houses in June.
They literally swarmed in the stables at Coaver, near
Exeter, in June, 1853.

LAPPELLA, HiJil). The Triple-spotted Yellow.

WeaU and Hump,,, t. 118, f. 14 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 293.

Beaten out of ivy and lichen-covered rock on the Cowley
Bridge Eoad in June, 1857.

BISELLIELLA, fftm. The Destructive.

TTtit. and Hump., t 118, f. 16 (P. destrueior) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii.

Taken by the Eev. J. Hellins in his house in August, 1869.
NIGRIPUNCTELLA, Haw, The Many-spotted Yellow.

West, and Hump., t 118, f. 11 ; StainUm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 294.

Scarce. Captured in the hot-house at Coaver, Exeter, in
May, and taken also on Bedhills, by sweeping grass,
July 2nd, 1863.

SEMIFULVELLA, Haw. The Fulvous Tip.

WfiL and Hump., t. 118, f. 6 ; Stainton, Manual, toI. ii. p. 294.

Very rare. Captured in the Exeter district. The moth
flies in June.

Gbxus, LAMPBONIA, Zeller,

QUADRIPUNCTELLA, Fdb. The Double-spotted Brown.

West, and Hump., t. 119, f. 12; Stainton, Manual, Tol. ii. p. 296.

Captured in the garden at Coaver House, June 2nd, 1857,
but very scarce.

LUZELLA, Hub. The four-spotted Brown.

West, and Hump., t. 120, f. 3 (Z. flavipuneteUa) ; Stainton, Manual,
vol. ii. p. 295.

Taken by Dr. Jordan atYTeignmouth, and by myself at
Exeter, in June.

PRfflLATELLA, ScMff.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 296.

Taken in Stoke Wood, by sweeping amongst wild straw-
berries, grass, &c., June 18th, 1858.

RUBIELLA, Bjk. The Golden-speckled Black.

West, and Hump., t. 120, f. 8 ; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 296.

Common, some seasons, in plantations of raspberry. The
larva of this pretty moth is called the " red grub " of the

p. 293.

raspberry. It fee
numerous destroj
out of the bud, ai
leaf together, in \^
in this state near]
the chrysalis is fo;
the moth makes ii

VERHUELLA, V. ff.

JSiainton, Manual, vol.

Beat out of hedges
district^ in July;
case on Asplenium

MUSCALELLA, Fab, The

Nat Hist. Tin , vol. x
Stainton^ Manual, vo

Captured whilst fiyin
on May 10th, 1856

PECTINEA, Haw. The F

Nat. Hist. Tin., voL xi
Stainton, Manual, vo]

Rare. Captured in th<
1856.

OEHLMANNIELLA, ^ttJ. {
West, and Hump., t 119

Very scarce. Capture

Gbntts, ]

CALTHELLA, Linn. The J

Wett. and Simp, f t. 120,

Common in the drive
also in various parti
flying in the sunshii

SEPPELLA, Fab. Sepp's A

JTett, and Mump , t. 120,

At Fordlands, flitting
grass in the sun, in «j

MANSUETELLA, ZeL

Slainton, Manual, voL ii.

Not common. Captured

VOL. X.

THUNBER6ELLA, Fab, Thunbeig's.

W€9t. and Kmmp^y t 122, 1 15 ; Stmntan^ Manual, voL iL p. 303.

Common in Stoke Wood ; beat ont of oaks and crab-trees»
May 12th, 1857.

PUBPURELLA, Haw. The Bed-gold.

W$tU and Hmtp.<t t 120, t 14 ; SUUmion^ Manual, toL iL p. 303.

Taken at Fordlands, by sweeping birch-twigs, April 10th,
1857. Not common.

SPABHANNELLA, Bo8c The Spaimannian.

JFesL mnd Rump., t 120, f. 13 ; Stamton^ Manual, vdL iL p. 804.

Taken in a meadow at the farther end of Fordlands^ May
3rd, 1857.

8UBPURPURELLA, ffaw. The Half-purplish Underwing.

Nat Hiflt Tin., voL ziiL pL 3, £. 1 ; West, and Eump,^ t. 120, t 10 ;
StaintoHf Mannal, voL ii. p. 304.

Captured in Stoke Wood, May 12th, 1857, in abundance.

Oknxjs, NEXOFHOSA, Huhner.

SWAMMERDAMMELLA, Linn. The Swammerdamian.

WcmL and Hump,, t. 109, L 14 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 298.

Not common. Captured on Bedhills, on May 25th, flying
round oaks in the daytime.

BCHWARZIELLA, Zel, Swartz's Longhom.

We9t. and Hump., t. 109, t 16 {A, pansertUa) ; Stainton, Manual, yoL
ii p. 298.

Abundant ; flying round oaks in the daytime, dancing up
and down like gnats, in Stoke Wood and other places in
the Exeter district, May 22nd, 1857. The males of this
insect have the wings darker, and occasionally a female
may be found of the same colour, which would almost
lead one to suspect another species.

METAXELLA, ffHi. The Pale-brown Longhom.

JFett. and Hump., t. 109, t 16 {A. robertella) ; Stainttn, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 298.

Not common. Captured at Fordlands and Stoke Wood
in May.

Gbnvs, ABELA, LatreilU.

FEBULELLA, ScMff. The Clasp.

Nat Hiat. Tin., vol. xiii. pi. 4, f. 1 ; Wett. and Hump., t. 109, f. 7, {A.
Latreilla) ; Stainton, Manual, vol ii. p. 299.

Taken at Fordlands in May and June, flying in the day-
time amongst brambles, &c., but rare.

RUFIMITEELLA, Sccp.

Nat Hist. Tin., vol.

Not very common,
oaks in May.

SULZERIELLA, Schiff. ']
West, and Hump,, t. I

Not common, but tsi
June.

DE GEERELLA, Idnn, 3
West, and Mump,, t 1

Scarce, but taken oci
ford in June.

VIRIDELLA, Sccp. The '

Wett, and Mump,, t. li

Common in all the
flying amongst oak

Family, HI
Gbnvs, ffW
APICELLA, Don, \
COMPTELLA, HiO). ]

Wsst, and Mump., t. 11

Bred from larvee fee
at Coaver, Exeter,

c^siELLA, Hiib, The S]

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. xi.
tub/aaeiella) ; Staintot,

Common on white-th
June and August.

GRISEOCAPITELLA, Stain,
Nat Hist. Tin., voL xi.

Bred from a small gre<
in the hot-house a
came out April 8t
says, feeds *' on birc:

Var. PRUNi, Stainton.
Larva green, with a
brilliant carmine spc
on the plum leavei
together. The larvf

running out on the slightest alarm. The perfect insects
emerg^ from the pupa on July 29th, 1857. This insect
is darker, with a decided purple hue spread over the
wings, rendering the markings somewhat more obscure
than in the species. I first sent the larva to Mr.
Stainton, who then considered it distinct, but afterwards
regarded it as a variety only.

LUTAREA, Haw. The Yellowish Ermine.

W09t. andEump.^ t. Ill, f. 6; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 806.

Very scarce. Taken in Stoke Wood, July, 1869.
PYRELLA, VUlers. The purple-edged.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. xi. pi. 2, f. 3 ; Wett. and Hump., t. Ill, f. S (bad);
Stainton, Mannal, vol. ii. p. 3G6.

Frequent. Captured flying in the hot sun, by a hedge-side
near Exeter, May 10th, 1856 ; also at Dunsford, on the
6th June, 1862.

GsiorB, 80TTHS0PIA, Stainton,

CRAT^ELLA, Linn. The White-thorn Bar.

Weat. and Sump., t. Ill, f. 3; Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 807.

Not common. Captured in the Exeter district in July.

Genus, HTPONOXETITA, LatreUU.

PLUMBELLUS, ScMff. The Kent Ermine.

West, and Hump., t. 110, f. 26 ; Stainton, Manoal, vol. ii. p. 307.

Taken by Mr. D'Orville, and bred by myself from larvae
obtained in Fordlands, near Exeter, in July. The larva
is yellowish, with two lateral lines of black dots ; feeds,
under a thick web, on Euonymus Europceus.

PADELLUS, Linn. The Common Ermine.

Wett. and Hump., t. 110, f. 24 ; Stainton, Mannal, vol. ii. p. 808.

Bred from bluish-green larvae, with head and transverse
patch on second segment black, dorsal, sub-dorsal, and
lateral lines black, the spiracles dotted, and a trans-
verse patch on the anal segment black. Gregarious;
feeds under a web on white-thorn in the early part of
June. The moths come out in July.

Genus, PEATS, Stainton.

CUETISELLUS, Don. The Curtisian.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. xi. pi. 1, f. 1; JToat. and Hump., t. Ill, f. 1;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 310.

Not uncommon in woods among ash trees, in the buds of
which the larvae feed. Fordlands and Stoke Woods,

Dunsford, &c., in
rare in which t
blackish-brown, i
some entirely, obi
(Haworth).

Family,
Geni

CEUCIFERAEUM, Zel. I
JTgae, and Sump., t.
ii. p. 812.

Common amongst
plants, on which
August.

PORRECTELLA, LtUTL 1
TTmL and Sump., t. 1

Not common. The
something else bes
is not a native oJ
here in June and <

Gbnus

SEQUELLA, Clk. The Si

JFest. and Sump., t. 1
p. 313.

One of the most beai
as my experience ^
one specimen by tl
St. Thomas, Exeter

VITTELLA, Linn. The E

JFest. and Sump., t. 11

Frequent in woods j
buted, appearing ir
of a creamy-yeUo\^
atoms towards the i
markings whatever
by Mr. Stainton, ^
above species. I i
1857.

RADUTELLA, Don. The

fFest. end Sump., t 117

Common in all our w(

d by Google

Kar. QUINQUEPUNCTATUS, tiaw.

This is almost as common as the species, and is found in
the same places and at the same time.

COSTELLA, Fcib. The White-shouldered.

W09U and Hump,, t. 117, f. 14; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. S14.

Common in woods, and generally distributed, in July and
September.

SYLVELLA, Linn. The Wood Autumn.

JF$si. and Sump., t. 117, f. 19 ; 8taint<m, Hannal, voL ii. p. 314.

Not common, but widely distributed in our woods in
August and September.

ALPELLA, SMff. The Double-barred.

JTest, and Hump., t. 117, f. 13 (H. pertieella) ; StainUm, Manual, vol.
ii. p. 314.

Eaie. Captured at Dunsford in August.
LUCELLA, Fab. The Netted Hook-tip.

West, and Hump., t 117, f. 12 {H. anUnneUa) \ Stamton, Manual, toL
ii. p. 314.

Not common. In woods and copses in various parts of the
county in July.

SCABRELLA, Idnn. The Wainscot Hook-tip.

West, and Hump., t. 117, f. 10; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 314.

Rare. Taken in Stoke Wood in July.

NEMORELLA, Linn. The Pale Hook-tip Veneer.

Wuin «Nf Sm^., 1. 117, f. 7; Stamim, Manual, toI. ii p. 315.

Bara Captured in Dunsford Woods in June.
xrWQTSLLk, Imm^ The Tooth-streak Hook-tip.

Weit. and Hump., t. 117, f. 8 [H dentella) ; Stainton j Manual, vol. ii.
p. 315.

Common; the larvae feed on honeysuckla The moth
appears in July and August. Abundant this year (1878)
in the furze-brakep Stoke Wood, Exet^.

Genus, THEBISTIS, StaUton.

CAUDELLA, Linn. The Narrow-winged Veneer.

West, and Hump., t. 117, t 6; 0l«M% MiaoAl, in^ M. p.
8t$phm», t. 40, f. 1.

Kelt uBfionuKioit Mr. I)*OmIIe used to take this ttiotli in
hia garden at Alphington feequently in antunuu I have

PKOPINQUELLA, Trett, The Hesemblance.

West, and Hump., t. 103, f. 14 ; Stainton, Manna], toI. ii. p. 322.

Beaten out of thatch in the old sammer-house at Fordlands.
Taken also at Exeter in August ; not common.

AL8TB(£M£RIANA, Cttc. The Alstroemeiian.

Nat Hiat Tin., vol. vi. pi. 8, f . 2; JFist. and Sump., t. 108, 1 6;
StainUm^ Manaal, vol. ii. p. 323.

Common. There is one spot — on the high hedge-bank
opposite the farm on the Cowley Bridge Eoad — where
this species generally appears in March in considerable
numbers, flitting about the bushes and plants of hemlock
{Conium mdctUatum), This year (1878) they appeared in
great numbers in hedges all round Exeter on April 15th
and September.

PUEPUREA, Haw. The Lesser Purple.

JFest and Bump., t. 103, f. 9; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 233.

Beaten out of thatch of an old summer-house at Fordlands,
May 3rd, 1857, and brushed out of sallows in Stoke
Wood in August

OCELLANA, Fab, The Red Letter.

West, and Hump,, t. 102, f. 14 ; Stawton, Manual, vol. ii p. 324.

Captured on sallows, near Exeter, in September, bat not
common.

YEATESIANA, Fdb. The Brown-veined.

}re$t. and Mump,, t. 103, f. 2 (D. putridella) ; Stainton, Manual, 7oL il
p. 324.

Not common ; captured in the £x;eter di^io^ in Septanber.
APFLAKA. Fob. The Common Flat-bi^||[

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. vi. pi. 8, f. 3; and Jlump., t. 103, f. I;

SlatHtoiff Manual, vol. ii. p. 32-5.

Captured in Stoke Wood, April lat, 1863 ; not common.

cnJELLA, Stain.

Stmntcn, Manual, vol. ii. p 325.

Captured in the Exeter district; not uncommon in Sep*
tember.

PIMPINELL^, Zd. The Lesser Flat-body.

Nat BM, Tin., toI. vi. pi. 4, f. 2; Wett, and Mmmp,^ t. lOf, t *
(i>. eharaetercm) ; Staintm, Manual, voL ii. p. 93$. • * •

Taken ftt Bickleigh by Mr. Beading in ^ul^.

562

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

VILELLA, Zd.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 329.

Bred by the Eev. J. Hellins from larvse brought in some
moss for other caterpillars in his breeding cages. I have
captured several on Bedhills. May 25th.

VELOCELLA, Tis. The Swift-flier.

WmU and Hump,^ t. 114, f. 9 {A. mbuka) ; Siainton, Manual, vol. n.
p. 331.

Eare. Taken by sweeping on Exmouth Warren, May 4th,
1857.

DiFFiNis, Haw, The Greater Brindled-brown.

JFesL and Sump., t. 106, t 2 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 338.

Not uncommon on Exmouth Warren, where they flit about
by day amongst short grass and lichens. It is very
difficult to see this insect when it settles on the ground,
it is so near the colour of the sand. Taken June 12th.

TEBELLA, Schiff. The Subcinereous.

West, and Hump,, t. 104, fgs. 15, 16; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 333.

Common everywhere amongst grass, but more especially
where it is shorty in June and July.

BBSERTELLA, UdL The Desert Moth,

StainUmj Manual, vol. ii. p. 333.

Scarca Taken by sweeping along the ground on Exmouth
Wanen, September Ist^, 1857-

AjOUMINATELLA, Sircom, The Pointed Wing.

Nat. Hist. Tin., toI. ix. pL 4, £. 2 ; Slauit<mt Manual, yoI. ii. p. 338.

Taken by Mr. Stainton at Dawlifh, among thistlefli in May
an(i in August.

AXmnmmiTsk, Tis. The Wormwood Moth.

Kat. Hist Tin., vol. ix. pi. 7, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, toL iL p.

Captured by Mr. Stainton on Dawlish Wanen, ftmongst

wild thyme, in June.

AIFINIS, Haw, The Brindled-brown.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ix. pi. 5, f. 2; Stainton^ Manual, vol. ii. p. 334.
FrequcTit on the moss and lichen-covered rock at Exwick,
and other places where these plants grow. June 13th.

DOMESTICA, Haw. The ]

Nat. Hist. Tin., voL ix
Stainion, Manual, vol

Capured amongst moa
district Very freq

KHOMBBLLA, Hiib. The ;

West, end Huptp,, t. 114

Captured in Stoke Wc
HUMERAUS, Zel. The Sh

TTeat, and Rump,, 1. 116,
p. 336.

Scarce. Captured at
have a variety of 1
black scales that the
basal streak to idenl

VULGELLA, Eub. The E(

Nat. Hist. Tin., voL ix.
StaintoHy Manual, vol.

Beat out of a hedge on
on July 1st, 1862.

SCRIPTELLA, ffiii. The I
Nat. Hist. Tin., voL ix.
{A, trimeUa) ; Stamtm

Beaten out of maples,
experience goes ; bui
common in May and

CELEBELLA, Dffl. The Sw
Stainion, Manual, vol. ii.

Captured on Exmouth
scarce. This species
a yard or two at a
can under the edges

MACULEA, Haw. The Bla

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. x. p]
Stainton, Manual, vol. i

Bred from larvae feedinj
The larva is yellow
above black. The n
22nd.

d by Google

564 THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

TRICOLORELLA, Haw. The Tricoloured

Nat. Hist. Tin., yol. x. pi. 10, f. 2; We9U and Hump., t. 105, f. 10;
Stainfonf Manual, vol. ii p. 338.

Captured near Ide, August 17th, iii some numbers. The
larva is very pretty; body white with a dorsal, sub-
dorsal and lateral lines carmine. The sub-dorafil is
made up of a series of oblique stripes. Head, and two
round spots on the second segment, black. It feeds on
the unexpanded heads and flower- buds of Stellaria
holostea,

VISCARIELLA, Logau. The Eock Lychnis Moth.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. x. pi. 10, £. 8.

Mr. Stainton says, page 120, "I believe I have found the
larva near Bideford."

FRATERNELLA, JDgl.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. x. pL 10, f. 3 ; Stainton, Manual, vuL ii. p. 338.

Bare. Captured on the cliffs at Plymouth, August 12th,
1857.

MACULIFERELLA, Mann. The Light-brindled Brown.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. x. i)l. 12, f. 1; TTtst. and Rtmp., t. 105, f. 7;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 338.

Captured in July in the Exeter district in some numbers.
MARMOREA, Eaw. The Beautiful Marbled.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. x. pi. 11, f. 3; Jre9t. and Hump., t 106, f. 4;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 339.

Bred, and captured rather plentifully on the sand-hills of
Dawlish Warren, September 1st.

LEUCATELLA, Linn. The Crescent-shouldered.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ix. pi. 6, f . 3 ; fF^t. and Hump., t. 106, f. 1 ;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 341.

Very rare. Captured in the Exeter district in July.
NANELLA, ffiib. The Beautiful Brindled-brown.

West, and Hump,, t. 106, f . 9 {A. proximo) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii-
p. 342.

Bave. Gaptnrod at Exmouth, May 2001, 1863.
DODBOKLLA, JUm. The TwelireHipettedL

Wut and Mmp,^ t. 104, f . 18 {A. wmtiUam^) ; SUiiVlmh Manual,
vol. M. 1^. S43,

Very rare.

566

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

Gbnvb, OHSLABIA, Hawwth.

HUBNERELLA, Don. The Lobster-clawed.

Weit. and Hump.^ t. 108, f. 3 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 849.

Captured flying amongst oaks in Stoke Wood, August 2l8t,
1856 ; not uncommon.

GE?n7B, HOTHBIS, Stainton.
DUKDHAMELLA, Stain.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 351.

Eara Captured at Teignmouth. The moth appears on
the wing in July,

Gbnub, HABPXLLA, Sehrank.

GEOFFROYELLA, Linn. The Geofifroyian.

West, and Hump., t. 109, f. 4 ; Staintony Manual, yoL ii. p. 3a2.

This beautiful moth is not uncommon in lanes shut in
with old hedges, in May and June. This year (1878)
the moth has been plentiful, more so than I have ever
before observed it.

Gurus, DASTCSSA, StainUm.
SULPHURELLA, Fdb. The Yellow Underwing.

Weil, and Hump., t 109, f. 6 ; Stainton, Manual, yoL ii. p. 355.

Bred from larvae feeding in decayed wood in great numbers.
The moths come out in May and June.

Gbnub, (ECOPHORA, Stainton.
MiNXJTELLA, Linn. The Double Gold-spotted.

West, and Hump., t. 119, fgs. 11> 13 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 856.

Captured on the Cowley Bridge Eoad, and Mr. D*Orville
has bred it from larvae feeding on dry herbs in June.

TRIPUNCTANA, ffaw. The Treble-spotted.

West, and Hump., t. 119, f. 9; StainUm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 356.

Taken at Fordlands, and at Alphington (not common), in
May and June.

ANGUSTELLA, Hvib. The Black-spotted Brimstone.

West, and Hump., t. 107, f. 7 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 356.

Captured in the Basin -yard, Exeter, June 6th, and at
Fordlands, 16th June ; not very common.

LUNARis, ffaw. The Lesser Tawny Crescent.

West, and Hump., t. 114, f. 18 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 357.

Taken in Messrs. Pince's nursery July 22nd. I took a
specimen on a larch rail at Exwick in Julft which ap-
peared to have just emerged from the pupa, Whetii&t

the larva had fed i
am unable to say. (

LAMBDELLA, D(m. The '
West, and Hump,, i, iU

Very scarce. Capture

TINCTELLA, Tt^U.

Stainton, Manual, voL ij

Captured in the old E
Exeter, to Eedhills,

FUSCO-AURELLA, Raw. \

UNITELLA, Stain. j ^

7Fe»t, and Hump,, t lOl
ii. p. 358.

Bred by the Eev. J. E
in July, 1858. I :
woods in July.

FLAVIFBONTELLA, Riib.

Stainton, Mannal, vol. ii

Mr. D'Orville : one sp

FUSCESENS, Haw.

Wett, and Hump,, t 107,
p. 368.

Captured by the Rev.
10th, 1858. Not CO

PSEUDOSPRETELLA, Stain.
Stainton, TVfftT^^ftl^ yq]^ jf^

Very common in ware
in July and August.

Gbnus,

QUADRIPUNCTA, Eaw. Th

JTest. and Hump., t. 107,
ii. p. 369.

Taken in some number

FENESTRELLA, Scop. The

JFest. and Hump., t. 106, j
p. 869.

Larvae white, with a
piceous; second segn
lobed plate. Apex oi
pro-legs white. Take

6bnv8, ]

d by

Google

568

THE PAUNA OF DEVON.

in January. The moths came out in May. Much too
common in houses. I bred another from a larva which
found its way into one of my Diptera boxes, and fed
upon the body of one of the specimens. Came out April
30th, 1856.

Genus, BUTALTS, Treitschke,

GRANDlPENNis, ffaw. The Great Eaven-feather.

West, and Sump.^ t. 113, f. 24; Stainton^ Mantial, yol ii., p. 359; and
in £nt. Ann., 1858.

Mr. Stainton says : " I observed the larvae of this insect in
the greatest profusion on furze-bushes on a steep hill-
side between Torrington and the river. The wete were
in February quite a feature in the landscape."

Family, GLYPHIPTERYGIDiE, Stainton,
Genus, ACEOLEFIA, C'^His.

GRANITELLA, Treit.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 863.

Very rare. Captured in the Exeter district in July, and at
Chudleigh ; at the latter place by Mr. Stainton.

PYGMiEANA, Haw.

West, and Hump,, p. !248 (not figured) ; Stainton, Manual, toI. ii. p. 363.

Frequent in our woods, and in lanes, in August and Sep-
September.

Genus, 0LTFHmERYX, Stainton.

FtJSCOViinuELLA, Raio. The Brown-green,

West, and Hump., t. 113, f. 21 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 364.

Captured by beating hedges near Wonford, in the Ezete

district, May 22nd, 1856. Not rare.

THRASONELLA, Scop, The Eush Moth.

W09t amd Sump,, 1. 118, f. 10; jSMnt^ Muiaal, tqL iL p. 864.

Plentiful among rushes in a meadow below Fordlands
House, June 18th, and almost everywhere where rushes
grow.

FISOHEEIELLA, Zd. Fischer's Moth.

Stainton, Hannftl, vol. iL p. 36G.

Captured by sweeping grass at Fofdlimds; plentiful on

May 25th, 1856.

QnnrBy JEWMIA, Siakkm,

0ENTELLA, ZcL The Tootfaiid Witli. . r

JFcttt. and Hump , p. 250 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 365.

Captured at Chudleigh, and between Exmaulih and Bod-
leigb Salterton^ August 16th. Veiy seaeea

Gbi

OBSCUREPUNCTELLA, Stt
West, and Hump., t.
p. 366.

Taken in Stoke Wc
out of mixed hedj

Genu

SEKICIELLUM, Raw. T]
TFest. and Hump,, t. 1

Captured flying in
borders of Stoke A
and active little (
heat and light of t

STANNBELLUM, Fisch. a7i
Stainton, Manual, vol.

This, SO far as my
captured it at Ford

Family, AR
Gbnub, I

NITIDELLA, Fab. The V

TFest. and Hump., t. 1
Tol. ii. p. 369.

Beaten out of hedges
July; common.

SPiNiELLA, Zd. The Slo

StaintoH, Manual, vol. ii

In black-thorn hedge
distributed) in July

ALBISTRIA, ^aw;. The P
West, and Bump., t. Ill,

Common, and generall
MENDiCA, Haw. The Pu

West and Hump., t. 11 1,

Captured in a lane le
EedhiUs, June 19th

CURVELLA, Linn. The Bi

West, and Hump., t. m,

Captured by the river f
maple, near Exeter, ,

VOL. X.

570 THE FAUKA OF DEVON.

PYGILSELLA, fftlft. The Dwart

Stainum, Manual, toL iL p. 371.

Beaten out of saUow-bushes in Stoke Wood, June 18th ;
not uncommon.

GOEDABTELLA, Linn. The Goedartian.

JFest, and Sump., t. Ill, f. 19; Stainion, Manual, vol. iL p. 372.

Taken at Ghristow in July, and beaten out of alders by the
side of the Exe.

BROCKEELLA, ffiib. The Gold L W.

Wett. and Hump.f t. Ill, f. 21 ; StainUm, Manual, vol. iL p. 872.

Bare. Captured at Christow in July, and at Kenton,
August, 1878.

Gbnus, ZELLEEIA, Stainton.
INSIGNIPENNELLA, Stain.

Stainton, Manual, voL ii. p. 374.

Very rare. Beaten out of fir-trees in Stoke Wood, near
Exeter, in March, 1858.

Family, GRACiriARIEDiE, Stainton.
Gbnus, OBACILASIA, JZeller.

SWEDEKELLA, Scha. The Swederin.

Nat. Hist. Tin., yol. viii. pi. 1, f. 2 ; West, and Sump., t. 122, f. 3 (O.
tkunbergetta) ; Stainton, Manual, yoL ii. p. 376.

Not uncommon among oaks in Fordlands and other woods
in May, and again in August.

stigmatella, Fah. The Triangle-marked-red.

West, and Hump., t. 122, f. 1 ; Stamton, Manual, toL iL p 376.

Scarce. Taken at Dunsford, and at Stoke Wood, August
21st, 1862.

SEMIFUSCIA, ffaw. The Semi-white-bar.

Nat. Hist. Tin , voL viii. pi. 1, f. 3; IFest. and Hump., t. 121, f. 9;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 377.

Very rare. Bred from cones on maple leaves, July, 1864.
ELONGELLA, Linn. The Mottled-red.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. vHi. pi. 2, f . 1 ; JTut. and Hump., t. 122, f. 4 (G.
hamidaetpleUa) : Stainton, voL ii. p. 377.

Scarca Taken at Dunsford, March 30th.
TRiNGn>ENNELLA, Zd. The Livid Slender.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. viii. pL 3, f. 1 ; West, and Hump., t. 122, f. 8
{G. roscipennella) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 377.

Bred in numbers from leaves of plantain gathered on the
rock in the New North Boad, Exeter. The moths came
out from May 10th to June 2nd.

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

FamUy, COLEOPHORID-S:, StainUm,
Gbmus, COLEOPHORA, Zell$r.

FABRiciELLA, VUlers. The Fabrician.

fFest. and Hump., t. 113, f. 35 {If spirsieomu) \ Stainton, Manual,
vol. li. p. 387.

Eare. Taken by sweeping grass, &c., on Stoke Hill, near
Exeter, July 13th, 1857.

DEAURATELLA, Lien, The Gilt-over.

West, and Hump.^ t. 113, f. 36; Stainton, Manual, yol. ii p. 387.

Scarce. Captured in the Exeter district by Mr. D'Orville
and myself in July.

ALCTONIPENNELLA, Kol The Kingfisher's Feather.

Nat Hist. Tin., vol. v. pi. 16, f. 3 ; West, and mtmp., t. 113, f. 36 (JT.
tri/olii) ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 386.

Larvae in Stoke Wood, on Centaurea nigra, 1871.
FUSCOCUPRELLA, Stain. The Dusky-gold.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 366.

Bred from larvae feeding, in globular case, on hazel leaves
in Stoke Wood. The moths came out in May, 1862.
Very scarce.

ANATIPENNELLA, ffiib. The Duck*s Feather.

Nat. Hist. Tin , vol. iv. t. 4, f . 3 ; Siainton^ Manual, vol. ii. p. 387.

The larvae of this were found abundantly on sallow at
Sidmouth a few years ago, the moths appearing in July.

ALBICOSTA, Haw. The White-edged.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. iv. pi. 8, f. I ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 388.

Eare. Captured on Marypole Head, near Kxeter, May
20th, 1878.

PALLIATELLA, Zinck. The Cloaked.

StainUm, Manual, vol ii. p. 388.

Beaten out of an ash-tree in Stoke Wood, July 1st, 1858.
Very scarce. Larvae on September 25th, 1869.

CURRUCIPENNELLA, Fisch. V. Rosl. The Blackcap's Feather.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol iv. pi. 4, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 388.

Larvae on oaks on the Duryard Estate, near Exeter, June
4th, 1862. Not common.

IBIPENNELLA, Heyd. The Ibis' Feather.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. iv. pi. 4, f . 2 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 387.

Not uncommon at Sidmouth, particularly in the larva state.

574

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

viRGAUREiE, Stain. The Golden Eod Moth.

Nat Hist Tin , vol. iy. pi 6, f. 2 ; StamUm^ Manual, vol. iL p 391.

Bred from larv» found feeding on the seeds of the golden
rod, at the bottom of Stoke Wood. Found also at
Bideford. The moths come out in September. I dis-
covered this species November Ist, 1853; it was then
new to Britain. The case in which the larva lives is
dark-brown, the apex triangular, and the whole is almost
covered with the whitish filaments of the seeds, directed
backwards.

ALBITAESELLA, Zel. The White-footed.

Stainton, Manual, rol. ii. p. 886.

Bred from larvae found feeding on ground ivy (Glechoma
Jiederacea), in the Matford Lane, near Exeter, June, 1857.

NIGRICELLA, Steph, The Black-fringed Clay.

West, and Hump,, t. 118, f. 32; StainUmj Manual, vol. ii. p. 865.

Bred from larva feeding on the leaves of plum, at Coaver,
near Exeter, July, 1858. Larvse also on hawthorn.

FUSCEDINELLA, Zel. The Dusky-winged.

WeH. and Sump., t 118, t 28 (A. •btewreUa) ; Stamton, Manual, ¥oL

ii. p. 885.

Bred from larva3 feeding on elm leaves. Came out July
30th, 1856. Common some seasons on elm ; and this
spring, 1878, the larvae were plentiful on alder in a
meadow near the Bristol and Exeter Eailway station.

GBYPHIPENNELLA, Boucht. The Eose-leaf Coleophora.

WetU and Hump., t. 118, f. 29 ; StamUm, Manual, yoL ii. p. 885.

Bred from larva3 feeding on the leaves of the dog-rose
(Itosa canina), at Wonford and Kedhills. The moths
came out July 6th.

VMINETELLA, ffcff.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. pL 16, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 885.

Bred from larvae feeding on leaves of sallow all through
the Exeter district, and is comlnon. The moths came
out July 3rd, 1857.

Far. MTiuCiE, E, P. The Gale Moth.
This is paler in all its parts than Viminetella; the larva
case is neater made, and in some instances longer than
in that species. I met with this in great numbers,
feeding on Myrica gaU, on Bovey Heathi&eld, in May,
1863. They will also eat sallow. The mottis came out
July 18th the same year.

576

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

Genus, BATRACHEDBA, Stainim.
PRfiANGUSTA, Haw, The Narrow-winged.
Staintonj Manual, yol. iL p. a96.
Very rare. Captured by sweeping, near Stoke Wood, in
June, 1869. Mr. D'Orville also took this species.

Genus, CHAULIODUS, Treitschke,
HJJGERELLUS, Hiii. lUeger's Moth.
StatTUon, Manual, vol. il p. 397.
Very rare. Captured in the Exeter district in July.

Genus, LAVEBHA, Staintan.
EPILOBIELLA, Sch. The Willow-herb Moth.

Nat Hist. Tin., vol xi. pL 6, f. 3 ; StairUon, Manual, voL ii. p. 398.
Bred from larvae feeding in the leaves of EpiLohivm hir-
mtum and montanum in the Exeter district, the moths
appearing in July.

DEOORELLA, Steph. The Elegant.

Nat Hist. Tin., vol. xL pi. 6, f. 1 ; West, and Hump.^ t 106, t 3 ;
Staintcny Manual, vol. ii. p. 399.

Not common. Captured in Fordlands Wood, and also in

Stoke Wood, on May 2nd. Taken by Mr. Stainton at

Chudleigh.

subbistbigella, Haw. The Double-striped.

Nat Hist. Tin., vol. xL pL 6, f. 2 ; StamUm, Manual, vol. iL p. 399. |
Not uncommon. Taken at Fordlands, May 13th, 1863,
and at Chudleigh (Mr. Stainton).

BHAMNIELLA, Zel. The Buck-thorn.

Nat Hist Tin., vol. xi. pL 6, f. 3 ; StairUcn, Manual, vol. ii. p. 40O.
Bred by Mr. D'Orville from larvae collected at Fordlands
in leaves of Bhamnus frangula.

Genus, CHBYSOCLYSTA, Stainton.
LINNEELLA, Clk. The Linnaean.

Wegt, and Hump,, t. 113, f. 1 ; StavrUon, Manual, vol. ii. p. 400.
Larvae on the inner bark of lime trees ; not common with
us. This is the gem of the micro-lepidoptera. It is
found sitting on the trees from whence it has just
emerged in July.

SCHRANKELLA, HuK The Schiankellian. 1
p. 400.

Captured ou the Cowley Bridge Boad in July, and at
Duusford in August.

FLAVICAPUT, Haw. Th
West, and Hump,y t.
Not uncommon near
Gen

LANGIELLA, Eiib. Lan|
Staintcn, Manual, voL
Bred from larvae fee
nightshade {Circcei
wall in the old Ian
Exeter. The larv
blotches in the let
the mine, and spin
of the leaf It fe
hirmtum. The mc
has been taken als^

Qbnuj

MODESTELLA, Dup, The
West, and Hump.^ t. ]
Captured by sweeping
and June ; not unc

GaiTus,

FESTAUELLA, HiO). The
West, and fftmp.y t 1
Taken in Stoke Wood

Gbhus, Ain
PFEIFFERELLA, Hilb. Th
Nat. Hist Tin., vol. xi.
Stainton, Manual, vo
Bred from larvae feedii
of the dog- wood (ft
brook, Countess W
out two correspond:
the edges of the bio
A very small bit is
when this is done,
severed, and the litt
leaving a hole in 1
The larvae then ui
case, and the moths

Gbnus, :

ATRICOMELLA, Stain, Th
Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. iii.
Staintortf Manual, vol

Very scarce. Taken ii

d by Google

578

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

LUTICOMELLA, Zd. The White-spotted Sable.

W99i, and Rump,, t. 112, f. 36 (Jf. gutteUa) ; SUinUn, Maaaal, vol. it
p. 406.

Eare. Taken in the Cathedral Close in July.
NIGRELLA, HiiJb. The Small Double Silver-bar.

West, and Hump,, t. 112, f. 40 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 406.

Taken by sweeping grass, &a, in June. Scarce.
SUBNIGRELLA, Dgl. The Half-black.

Nat. Hist. Tin., yol. iii. pi. 7> f . 2 ; Stainton, Mannal, voL ii. p 408.

Captured by sweeping in June. Not common.

OBSCURBLLA (?), Stain.

Stainion, Manual, vol. ii. p. 407.

Taken by sweeping grass, &c, in July.
MEGERLELLA, Stain. Megerle*s Elachiste.

Statnton, Mannal, vol. ii. p. 408.

Bred from larvae feeding in Bromus sterilis. When full-fed
it comes out of the leaf, and attaches itself by the tail
to the glass, in which position the pupa is suspended.
The moths came out May 13th. Not common.

ADSCITELLA, Stain.

Stainton, Mannal, toI. ii. p. 408.

Captured in the early part of June, 1878. Appears to be
rare with us.

RHYNCHOSPORELLA, Stain. The Beak-rush Moth.

Stamton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 410.

Bred by Mr. Stainton from larvae found in leaves of JSleo-
ckaris on Haldon. The moths came out in June.

RUFOOiNEREA, ffaw. The Red-brindled.

Nat. Hiat. Tin., vol. iii. pi. 2, f . 8 ; JFest. and Swi^., t, 114, f. 11 ;
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 411.

Very common everywhere in April and May.
CYGNIPENNELLA, Hiib. The Swan's Feather.

m\^f. and JInmp., t. 114, f. 7 J gtowifew, Manual, vol. ii. p. 412.

Captured abundautly on the sloping cliflF beyond Exmouth.
They were flitting about amongst the stems of gxasSy
and settling on them. May 20th, 1863. j . ;

580

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

TORMINELLA, Frty. The Service-tree Moth.

Stainton, Manual, yoL iL p. 418.

Bred by Mr. M'Lachlan from larvae found in the leaves of
a morella cherry in a garden in Exeter.

SALicicoLELLA, Sir. The Sallow.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ii. pi. 1, f. 2 ; StainUm, Manual, voL ii. p. 418.

Bred from leaves of sallow gathered in Stoke Wood. I
forced the pupae, so that the moths came out March 13th,
1863. In their natural state they would not come till
May.

VIMINETORUM, Stain. The Willow.

Nat. Hist. Tin., yol. ii. pi. 1, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 417.

Bred by Mr. D'Orville from larvae collected near his house
at Alphington.

ULMIFOLIELLA, HiJii,

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ii. pi. 6, f. 3 ; StatMton, Mannal, yol. ii. p. 417.

This species, so far as my observation goes, is scarce with us.

QUERCIFOLIELLA, Fis(^. and RosL
Stainton^ Manual, toI. ii. p 420.

Bred by Mr. D'Orville in some numbers, and taken by
myself in May near Exeter.

MBSSANIELLA, ZcL The i\Iessinian.

Nat. Hist Tin., vol. ii. pi. 6, £. 2 ; StaintoHj Manual, yoL ii. p. 420.

Very abundant in tiie evergreen oak, and also in the leaves
of the common (mk, in our woods. The moths oome out
in May and in September.

vmiKiELLA, Sir, The Sallow-leaf Miner.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ii. pi 1, f. 3; Sfainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 420.

Bred from larvae collected near Exeter in the leaves of
sallows. I forced out the moths on January 20th, 1858;
their proper time would be May, This species appeaxs
to be generally distributed^ if» hfMdag been fbiuul al
Dawlish and Lynmontk

AUOTOUKLLA, Hiih. The Alder-leaf

Nat. Hiat. Tin., vol. ii. pi. 5, f. 3 ; Sfainton^ Manual, vol. ii. p. 416.

Bred from larvae collected iu alder leaves by the side of
the £xe on November 10th, 1856. The moths came, out
in the hothouse Mait^h 4^h, 1857; tiieir n&tmal time
would be May.

CRAMERELLA, Fab, The Cr

Weat, and Mump., t. 113, f.

Not uncommon in Stoke

SYLVELLA, ffaw.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p.

Beat out of maple-busL
tured also on Eedhills

EMBERIZiEPENNELLA, Bou. '
Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. ii. pi.

Bred by Mr. D'Orville in
in the leaves of LycesU
at Alphington. How
the Nepal plant beloi
foliacece — the same as
food in this country—
stinct, or something ve
directed them to the :
duction.

NiCELLii, Zd, Nicellii's Mc

8/ainton, Manual, vol. ii. p.

This pretty species has 1
larvae found in the Ex(
come out in May and S

STETTIKENSIS, Mc. The St€
Nat. Hiflt. Tin., vol. ii. pi. (

Found at Dawlish (recor<
193).

SCHREBERELLA, Fab. The S<
We»t, and Hump., t. 112, f. 6

This has been taken at I
p. 204); Stoke Wood,
D'Orville. The moth

TRISTRIGELLA, Eaw. The Ti
We9t, and Hump., t 112, f.
Bred from larvae feeding
Exeter. The moths can

TEiFASCiELLA, Haw. The Ta
West, and Hump., t. 112, f.
Generally plentiful where
the larvae feed. The
October.

582 THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

Family, LYONETIIDJS, Staintan.
QwsxJB, LYOHETIA, Hiih.

CLEBCKELLA, Linn. The Clerkian.

West, and Eump., t. 112, 1 24 ; StatrUony Manual, yoL iL
Bred from bluish-green larvae, with head and two spots on
second segment black ; legs black, and very short ; the
anal s^mente reddish. It has a very irregular geo-
metric mode of progression. The larva spins a silken
tube, wider at one end than the other, in which it lives.
This is attached by strong silken threads to the veins on
the under side of apple leaves. This tubular dwelling
reminds one, from the disposition of the strong threads,
of a hammobk slung up. The larva undergoes its trans-
formation in the larger end of the tube. The pupa is of
a blue-green colour, and can be easily seen tlm>ugh the
silk. The moths come out in September; they were
abundant in 1857.

Geitus, PHYLLOGVISTIS, ZeUer.
SUFFUSELLA, Zd. The Smeared.
Staintm, Manual, vol. ii. p. 424.
Bred by Mr. D'Orville from larvae taken in his garden, and
captured by myself, amongst poplars, at Mount Pleasant
and Exmouth Warren, September IsL

SALIGNA, Zd. The Willow.

West, and Hump., t. 112, f. 22 ; Stawtan^ Manual, vol iL p. 425.
Beaten out of sallows in Stoke Wood in August, 1858.

GiNUS, CEMI08T0MA, ZeUer,
LABURNELLA, Hey, The Laburnum-eater.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. L pi. 1, 1 1 ; Stamton^ Manual, vol. iL p. 426.
Bred from larvae feeding in laburnum leaves collected near
Exeter ; common some seasons. The moth comes oat in
May, and another brood in August or September. In
September, 1853, the larvae were particularly abundant.

sciTELLA, Zel, The Beautiful

Nat Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 1, f. 3 ; StainUm^ Manual, toL iL p. 426.
Captured in Stoke Wood, July 1st, 1858 ; not common.
Mr. Stainton says that in Devonshire he has repeatedly
sought in vain for this species.

Gbnus, OPOSTBGA, Zdler,
GBEPUSCULELLA, Fisch. and Rod.
Stainton, Manual, vol iL p. 427.
Very rare ; one specimen only. Taken in June.

584 THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

SUBBMACULELLA, Haw. The Ten-spotted Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., yol. i. pi. 7» f. 3; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 433.

Captured by sweeping grass, &c., under oaks, in J une ; but
scarce. The larvae feed in oak leaves. I have fiequentlj
noticed it, and collected it, but could not rear it

BAUCIS, Stain. The Sallow Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 2, f. 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 434.

Bred from leaves of sallows collected near Stoke Wood,
Exeter. The moths came out in June, 1863.

MICROTHERIELLA, Wing, The Least Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., toI. i. pi. 2, f. 3 ; Stainfon, Manual, vol. ii. p. 435.

Rare. Captured in the Exeter district in May.
IGNOBILELLA, Stain, The Pigmy Silver-bar.

Nat. Hiat. Tin., vol. i pi. 7, f . 1 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 434.

Eare. Captured October 5th, 1853, near Exeter.
PLAGICOLELLA, Stain.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 4, f. 1 ; Stainton^ Manual, vol. ii. p. 436.

Not common. In the leaves of black-thorn in the Exeter
district, the moths appearing in May and in August

PRUNETORUM, Stain. The Black-thorn Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 6, f . 3 ; StainUm, Manual, voL ii. p. 437.

Bred from larvae, feeding in sloe leaves, collected in lanes
in the Exeter district. The moth comes out in February.

TITYRELLA, Dgl

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 8, f. 3 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 436.

Bare. Captured in Stoke Wood June 10th, 1853.
ANGULIFASCIELLA, Stain. The Oblique-banded Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. I, f. 3; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 435.

Taken in Devonshire, as recorded in Nat. Hist. Tin., voL L
p. 92, in June and July.

MARGINICOLELLA, Stain.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. 3, f. 2 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 437.

Bred from larvae on the bark of apple. The moths came
out May 3rd.

ALNETELLA, Stain. The Alder Pigmy.

Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 437.

Bare. Captured in the Exeter district in May.
AURELLA, Fab. The Diamond-barred Pigmy.

Nat. Hist. Tin., vol. i. pi. I, f. 1; West, and Mump., i, 112, f. 47;
iiHaintorif Manual, vol. ii. p. 438.

Bred from larvae found in October in bramble leaves. Gene-
rally abundant.

Seeiio
Gbnus, ]

OCHRODAOTYLUS, Hiob,

West, and Rump,, t. 12
p. 440.

Not uncommon in tl
rank herbage.

SIMILIDACTYLUS, Dale.

JFfit, and Ktmp,, t. i:
lithodaetylua).

Captured in Stoke W
very common.

TKIGONODACTYLUS, Haw,
West, and Sump., t. 12^

Captured near Sidmou

ZETTERSTEDTn, ZeL Zet
Stainton, Manual, vol. ii

Taken at Lynmouth
Stainton, in July.

ISODACTYLUS, Zel. The ]

JTest and Rump., t 123,

Taken at Teignmouth
(rest-hwTow) in Jul;

ACANTHODACTYLUS, Riib.
West, and Hump., t. 124,

Scattered over the coui
I captured specimen;
and also at Exeter,
from larvae found fee
geraniums in his gar

PUNCTIDACTYLUS, Haw. [
W$»t. and Hump., t. 124,

Captured in Stoke W
October. The larvse
on the seed-vessels oJ
wigarU).

PH^ODACTYLUS, Hub. Tl
W0tt. and Hump., t. 123, 1

In abundance on the
Exmouth, in July, H

VOL. X.

586

THE FAUNA OF DEVON.

BIPUNCTIDACTYLUS, Steph, The Grey-wood Plume.

West, and Hump,, t 123, f. 6 ; Stainton, Mannal, vol. ii p. 442.

Common, amongst coarse herbage, in July.
FtJSCUS, Retz, The Brown-wood Plume.

We»U and Bump., t. 128, f. 6 ; Slainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 442.

Captured in Stoke Wood in June ; not common.
PTEKODACTYLUS, Linn, The Common Plume.

West, and Hump., t. 123, f. 7; Staintm, Manual, vol. ii p. 443.

Common everywhere, amongst bushes and rough herbage,
in August.

OSTEODACTTLUS, Zel, The Bone-coloured Plume.

Stainion, Manual, vol. ii. p. 443.

This species has been bred by the Eev. J. Hellins. The
larvae were found feeding on the golden rod {Solidago
virgaurea). {Entomologist's Magazine, December, 1867,
p. 157.)

ARIDUS, Zel,

But Ann., 1870, p. 143 ; Ent. Ann., 1871, p. 93.

A specimen captured by Mr. D*Orville.
GALACTODACTYLUS, Hiib. The Spotted White Pluma

West, and Mump., t. 123, f. 4 ; Stainton, Manual, vol. iL p. 444.

Kot uncommon in lanes and woodsides amongst rank
herbage in July.

PENTADACTYLUS, Linn, The Large White Plume.

West, and Hump., t. 123, f. 2; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 444.

Common amongst nettles and rank herbage in June and
July.

Section, ALXTCITINA.
Gekus, ALUCITA, Linnaus,

POLYDACTYLA, Hiib, The Many-fingered Pluma

West, and Hump., t 124, fgs. 19, 20; Stainton, Manual, vol. ii. p. 445.

Common. Bred from whitish larvae feeding in the flowers
of the honeysuckle. The larvae went into pupa on
June 14th, and spun a white and very slight silken
cocoon on the side of the box in which they were
confined. Pupa, pale testaceous yellow as seen through
the cocoon. The moths came out July 4th.

LUNBT ISLAND.

I sun, as stated in the preface to this catalogue, indebted to
H. G. Heaven, Esq., the proprietor of Lundy Island, for his
kindness in supplying me with the names of the Lepidoptera
observed by himself. Many species have been added to the
list since that supplied to Mr. Chanter in his history of the
island, published in 1877.

588

THE FAUNA OK DEVON.

Busty Prominent
The Dagger

NOTODONTID^.

Notodonta dromedarios

BOMBYOOn)^.

Acronycta psi

NOCTUID-ffiJ.

Marbled Beauty
Common Dusk
Silver Y

The Rustic Shoulder-knot
The Clouded-bordered Brindle
Broom Moth
Beautiful Brocade
The Cabbage
Great Yellow Underwing
Lesser Yellow Underwing
The Spectacle

Bryophila glandifera
Agrotis Saturn
Plusia gamma
Apamea basilinea
Axylia putris
Hadena pisi
Hadena contigua
Mamestra brassiere
Tryphaena pronuba
Tnphea orbona
Abrostola urticse

Mottled Beauty
Brimstone
Large Mocha
Pale-shouldered Thorn
The August Thorn
Weaved Umber
The Gooseberry Moth
Purple Bar
Rufous Carpet
Garden Carpet
The Spinach

The Flame
Chajuered Straw
Resin Grey

Inlaid Veneer

The Sallow Long Cloak
The Solandrian

White-fronted
Brindled Straw

Wormwood Plume
Ochreous Plume
Many Plume

GEOMETRY.

Bormia repandata
Rumia cratsegata

Gnophos obscurata, var, serotinaria
Ennomos tiliaria

— angularia
Hemerophila abruptata
Abraxis grossulariata
Melanippe ocellata
Coremia munitata
Cidaria fluctuata

Cidaria dotata (spinachiata, Haw,)

PYRALIDES.

Endotricha flammealis
Pionea stramentalis
Eudorea resinea

CRAMBITES.

Crambus pascuellus

TORTRICES.

Antithesia caprseana
Pcedisca solandrina

TINKE.

Elachista albi&ontelk
Depreesaria pEOpinquella

PTEROraOBI.

Pterophorus spilodact^us

— ochrodac^luB

Alucita h^mbdaotyla polydae^lft

KoTR. — The entry of femily Psychidse, genus Fiu&Aa, BpeeieB Kobori-
oolella, at p. 4'i8, is cancelled, the genug being inserted in the mmg place.
The ooamst entry will be fbtmd at p. 660.

590

SILVER KEGAL MONEY

Exeter ; but it was not the custom before -Wilfred's reign to
put the name of the mint upon the coins. The names of the
various kings throughout this paper are spelt as on their
coins, except in the extracts from authorities quoted.

After an interval (firom Edward I.) of about three and a-
half centuries, during the protracted struggle between Charles
I. and his Parliament, when that ill-fated king's necessities
and immediate want of cash compelled him to coin money in
various parts of his dominions, Exeter mint waa again put
into active operation. The coins then struck in the old city
were of nine various denominations, from a " half-pound " to a
penny, and are familiar to numismatists by their distinctive
mint mai'ks. (See list.) Once more, for the last time, in the
reign of William III., when there was a great re-coinage of
silver in 1696 and 1697, Exeter, with four other provin-
cial cities, was selected by the government as a place of
mintage, in addition to that at the Tower in London. The
other country mints wei-e at Bristol, Chester, Norwich, and
York ; and the money coined in them had respectively under
the king's bust on the obverse their initials, B, c. E. N. Y.
Two other early places for coinage in Devon were Lydford ♦
and Totnes. It is very likely these towns were selected
because they both had walls and gates, within which the
precious contents of the mints would be better preserved
against any sudden incursion of the rapacious and much-
dreaded Danes.

Teignmouth too has been claimed as a Devonshire mint
by the late Eev. Eogers Ending, F.R.S., who in his Annals of
the Coinage of BrUainy vol. iv. p. 231, 2nd edition, states :
"The name of this mint first occurs upon a penny of King
Eadgar, which reads, *deorvlfes m-o tin.* (That coin is
engraved in his plate xxi.. No. 21.) One of Edward the
Confessor has * ting ' upon it, which may possibly have been
struck here ; and a penny of William I. reads * TIIN,' which
seems to have been intended for this place."

No other information about Teignmouth is given by
Ruding; but the late John Lindsay, Esq., barrister-at-law,

♦ Lydford was evidently a place of importance in the Anglo-Saxon
period. Tristram Risdon, who wrote his Survey about 1630, thus refers to
the old town : " It is averred, and there want not proofs to maintain it, that
it came little short of some cities ; for they can show you where the gates
stood, and also the foundation of the walls that encircled it, compacted of
mooretono and lime, which the)' lighted on as they digged their fields.
Fnithennore, the number of burgesses do argue iibt former worth, which
oontoined witbim th0 walls (as appeareth by their diMlBr) an huiidrai and
fcniy. In Edward the Confessor's days this borongll kui^*a
demesne," &o. {Surviff of I>gii^, pp, 220, 221.)

COINED

who is considered a
Coinage of the Heptan
whether this mint eve
still undecided. Eudin
in the reign of Henry I
to be erroneous in Ha^
edition, p. 194), whei
occurred.

The first Anglo-Saxo
Exeter is a silver pen
British Museum. (See
Eadweard the Elder, n
was succeeded by his
worthy old Chamberlai
first part of his Memori
granted, and freely gav(
in token of their integr
them, A.D. 930." There
as in most other thingj
the reign of ^thelstan, i
penny above-named is
mintage upon the Angle
the moneyer, or (in lAt
of his oflBice, variously
or more frequently to m-
officers was appointed
Moneyers, or mint-ma
Domesday Book ; and Ei
Norman Conquest these
degree under the autho
they were admitted to tl
and took before the treas
office." Their names in
interesting. There is sc;
then living in the count;
moneyer about that tinn
page 354, that Goda v
uEthelred II. ; and in th
of the moneyers of Exe
the Saturday Review of
able and interesting ar
prelates are named of t
ferred to Exeter, viz., A
and Leofric ; and it is ra
those of moneyers about

592

SILVER REOAL MONEY

The two last-named ofl&ciated at Exeter in the Confessor 8
reign. I have a penny in my own collection struck by
" Lifing on Execestr." Perhaps it was the custom in those
days, as it is in ours, when we have so many Victorias,
Albert Edwards, and Sydney Smiths, &c., &c., for parents to
give their children at baptism the names of royal or eminent
personages; so whether the said mint masters were of the
same families as the first Earl of Devon and the four illus-
trious prelates above-named, it is impossible now to say, but
the coincidence of names is striking. I said that before
-^thelstan reigned the name of the mint was very rarely put
upon the coins ; but on some of his it is found, including one
of Exeter, which will be found in the list No. 2. In the
reign of his brother and successor, Eadmund, 941-946,
Hawkins remarks (page 139, new edition), "the place of
mintage is generally omitted." The same may be said of
another brother, Eadred, who at the death of Eadmund
reigned for nine years, 946-955 ; and of his successor, Edwy,
or Eadwig (the son of Eadmund), 955-959. In these three
short reigns a few mints only are to be found recorded on
the reverses after the moneyer*s name (and those, from want
of space, are generally abbreviated) ; but fortunately one or
more Exeter coins of all three kings have been preserved,
and will be described hereafter. They are all of the highest
degree of rarity, and cannot be obtained except at exorbitant
prices.

Before the death of Eadwig, as his name is always spelt
on his coins — sometimes with the Roman VV (double U), and
less frequently with the Saxon p — his brother Eadgar had
been elected king of all the country between the Thames and
the Firth of Forth ; but in 959 the latter became king of all
England, being the first sole monarch under whom all the
kingdoms of the Heptarchy were permanently united. It
will be seen in the list that his uncle iEthelstan, who was
fond of high-sounding titles, had on his Exeter penny " rex
TO (tins) brit" (annise), yet he never possessed the whole
kingdom. Eadgar died in 975, and was succeeded by his
son Eadweard II. (or "The Martyr") when only thirteen ; but
in 987 he was murdered at the gate of Corfe Castle by order of
his step-mother, Elfrida. From the shortness of his reign the
Exeter coins are very rare, and only two varieties are known.
(See list.) His weak-minded half-brother, iEthelred II., rightly
called " T?he Unready," then became king at the early age of
ten. Buding observes of him, " that his whole reign (thirty-
eight years) was marked by a series of actions which betrayed

COINED

the most helpless irrc
weakness of his goven
advantage; and in th(
kingdom, extorted fron
The last payment of £i
note adds : " The amoti
Florence of Worcester.'
j^thelred's places of mil
previous king, were gr»
ordinary demand ; anc
Lydford and Totnes coi
by bribing his insatiable
to induce them to desist
the country; and in oi
annual tribute, called " ]
levied by him in 991, f
wards of two shillings o
This odious impost i
when it was remitted by
year of bis reign. The
greatest oppressors; but
Professor Hildebrand tl
island was carried also ii
large collection of Anglo-
Antiquities at Stockhok
lished in 1846 by the
Museum. It contains a
collection, which hetd b
places, all buried in Swec
Unfortunately the bool
of which I am ignorant ;
inent en Francais*' entit
Cabinet Eoyale de Stock)
B. E. Hildebrand, Directe
&c., en Su^de." From
obtained much useful inf
The 4,200 coins in tha
is given by the author, j
secutive reigns, from Eac
sive. There are very fev
from different dies. We
are iEthelred's, 1,396 of h
is spelt on his coins), and
five reigns. It is stated i
printed, 380 more Anglo-S

594

SILVER REGAL MONEY

and added to the collection, but the reigns are not named.
Hildebrand further relates that there are 1,120 silver pennies ^
of five reigns (viz., from ^thelred to the Confessor) in the ,
Copenhagen Museum, including 580 of Cnut It is there-
fore evident that Ms money formed great part of the spoils
from England, and perhaps he took a pride in enriching his
native land at our expense. But Norway, as well as Sweden
and Denmark, helped to divide the plunder taken firom us ;
for, we are further informed, there are 703 pennies of the
same five kings at Christiana; and Hawkins relates that
** two separate hoards wete discovered of ^thelred's coins in
Norway, A.D. 1848." (Page 149, new edition.)

Hildebrand adds, that there are smaller collections in the
universities of Upsal and Lund, and in the libraries of four
cathedral cities ; viz., at Kalmar (or Calmar), linkoping,
Wexio, and Wisby, all in Sweden. Of course only the coins
of this county will be described here ; but it will give us some
idea of the activity of our Devon mints in ^thelred's reign
when I state there are above 100 varieties of his Exeter
pennies at Stockholm struck by forty moneyers, and about
40 coins of Lydford and Totnes by twelve different minters.
On the accession of Cnut in 1016 the mints throughout ^
England were still further increased, and his are perhaps
more numerous than any other of our kings. See Hawkins
(pp. 155, 156), who gives a list of about seventy ascertained
mints and above twenty others, which, fix)m the abbreviations
of the Anglo-Saxon names of towns and blundered readings,
cannot now be assigned to the places where they were struck.
There are uncertain mints in most of the reigns before the
Conquest, and some afterwards. Ending and Lindsay give
lists of about 350 of Cnut's moneyers. In his reign the
practice of putting M-o before the mint was generally dis-
continued, and the preposition "on" (meaning a.t) was
substituted instead. This arrangement continued on all the
coins until the reign of Edward I., after which the name of
the mint only was put, preceded by the word " Civitas " if a
city, or " Villa " if a town.

By a careful examination of Cnut*s pennies in the Stock-
holm collection, Hildebrand noticed that several of them had
two names of the moneyer upon the reverse. Among several
instances named by him is an Exeter penny by "Edsige
Ware." (See No. 132 in the ILst of coins.) This was an
important discovery, revealing the fact that surnames, which
became hereditary, were then used in England. Ending
(vol. i. p. 365) had, in his list of King Eadgar*s moneyers.

COINED

some fifty years befor
**ttoo moneyers*' (to u
same coin; but HUdel
an error; and when tv
(of which several inst
elsewhere*) "the seco
surname, by which the
himself from other per
name." That Hildebra
that WARE is a well-knc
and in the county.

A like discovery w
Camden, the celebrated
of Arms in the reign of
his office, ought to have I
in liis Remaines Concern
on surnames (page 110, (
self, I have never hith
he/ore the Conquest; ye
know, have pored and p
and evidence to satisfie
will acknowledge mysel
clear this doubt." Mai
numismatics, and ask w]
old Exeter coin has re\
Camden, "sumamed the
was used before the Conqu
did not spell Exeter on
predecessor. From the
EAXECESTER, sometimes sj
more or less in both rei<
first letters were general!
successor's it was more
Cnut died in 1035, and
who survived that event
brother Harthacnut becai

• The other double names in i
are Mathan Baluc and Godric
London; Godp(w}ine Cas. Godp
Chester, who, on another coin
Ceoca, Ceoka, or CJoc, is stiU oo
probably came over to England
ancestor of the numerous Eniflii
menfaoned in the Winton

Godvnnus Cocehe fuit tempore 1
(Hildebrard, p. 101) ; by which
Confessor s reign, when he was n

596

SILVER REGAL MONEY

man, and in two years died from the effects of a gluttonous
draught. The coins of both brothers are very rare, conse-
quently command very high prices. Exeter pennies of each
reign have been preserved, but none from Totnes mint, and
one only from Lydford of Harold I.

At Harthacnut's death, in 1042, the succession reverted
to the old line, and Edward,* surnamed the Confessor, only
surviving son of -^thelred II., became king. There are only
five of his Exeter pennies in the Stockholm cabinet, and they
are of two early types, struck before the remission of the
Danegeld in 1051 ; but from the length of his reign (twenty-
five years), and firom the various hoards recently found in
this country, his coins are rather common, and may be bought
for a few shillings each. There was a large find of nearly
2,000 of his pennies in 1865, at Chaneton Farm, near
Steyning, Sussex, and a very able paper was written on them
by Mr. B. V. Head, of the British Museum, which was pub-
lished in vol. vii., new series, of the Numismatic Chronicle,
From this source I have gained the names of several Exeter
moneyers, before unknown to numismatists-f It is well known
that some of the sole Saxon names have come down to our
own day as surnames, and among these we have "pulmer,"
one of the Confessor's mint-masters in Exeter. The Saxon p
was then used for W, so that probably from him have
descended the respectable family of Woolmer, still, I be-
lieve, existing in the old city. (I have a pulmer's penny
in my own collection.) Another large hoard of Edward's
coins was found in London in 1872. About 2,800 of them
were acquired by Mr. Ernest H. Willett, of Brighton, who
contributed an able and exhaustive paper on the subject to the
Numismatic Chronicle^ vol. xvi., new series. As a member of
the Numismatic Society, I have had the advantage of reading
this paper also, and found one more Exeter moneyer not in
the lists of Ending, Hildebrand, Lindsay, or Head. (No. 197
in list.) The moneyers' names on Saxon coins are like the
seventeenth-century tokens in one respect ; fresh discoveries of
both are continually occurring that were never heard of before.
The orthography on the coins in this reign was most defective.
Hildebmnd notices that Edward's name in the Stockholm
collection was spelt in sixty-seven different ways, and many
of the sam^ mints and moneyers are spelt diversely.

In 1066, upon the death of Edward, Harold II. succeeded,

* I have spelt Edward's name without the diphthong, because it is fre*
quently so spelt on his coins.

t Mr. Head's additions are in the B. M.

COINED I

but was in power only
the battle of Hastings,
his reign, he had about
varieties of moneyers' i
Exeter. In the first ha]
Devon (bom at Topshan:
in Cork) publish^ a ^
Scraps, Numismatic, Ant
Sainthill. Printed for ]
fortunately been able to
2 vols. 8vo.), in which '.
mation about the early E
to the kindness of Messi
Museum, for a descript
struck at Exeter, now in

Mr. Hawkins observe
edition), " There has alwa
to the two Williams, the C
coins;" so that, althougl
Exeter pennies existing i
know to which of the twc
was by Semier, now mo
name of the Duke of Som
SEpoRD, now Seward, a ns
Exeter. It is probable th
which it still retains, in tl

Some months ago a wri
head of " Wanderings and
Mint Lane, remarks: "Tl
coining was carried on in <
now is whether any of th(
in existence ; and is there
master of this mint?" N
is a member of our Associ
information he asks for.

The coins of Henry I.
also those of his successo:
of each reign, struck at E
list.) The pennies of bo
almost illegible ; and the s:

• No date was ever put on anj
nor were the reigns numbered oi
the sole exception of Henry the
Henries IV., V., VI., had adopi
much doubt as to the assignmen
two Norman Williams, is not ye

SILVER REGAL MONEY

of Henry II. (1154-1189), which can hardly ever be met with
in good condition. There was a large hoard (5,700) of them
found at Tealby, Lincolnshire, in 1807, and among the various
moneyers four hailed from Exeter. The second type, gener-
ally called " short-cross " coins, from the cross on the reverse
reaching only to the inner circle, was issued in 1180, and,
strange to say, this type continued, through the reigns of
Richard L and John, with the same name, " Henricus Rex,"
upon the coins, until the 32nd of Henry III. (a.d. 1248), or
a period of sixty-eight years.* It is well known that no
genuine English coins exist with the name of Richard I. or
John upon them, although we learn from Hawkins (new-
edition, pp. 190, 191) that the former established a mint at
Lichfield, and that John issued a new coinage in 1205. More-
over, he ordered in 1208 that the moueyers of fifteen mints
, (oazoed in Ending, vol, iv. p. 220), including Exeter, should
seal up tibfiir diea, and appear witii them at Westoiiiister^ to
Teeeive there the king^s ooxninimdA.'^ The zeascm of their
being thus summoned is not named.

The interesting fact that the " short-cross " coins, all bear-
ing the name " Henricus Eex," were struck and issued by
Eichard I. and John was discovered by the researches of
W. H. D. Longstafife, Esq., f.s.a., and John Evans, Esq., F.R.a,
President of the Numismatic Society^ who wrote two
instructive papers on the subject in the Nimdsmcttie Okr&mde^
new series, for 1863 and 1865. In Mr. Evans's paper the
varieties of the said " short- cross " type are described and
appropriated to the various kings by whom it is believed they
were struck. One of the Exeter pennies assigned to John's
reign was coined by Gileberd (now Gilbert), another good
old Devonshire nama (See No. 24A in list.)

Henry III. succeeded his father in 1216, when only nine
years old, and, as before observed, issued the same short- cross
pennies for thirty-two years, until 12-48, when a new type
appeared with a cross extending to the edge of the reverse,
with three pellets in each quarter. Two varieties of this type
were coined in Exeter. (See list.) I have a specimen of each.
Edward I. was the last xoedisByal king who had penoies stmok
in Exeter, and these differed from all the previous coins since
.^khelstan in not having the mint-master*s name upon them.
They read " cfvitas exonie " (nsis) ; and it is rather singular

• Richard I. (1189-1199) had two Anglo-Gallic pennies struck in Poitou
and AquiUnia with "RICARDVS REX" upon them; and John (1199-1216)
had Irifih money, bearing his own name, " lOH ANNES," coined at Dublin,
Gork, and Watoited. I have q^mrnia ot thaea ooaag in my awn ooikwtom.

COINED

that the Latin word for c
the same king's (^thel
mintage besides Exete
succeeding king rapidlj
his money in twenty-om
in thirteen, besides his
Edward III. in five ; an
London, York, and Dn
Edward VI. one or mon
but, as before stated, thi
Charles I. reigned. I c
old city the Stuart mone
III. was in Mary Arche
iicmaryy London, 1759,
Izacke thus refers to i
granted, and erected wi
pointed, and silver mone^
p. 190.)

In conclusion, it may 1
coins, as works of art, are
with the noble specimens
in Exeter so many cent
valuable as memorials of
to us the names of perso
which, without their e^
revealed to us.

* Andrew Brice, born in £xe
•work (a coppr of which is in the
when the said mint was in existc

600

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONEYERS.

DEVONSHIEE COINS AND MONEYERS.

[In the following list 0. signifies obTerse ; J2. reverse ; r. began to nign ;
Saxon D means TH ; P means W; 0, P. means OUa Fodrida; and B. M.
British Museum.]

EXETER MINT.
(EXEEEASTER, oe iEXANEESTER)

-SILPRED. B. r. a.d. 872.

1. 0, + AEL I FRED. RE | XSAXO | NYM— In four lines across the field.

R EXA. Read downwards, thus : • ! ^ I * Three pellets each side.

This coin is said to be unique. It was found at Oaerdale, and was bougfat
by the authorities of the British Museum for £22 10s. It is engraved bj
I^dsay, plate 4, No. 97, and also in OUa Bbdrida.

EADWEARD the Elder. B, r. 901 No Devon mint known.

^THELSTAN. B. r. 926.

2. 0, + iEDELSTAN REX TO (tins) BRTT (anni»).
/?. + RiEGENOLD M.0 EAXANEE EIV (itas).
A small cross in the centre of coin on each side.

This penny is engraved in OUa Fodrida, plate 14, No. 2, and a specimen
is in the collection of Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq., who kindly gave me the
above description. He says : " I have a memorandum in my catalogue of
the existence of two moneyers from Exeter ; but I forget at this moment
where the second moneyer exists." So I must leave him unrecorded.

EADMUND. B.r. 941.

3. 0. Bust to right, reaching to the outer cirde (as Hawkins, 192).
B. + ELAEMONE MON EX — Small cross in field.

A variety reads on.

4. B, + ELAEMONE MONEHTX — Small cross in field.
These are engraved in 0. P., plate 14, Nos. 3, 4.

EADRED. .B. r. 946.
6. 0. + EADRED . REX — Bast to the right, extending to edge of coin.
B, + VINE MONET AX — Small cross in field.
The name of this moneyer still lingers in Devon.

6. B. + ELAEMONE MONE MON EX — Small cross in field.

7. B, 8XRWRD MON EX — Small cross in field.

Formerly in the collection of Mr. SainthiU, and engraved in 0. F., plate
26, No. 1.

DEVONSa

EADWIG. B. r. 955.

8. 0. + EADWID REX
B. + ^LFSIDE MOK

This coin, formerly in th
0. P., vol. ii.» plate 26, No. J

EADGAB. B. r. 969.

9. 0. + EADDAR REX T
B. + EOROD MONET

10. B. + DYRMOD MON ]
These two coins are engr

11. -B. + FREODERIE MO

12. 0. + EADDAR REX I

crowned.
B, + IVHAN M O EAX

This coin is in the B. M., ai
by Mr. H. A. Grueber.

EADWEARD II. (Marty

13. 0. + EADPEARD REX
B + lOHAN M-0 EAXl

This coin is in the Stocld
Museum Glasgow, and reads

14 + lONAN M-0 EAXE

It is very probable the three
Anglo-Saxon John of the perio

The preceding each legend

^THELREDII. 5. r. 97

In the Stockholm Cabinet t
coins, which Hildebrand distin^
the king's bust to the left, and <
bast to the right, with sceptre.
(Alpha and Ome^a), as Hawkini
K. A cross voided within the
Hawkins, 204. D. Ob. bust to
called the Irish type). R. An c
each limb having an end like tl
left, with a radiated crown. R
three pellets at the comers, as
the list either vary in the spellii

Cabinet, but many of them are i

0, ^DELR^D . R]
16, 16, 17 B. ^LFMiER . M-(
18 ^LFMOD M-0 EA:
19, 20, 21 -ELFNOD M-0 EAJ
22-26 -ELFRIE M-O EAX
VOL. X.

Alltrc

3d by Google

602

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONBYERS.

26-28 ^LFSTAN M-0 EXAN
29 .EDESTAN ON EAXEC
80 ASEYTEL M-0 EO

31, 32 BRYN M-0 EAXEJCESTE

type A. .4 var. of this moneyer.
„ A

„ c

„ B . . 1 var. of this moneyer.

When the moneyer's name is short, as in this case, there are more letters
added to the name of the mint.

33 BYRHFERD M-0 EAXE, type D
34-36 BYRHSIDE M-0 EAXE „ B . . 3 var. of this moneyer.
37-46 * BYEHSTAN ON EAXE „ A .. 9 var. of this moneyer.

This name, now spelt Burston, is still in Devon.

46 BYRUTRin M-0 EAXE, type

47-6a EARLA ON EAXEE „

61 EVDI M-0 EAXEE „

62 EYTEL M-0 EAXE „
63-65 DVNSTAN M-0 EAXE „

66 EADMiER ON EAXEE „

67-60 EATSTAN ON EAXESERE „

61-66 EDRIE M-0 EXEEA „

66 EDPINE M-0 EAXEE „

67-69 COD ON EAXEEE8TR „

70-74 DODA M-O EAXEE „

76 DODDA M-0 EAXEE „

76-78 DODPINE M-0 EAXE „

79 HVNEPINE EAXE
80, 81 ISEGOD ON EAXEESTI
82, 83 I8ENG0D ON EAXEES

84-86 ISDOD ON EAXEETRI „

87 LEOFRIE M-0 EAXE

88 LEOFSVN M-0 EAXE „

89 LE0F8VNV M-0 EAXE
90-97 LVDA M-0 EAXEEESE „
98, 99 LVDDA M-0 EAXE „

100 MANGOD M-0 EAXE „
101-4 MANNA M-0 EAXE

106 SUPINE ON EAXEESTR

106-9 TVNA M-0 EAXE „

110-16 PVLFSIGE M-0 EAXE „
116, 117 PVLFSTAN M-0 mXE

118-20 PYNSIDE M-0 EAXE „
121 lYNSIDE M-0 EAXE

this moneyer.

this moneyer.
Gill's collection

this moneyer.
this moneyer.

3 var. of this moneyer.

The above extraordinary collection comprises
moneyers, except the following var. of No. 34 :

A. .4 var. of

C
C

D. .3 var. of
OneinH.S.

A. .4 var. of
0..6 var. of

E . . 3 var. of

B . . 6 var. of
B

A
0
A
A
A
0
B
B
B
B
D
B
A

B . . 4 var. of

D. .6 var. of

E . . 2 var. of
D . . 3 var. of
D

. . 2 var. of
..2 var. of
. . 3 var. of

. . 8 var. of
. . 2 var. of

this moneyer.
this moneyer.
this moneyer.

this moneyer.
this moneyer.

4 var. of this moneyer.

this moneyer.
this moneyer.
this moneyer.
this moneyer.

the known Exeter

122 BYRNZIDE ON EAEEE, in Mr. Rashleigh*s coUection.

When the names are similar, but spelt differently, they may be the same
moneyer.

DEVONS
CNUT. B. r. 1016.
There were four differe
^. king's bust to left, wit
iwkins, 238, or Rud. 22-
Cross voided within a

123,4 ^Pinn ON Er

126-27 LMmjL ON El

128 EDMiER ON E:

129 EDSIEE ON Er
130,131 EDSIDEONEJ

132 EDSIDE PARE

133 ETSIDE ON EE
134, 136 nOD ON EAXC]

136 GODD ON EXCJ

137 SUPINE 0NE3

138 SrVLA ON Enx

139 PINE ON EAXC
140-43 PVLFSTAN ON

It 18 probable that Nos. I2i

The following nine coins ai
were kindly given to me by J

144 -ffiLFRin ON AX
146 -ffiLFPINE ON EJ

146 EALDABEARN O

147 EALDEBERD ON

148 EDPINE ON EEX

149 HVNERINE 0 E3

160 LEOPINE ON An:

161 DEEENPINE ON

162 DVRDOD 0 EAXI

The underwritten are from v

163 BOND ON ECXES'

164 EAFLA ON EAXE
166 ELFRin ONAXAi;

166 ISEDOD ON EAX

167 MANNA ON BAXC

168 DELNPINE ON Er

169 PVLF8IE ON EXE

HAROLD I. ^. r. 1036.
The Exeter coins of this kin^
left, no sceptre. R. A cross fo:

Google

604

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONEYERS.

cenixe, as Rud. 24, 2. B. Ob. bust, with helmeted head to the left, with
Boeptre. R. A cross voided, with a flower {Jieur de lisf) in eaoh angle, as
Ruoing, plate 24, No. 4, or Hawkins, 214.

160 MDUMB. ON EEXE, type A. .In Copenhagen Cabinet.

161 EDM^R ONN(sic) ECX „ B . .In Stockhohn Cabinet.

162 EDMER ON EEXE „ B . . In Stockholm Cabinet

163 EDNER ON EEXE „ B . . In B. M.

164 EBSIDIE ON EEXEE „ A. .In Copenhagen Cabinet.
166 HERPA ON EEXECn „ A..InB M.

166 HANLEOF ON EEX „ A. .In Copenhagen Cabinet.

167 LEOEPINE ON EX „ B . . In B. M.

It is probable the four first specimens of this reign may have been by the
same artist.

HARTHACNUT. B, r, 1040.

This king's Exeter coins are also of two types ; viz., A. Ob. bust to right,
no sceptre. R. As type A of Harold I. (Hawkins, 216). B. Bust to left,
with sceptre. R. Cross voided within inner circle, on it a square, with
pellet at each comer, as Rud. 24, 2, or Hawkins, 217.

168 -ZELFSTAN ON EXEE, type A. .In Copenhagen Cabinet.

169 EOLDA ON AXS „ A. .In B. M.

170 EOLDEVTA ON EAX „ A. .In B M.

171 DODDA ONN EEXEEE „ B . .In Stockholm Cabinet

172 DODE ONN EXEEE „ B . .In Stockhohn Cabinet

173 EDMER ON EXEESR „ B . . Late Captain Farmer.

174 HiERRA ON EXE „ A . . In Stockhohn Cabinet
176 PVLFNOD ON fiXEE Jonathan Rashleigh, Esq.

EDWARD the Confessor. B. r. 1042.

There were eight different types of this king's coins struck at Exeter. It
would be difficult to define or to describe them all without drawings, so with
a few exceptions, I shall only put the number of each type as it appears
engraved in Hawkins's work, plate xvii.

176 -ELFRIE ONN EX . EE Hs. 222. .In B. M.
176a A variety of 176 reads :

^LFRIE ONEXEEESTE „ 222. .H. S. GiU.

177 -ELFPINE ON EEX „ 226. .Late Mr. SainthiU.

178 -ESPINE ON EXEEEST „ 227. .In B. M.

178 BLAEAMAN ON £X „ 229 .Late Mr. Sainthill.

The last type is smaller than all the rest, being barely five-eighths of an
inch in diameter, and weighing only 17 grains, whilst most of the others are
three-quarters of an inch or more, and weigh from 20 to 24 grains.

179 EEPINE ON EXEEEST Hs. 227. .In B. M.

180 EADPARD ON EX „ 226. .H. S. Gill.

This type (Hs. 226) is full-faced, also of small diameter (H and weighs
18 grains. It has a small cross in field of R.

191 EDM^R ON EXEEST Hs. 226. .In Stockholm Cabinet.

192 EDPIN ON EXEEEST „ 219..InB. M.

193 EDPN ON EX . EEEST „ 219. .In B. M.

DEVONS:

194 EDSIE ON E3

195 ELPME ON E

196 ELFRlr ON E

197 HVNEPINE O

198 LEOFPINE 01
This penny (Hs. 228) ht

orb in his handa. It is a
voided croBs, with a martle

199 LEOPINE ON ]

200 LIPINr ON m
ThiB type (Hs. 227) has

nead, holding a sceptre in
diameter, weight 22 grains.

There are two other typ
differently, I give them bofi

201 lilFINr ON EX

202 LIFINa ON EX

The 220 type has the bufll
type has the bust to the ri^h

203 LIFNIE ONN E

204 SiEPINE ON E3

205 SIEPINE ON EX

206 PiniNr ON EXI

207 PiriNG ON EX]

208 pvlfmod on i

209 pvlhar on ec

210 pvlm^rone:

210 All the Exettt peni

RDREX! Th(

211 PYLMARONEc;

212 PVLFPINE ON E

213 PVLPINEONEX

HAROLD II. £. r. 1066.

There are two types of this 1
and bust to the left, crowned, ^
the usual cross, the word PAX
a different shaped crown, and *

214 BRIHTRlr ON m

215 LIFINE ON EXEr

216 LE0FDINE0NE2

WILLIAM I. ^.r. 1066.

There were six types of the
Exeter, and it being difficult to
adopted Mr. Hawkins's phm o
generally believed by the bte M
that Nos. 233 237 in Hawkins h
Kufus. The obverse of No. 233

d by Google

606

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONEYERS.

is very little doubt that is the first William's. No. 238 has a fall-&ced bust,
crowned, with a star on each side the fitce, as on the grcsst seal of Rufbs.
Those who are curious in these matters will find the Tarious Exeter types
described and engraved in Hawkins's Silver Coins qf England^ under his Nos.
specified in my list. I may however remark that what is usually called the
PAXS type u>f which I have a specimen) is much more common than any
others. On the R. is a cross within the inner cirde, and in each quarter a
letter in an annulet, forming the word PAXS. The meaning of the letter S is
not known ; but Rudiog suggests it is perhaps Pax tubditit^ to commemorate
the surrender of the place." There were above ten thousand of these coins
found at Boaworth, Co. Hants, in 1830, which were nearly all of the **PaxB"
type, or Nos. 241 and 242 in Hawkins.

The following Exeter moneyers are known. R. The diphthong M on them
is often expressed by IE ; for A or Y we have 1 1, sometimes inclining in the
wrong direction.

217 R. iBLFPINE ON ^XE, type as Hawkins, 238. .In the B. M.

218 A variety of this minter reads ^MFLPINE (0. P.).

219 R. BRIHTPINE ON -EXE, type 238. . 0. P., vol. ii. page 168.

220 R. LIFPINE ON EXEEI „ 241 . . 0, P., voL L page 192.

221 R. LIVIND ON EXEEESI „ 233. .In B. M.

222 R. SEMIER ON jEXSII „ 239. . 0. P., voL i. page 191.

223 0. PILLEL MiEX „ 241.. H. S. GiU.
R. SEMIER ON iEXEE „ 241 . .PAXS type.

224 R. SiBPINE ON XEtSTE „ 238. .In the B. M.

Another coin by this moneyer, also in the B. M., is a very rare type, and
reads thus:

226 0. PILLEM REX, type 243. .King, full-faced bust, crowned, with
a drawn sword in his right hand.

R. SEPINE ON JBXEX type 243 . . Same device as No. 233.

226 R. SEPORD ON iEXECl „ 238 .. See 0. P., vol. i. page 190.

227 R. SPEOTINC ON EXE „ 237 . . See 0. P., vol. i. page 189.

228 R. SPOTTINE ON EXE „ 237 . . Rud. Sup., part ii. plate 1.
It is most probable the last two are by the same artist.

229 R. PVLFPINE ON EXET, type 237. . 0. P., vol. i. page 189.

This type has on 0. the king with a sceptre on each side the feice, supporting
the crown, and is sometimes cfuled the canopy type.

HENRY I. B. r. 1100.

There was a collection of coins of Henry I. and Stephen found in Hertford-
shire in 1818. Among them were the following struck in Exeter, viz. :

230 0. hENRICYS— (As Hawkins, 255). Bust, three-quarter &oe,

crowned, witn a sceptre resting on the right shoulder.

R. BRHICDPI : ON : EXtB. Tressure of four sides, fleury at the
comers, upon a cross fleury, pellet in each angle.

231 0. hENRlCYS— (As Hawkins, 262). Front face, with sceptre.

R. BRAND : ON : EC-ST. Quatrefbil, enclosins cross of pellets,
with a star in centre, ./Kfiir delis'm each an^e.

These two pennies are in Mr. J. Rashleigh's collection.

608

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONEFERS.

246 R. RICXRD . ON . eCC. H. 8. GiU.

247 A yariety with the mint spelt 60 C 6 has the mint mark, a eras

pomm^y instead of the usual cross pat^.

Some of the aboye may have been struck under Henry III. (who* B. r. 1216)
before his second coinage was brought out in 1248. Of this type (as Rud. iL
16), two yarieties were struck in ]^on, yis. :

248 0. heNRICYS ReX III. Full-fkced head, crowned, no sceptre.

R. PHILIP. ON. eCCe. A long cross, with three pellets in ea^h
quarter.

249 R. ROBeRT . ON . eCCe. Engrayed in 0, P., plate 17, No. 61.

250 R. ROOeR . ON . eCeT. Described in 0. P., page 131.

251 R. WALTeR . ON . eCCe. Engraved in 0. P., plate 17, No. 62.
262 0. heNRICYS ReX TeRCI. Head as 248 (H. S. Gill).

R. ION . ON . eCC eTRe. Device as 248.

The coins reading TeRCI are rather rare, ^d expensiye.

These are all the Sieter moneyers I know of. In the last reign of this
period in which Exeter pennies were coined, yiz., Edward I. B. r. 1272,* they
read thus :

268 0. eDW . R . XNGL . DNS . hYB. Full-faced bust, crowned,
meaning Edwardus Rex Angliae Dominus Hibemie.
R. CIYITAH . eXONie. Long cross, and three pellets (as No. 248).
I have a specimen of this coin in my collection.

CHARLES I. B, r. 1626.

The crowns and half-crowns of this reign have on Ob. (as is well known)
the king seated on horseback, with a sword raised in his right hand. There are
eight yarieties of the Exeter crowns described by Hawkins (pp. 314, 316, new
edition) ; they have for mint marks either " a rose of peculiar form," a castle,
or the two letters EX." One (No. 3) is dated 1644, and three of them (Noa.
6, 6, 7) are dated 1645. Nos. 1 and 2 have no date.

The Exeter half-crowns are still more numerous. Fourteen yarieties are
described in Hawkins (pp. 325, 326). They have all one of the same three
marks on each side as tbe crown. No. 1 is dated 1642, although Folkes and
Ruding suppose this piece was coined in York; Nos. 6, 7, 8 are dated 1644;
Nos. 11-14 are dated 1645. I have one of that date, with M.M. rose on O.,
and EX on R. These coins are very rare. Seven yarieties of Exeter shillings
are also described (p. 342). They have all a rose for M M. on each side. Nos.
2, 3, 4 are dated 1644; Nos. 6, 6 are dated 1645. It may here be remarked
tbat the Tower mint coins of the above three denominations are not dated, nor
have they the three distinctive M.M. before named. There are only two Exeter
sixpeuces described in Hawkins; they are both dated 1644 on tbe R., and have
M.M. rose. The Exeter groat has the same date and mint mark, but the date
precedes the legend on the obverse. I have in my collection an Exeter crown,
half-crown, shilling, and groat.

The Exeter threepence differs from all the rest in having a square top
shield over a cross fleury, and upon the shield is the date 1644. There are two
yarieties of the half-groat; one with an oval shield on the R., the other has a
rose instead, filling the field, both dated on R. 1644. The penny is the same as
the last-named type, and also dated on R. 1644. Each coin from a shilling to
a penny has its value in pence recorded behind the head of the king.

* Ruding states (rol ir. page 229) : "In the eighth yeaxlof Edward I. it wan ordained
that there ahoald oe two furnaces in Exeter; and in 1300 an order was giren for the
building of houses for the workmen, and for sending beyond seas for workmen."

BEVONSH

WILLIAM III. B. r. li
The coins minted at Exete
and sixpences of sam» dates
exactly like the rest of WiUia
king s bust

LYDFORI
Ruding thus writes of this
gate, m a letter to Mr. Polwh
a short time, chiefly through
consequently rare.'* Ind^d,
Stockholm Cabinet, there W(
foUowmg coins of the " Unre<
Two of the moneyers, Mb
miless BRVNA and BRVN ai
REXANGLOR. For descri,
1 R. iELPSTAN M-0 ]
2.3 R. ^DEREDM-OL^
4 R. ^DERYD M-ON
Probably the same moneyer
5,6, 7 R. BRVNA ON LYDA
8, 9 R. GODA ON LYDAI

10 R. GODA M-0 ONL)

11 R. GODA M-0 LYDA

12 R. GODA M-O LYDA

13 R GODPINE M-0 JS\

14 Same legend, but no sec
This penny (No. 14), in fine i

16 R. GODRIt ON LYDi
Of CNUT*S reign one coin oi

16 0. CNVT.REEXAN.
R. SUPINE ONN LYI

Of HAROLD T. only one is i

17 O. HAROLD REEX.
R. ^LFPINE ON LYI]

Of HARTHACNUT none are
Ruding says : " LV and LY oc

on some of Harold II. ; " but un

mmters.

TOTNES ]M
The following coins, struck at 1
except a few that are specified as

The coins of -EDELRED . RJE

1 R. -ELFSTAN M-0 TOT

2 R. Same legend, and monc

3 R. BYRHFERD M-0 TO

d by Google

610

DEVONSHIRE COINS AND MONEYERS.

4 R. BYRHTPINE M-0 TOTA type 0
6 R. DODA M-O TOTAN „ 0

6>8 R. DODDA M-0 TOTANiBS „ B . . 2 other mietiee of this.
9 R. GODA ON TOTANiES „ A

10 R. GODPINE M-0 TOTA „ 0

11 R. HVNEMAN ON TOTAN „ A

12 R. HVNEPINE M-0 TOTA „ D

18 R. MANNA M-0 TOTAN „ B

14-18 R. Same moneyer, with five varieties in tpelUng and types.

19 R. PVLFM^R M-0 TOTA „ D

CNUTS coins generally read thus on 0. : ENVT REX AN .

20 R. iEFPINE ON TOTAN, type 0

21 R. iELPPINE ON TOTTA „ 0
Probably these were coined by the same minter.

22 R. LEFPINE ON TOTTA, type B . . At Copenhagen.

23 R. LEOFG-ER 0 TOT „ B . . At Stockholm

24 R. LEOFGAR 0 TOTA „ B . . At Copenhagen.
26 R. S-EPINE . ON . TOTA : „ C . . H. S. Gill.

For description of Cnut's types, see anU, page 603.

WILLIAM II. (or Rufiis).

The following rare tvpe of Hawkins, 246, is in the B. M., and the description
was kindly sent to me by Mr. H. A. Greuber, of that establishment.

26 0. PILLELM REX. Fttll-fieiced bust of king, with sword upright
R. DYNIC ON TOTNESE. A cross potent within a quatrefoiL

The money ers of Nos. 4, 6, 6, 11, 19, 22, 24, and 26, are not in the Exeter
list of the above three reigns ; but the names of Nos. 1, 9, 10, and 25 are found
at all the three Devon mints.

Summary of coins Jmown to have been struck at

Exeter mint (including No. 176a) . . 254 varieties.

Ditto by Charles I.» 87 „

Ditto by William III 6 „

J97

Lydford mint 17 „

Totnes mint '26 „

Total .... 840
Of which 259 were before the Conquest

• Indading a silver "half-pound," with M. IC. rose on both sides; described in
Hawkins, page 820 new edit The ten shilling pieces were the same diameter as the crowns,
but much tmdker, and about double their weight There were also silver pound pieces
coined at Oxford and Shrewsbuiy, but none known of Exeter.

ON THE GROWTH OF APL^SI^E IN

BT ARTHUR ROOPB BXJVT, H.A., F.O.S.

(S«ad at Paignton, August^ 1878.)

At the meeting of the Devonshire Association he
bridge in the year 1877, 1 had the pleasure of rea
on some large Aplysice which had been taken i
the autumn of 1875 ; which, if of the common i
remarkable for their size; whilst if of a dififerei
species, they were also remarkable for their abund
time. If they were the Aplasia depUans descri
Gwyn Jeffreys, the sudden incursion of such a i
was very noteworthy ; if they were but monster
Aplysia punctata, their size alone woxild demand oi

Since the last meeting of this Society, I ha
opportunity of observing to a certain extent the
Aplysia in Torbay, and of obtaining facts which
question of the identity or otherwise of A. d(
A. punctata, as known in the British seas.

In August, 1877, I took several Aplyme ofl
which were larger than any undoubted specimens
taia I had previously seen. On dissection, the
them was found to possess an odontophore with f
on each side of its central row, instead of the typi
of Mr. Woodward. I was subsequently informed,
large Aplysice were numerous about the same t
Corbon's Head ; and I immediately perceived thj
be of importance to keep a sharp look-out during
ing autumn, to ascertain if the molluscs develope
giants as those taken in 1875.

Being absent from Torquay until the middle
the opportunity of trsu^ing their growth conseci
lost) but shortly after my return specimens begj
in. During the following autumn, and in Jan
some fifteen individuals were brought to me,
weight from 10| to 40 ounces. Previous to t

612

THE GROWTH OF APLYSLE IN TORBAY.

January, as none exceeded in weight the heaviest taken in
1875, I did not examine their odontophores, but merely laid
them aside and preserved the shells ; but on the date named,
a fisherman brought me five AplysuB in a bucket together,
and as one of them was far the heaviest I had ever seen, and
they were brought to me weeks later than any in 1875, I
examined them carefully.

They were a noteworthy quintett, as I shall now proceed
to show, describing them in the order in which they were
examined.

I. Weight, 25 ounces; length of shell, from apex, 2f
inches ; from shoulder, 2^ inches.

The shell of this specimen was distinctly double, the two
component parts being cemented together in the centre by
some abnormal growth of tissue, but for at least three
quarters of the circumference easily separated for some
distance inwards. This is the only instance of a double-
shelled Aplysia that has occurred to me, though upwards of
twenty very l«irge ones have passed through my hands ; but
on the strength of it I must confirm the statements of Dr.
S. P. Woodward and Mr. M'Coy, referred to in my paper on
the AplysicB read last summer, and retract the somewhat
hasty scepticism I expressed on that occasion as to the
possibility of these molluscs having more than one shell If
a mollusc departs from the normal state of being the owner
of one shell by bearing two, it would be rash to deny the
possibility of further subdivision to any extent. My own
observations extend to the double shell only. On examina-
tion of the odontophore it was found to contain about eighty
teeth from base to tip, the formula for centre being 32 • 1 • 32,
and for base 36 • 1 • 36.

II. Animal mottled brown and buiBF, with a pink tinge
suiBFused throughout; weight, 28 ounces. Contained about
12 fluid ounces of water, and discharged a good deal of pink
dye when killed. Shell, 2J inches from apex, and the same
from shoulder. Shell much darker brown than usual. Odon-
tophore, in length, eighty teeth; across centre, 32*1 -32;
across base, 35 • 1 • 35.

III. Colour, deep brown; no tinge of dye observable.
Weight, 32 ounces. Shell, 2J inches from apex, 2^ inches
from shoulder. Shell very perfect, inner calcareous layer not
broken away at all, but unquestionably not double, nor any
sign of it. Odontophore, in length, eighty-eight teeth ; across
centre, 32 • 1 • 32 ; across base, 37 • 1 • 37.

IV. Contained more than a pint of water ; no sign of dye.
Weighty 40 ounces. Shell, from apex, 2^ inches; from

THE GROWTH OF APLYSLE IN TORBJ

shoulder, 2}i inches. Odontophore, in leng
across centre, 33 • 1 • 33 ; across base, 36 • 1 * 36.

V. Colour, usual brown. Weight, lOJ ounce
apex, inches; from shoulder, inches,
in length, 80 teeth ; across centre, 33 • 1 * 31 ;
37* 1*35; unsymmetrical.

On an examination of the foregoing details, i
that, whether judged by its sheU, by its odont
its weight. No. IV. is an Aplyaia of very unu
the largest of the large specimens from Torbi
shell and odontophore No. V. follows next ii
this mollusc, strange to say, weighed less tht
the weight of No. IV., and is the lightest of
Aplysice I have weighed. The test of weight
valueless, owing partly perhaps to the power
have of -absorbing water ; but the development
odontophore may fairly be depended on, as the pr
case must be gradual Judged by shells and
Nos. IV. and V., taken as they were later ii
than any pair taken either in 1875 or 1877, £
veloped of all, whilst their three companions,
quite so advanced, are larger than any taken in
of 1875 with the exception of two. It is of
possible to speak with any certainty from the ol
a limited number of specimens, but so far as t
seem to indicate a gradual growth during the wi;
of November, December, and Janueu'y. That th
Aplysice found in Torbay in October and Noven
same as the large ones found in August I am nc
tion to assert, but that such is the case seems t
probable. As already stated, an Aplysia tak-
August had an odontophore with fifteen teeth on
the median line, and there is no reason to i
specimen taken was the largest about at that
taken on the 14th October, 1875, had an odont
twenty-six teeth on each side of the median lii
may have been smaller ones that escaped ca
question is, whether the August and October sp
be connected? if so, Aplysia punctata grows U
unrecognized size in the British seas, and Aply
must waive its claim to be a British mollusc ; :
Aplysia depilans maintains its position in the tax
islands, but in this case we must admit one st
liarity in the two species ; viz., that whilst A.
summer visitor to Torbay, A. depilans is more
and comes only in the winter.

614 THE G

Assuming for i
Aplysiae are of tl
Why is it that^ m
Biitisli coast, at *
abnormal develop
plained as foUowj
Aplysim when
in moderately d<
taken off Anstis
weighed lesa thai:!
I took on the to
Could the melius
biit, for some cai
they work towar<
found in the gn
they will i
favourable, but t
before they are
of development 1

Any locality
ficom storms woi
molliisos attainii
more f avonrable
between London
exposed part of
itself, is shelter!
from points bet^
protected from s
their capacity fc
has largely sup]
by building a £
Head, which b]
washed on shon
new pier, which
Tozq^naf side.

Aji extra sup
for the special!'
the Bay off Toi
Ulva, a procee(
town of Torqut
who luxuriate
probable that i
during the last
removal of the
by artificial pr(
only British h

/Google

THE GROWTH OF APLYSU? IN TORBA

Gwyn Jeffreys for his A. depilans, is, "Guem
fathoms outside the new harbour/*

Aplysice breed when very small. I have sou
Roundstone, Connemara, sent me by the Rev. A
which were taken from molluscs in the act <
Some of them are but five-eighths of an inch i
their owners could have been little more than h
in weight.

As the large Aplysice have not been taken is
and would scarcely find a sufficient supply of fo
to return there, at any rate in the case of Torbay, ]
that they do not make their way back to the gr
from which they originally came, and that the
up by the partially-grown individuals. In this
teresting to observe that descent from a long s
immature, though not necessarily stunted progeni
prevented development to the fullest extent on
of the natural checks to growth.

One marked feature in the small sea-hares is a
case of the large ones from Torbay ; viz., the pii
fluid which the former discharge when irritated,
specimens taken in 1875 I saw no trace of this
those taken last winter, though the water was
pink in two or three cases when the animals \v
there was no voluntary discharge during life. ]
season of the year and the coldness of the water
the secretion of the purple fluid; it can scarcely
the size of the molluscs, as I have seen a rather lai
in a rock-post on the coast of Portugal, dischai
copiously.

Without wishing to attempt aay critical descri]
odontophores of Aplysice, a few facts concerning
be of service to those who may not have the adv£
extensive a series to study as I possess.

The odontophores of these molluscs undoubted
gradually in the number of their teeth. My smalle
has but four teeth on either side of the median
the centre, whereas my three largest have no less
four. The teeth also develope in size individ
teeth (including their attachments to the lingual
in the median row of the smcJleet, measure ^
inch, whilst those of the specimen numberec
appended table measure T^ths, and those of tl
numbered 16 measure ^^ths respectively. Ir
specimen the median teeth are larger than th
laterals, whilst they in turn are larger than those

616 THE GROWTH OF APLYSLE IN TORBAY.

and so on to the edge of the odontophore. In the laige
odontophores the teeth in the fnedian row and those about it
are about the same size. The teeth of Aplysice vary greatly
in form and size in the same odontophore. The median in
specimens of moderate size may be roughly compared to
hands with five fingers, of which the two extremes are rudi-
mentary, and the central much developed and beautifully
serrated. This is well seen in the median teeth of the
smallest Aplysia in my collection, and the form can be traced
up to the specimen numbered 8 in the appended list (Those
numbered 9 and 10 are not in my possession,) Between this
one, whose shell is but three-fourths of an inch long, and the
smallest of the large ones, whose shell is 1| inch long, there
is a great gap, and it is difficult at first to see any connection
between the median teeth like five-fingered hands of the small
ones, and those of the large ones where the five fingers are
reduced to one small central one. In the largest odontophores
the median teeth have lost all trace of cusps, and, continuing
to compare them to a hand, we may say that the hand has
been developed at the expense of the fingers, all of which
have been absorbed. If we take a large odontophore, and
follow one of the rows of teeth from the median outwards,
we shall see the tingerlese palm quickly develope into a well-
fingered hand, and before reaching the edge of the odonto-
phore we shall see that one or two of the fingers have de-
veloped at the expense of the hand until the last few teeth
are moi'e like daggers than anything else, and in form seem
quite irreconcilable with those in the centre.

If a difference in form of median teeth indicated a diflfer-
ence of species, the large and small Torbay Aplysice would
necessarily be specifically different ; but considering the great
variety in form of teeth in any one large odontophore, where
between the median and laterals we find a divergence quit«
as great as that between the median teeth of the small
Torbay Aplysice and those of the large ones from the same
locality, and the general correspondence in type of odonto-
phores of all sizes, I cannot but regard the evidence of the
odontophores to be more strongly in favour of the existence
of but one species of Aplysice in Torbay than of two.

As I have already shown, the odontophores grow down-
wards and sideways by the development of new additional
teeth; and it might be supposed that the new teeth, e.g.
those at the bottom of the median line, would l}e formed
with the finely-cut serrations observed in those formed earlier,
and that the newer teeth would have a different aspect from
those which had been long in use ; but this is not the case.

THE GROWTl

for the median line in e

little among themselve
every new tooth acquire
have arrived at after mo
There is reason to be
continue in Torbay for ai
In March, John Elmore,
already described, infoi
which he captured mine
brought on shore ; but fi
them all back into the s(
he had seen. On the 15t
who is well acquainted i
hares, sent me a specime
him what it was. Jud{
shell, it must have been
in the last staoe of dissol
Aplysia, Mr. P. H. Gosse,
that it might have been {
been to a certain extent i
juice. The boy who br<
crawled round the buck
"showed itself" any n:
expecting to see it expan
it to any mollusc they
specimen, taken as it wa;
previously taken, may i
natural decay of the moll
to them an exceptionally
In the appended list w
odontophores of Aplt/siw
growth. The measurem
where the rows usually C(
base. In the smallest t
tooth on either side, and

ined is eomposed of a

10 . I . ic

11 . I . II

12 . I . 12

13 . I . i;3

14 . I . i^

4.1. A

7.1. 7

8.1. g

9.1. s

d by Google

NOTES ON RECENT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY
AND PALEONTOLOGY OF DEVONSHIKK

Pakt V.

BT W. PENOBLLT, F.R.8., F.O.a, Eia
(Read at Paignton, August^ 1878.)

The Notices on which I now propose to offer a few Notes
have, with but one exception, like those commented on in
1876 (See Trans, Devon. Assoc,, vol. viii. pp. 148-244), ex-
clusive reference to the Caverns of this county.

The exception takes us back to the remains of very much
earlier times, and will, of course, take precedence.

L MR. H. WOODWARD, F.R.8., F.G.S., ON THE DEVONIAN FISH OF
DEVONSHIRE.

1. In a paper On some Armoured Fishes. By Renry Wood-
ward, F.B,S,, F,O.S., in The Popular Science Review for
January, 1878, New Series, vol. ii. No. v., pp. 1-23, the
following foot-note occurs on page 5 : — " Mr. Pengelly states
that he has upwards of 300 fragments of Pteraspides from
the Devonian rocks of Mudstone Bay, South Devon, which
have lain in his cabinet for years, having been formerly
supposed to be sponges *'

In this note, the author has attempted to give the substance
of the following paragraph in a paper on The History of the
Discovery of Fossil Ftsh in the Devonian Rocks of Devon and
Cornwall. By W. Fengelly, F,B.S,, F.O,S., etc., in the Trans-
auction of the Devonshire Association, 1868, vol. ii., pp. 423-
442 : — " There are in my private collection upwards of three
hundred specimens of the 'Pplperro fossils,* each labelled
with its locality. Many of them are the merest fragments.

ON THE GEOLOGY OF DEVONSHIRE.

but they all sufficiently resemble the identified
warrant the belief that they are all PteraspideSj
fragments of fish, not of sponge." p. 440.

It will be seen that whilst Mr. Woodward mi
that all my specimens are from Mudstone Bay, i
there is nothing to that eflFect in my paragraph,
of fact, no more than two, or at most three, of t
are from Mudstone Bay, and all the rest are fro
east coast of Cornwall, between the river Fowej
and the Same Head on the east

n. MR. PENNINGTON ON KENT'S CAVERl

The following paragraphs occur in Notes an
and Bone Caves of Derbydiire, With an account
into Elden Hole. By Eooke Pennington, B.A.,
London : MacmUlan and Co. 1877.

1. "Perhaps the most wonderful English dii
* bone cave ' is that made by the Eev. J. Magens
Creswell Crags. No caverns in this country ha
such a variety of evidence as to ancient man and
which furnished him with food and clothing." p.

2. " Creswell also makes it pretty clear that
contend with the savage machairodus. The only (
cavern which has yielded traces of this strano
Kent's Hole. It has been doubted whether or nc
remains there found had not belonged to some
deposit than the one in which they were ultim

The natural conclusion is probably thi

the machairodus was a contemporary of man." p]

3. "The Palaeolithic cave-dweller of France a
was an inlander." p. 105.

It will be observed that direct mention of '.
occurs only in the second of these paragraphs. I
as they all have a bearing on Kent's Cavern — e
always a flattering one — I am induced to oflfer a
on each.

1. Whilst fully admitting, as everyone must, tl
interest of the discovery made in the Creswell C
not appear that there is any reason for regardiuj

2 Q 2

620 NOTES ON RECENT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY

most wonderful English discovery of a bone cave nor is it
likely that the explorers of other English caverns will be
ready to admit that "no caverns in this country have furnished
such a variety of evidence as to ancient man and the animals
which furnished him with food and clothing." I shall not
attempt, however, to deprive other explorers of the pleasure
of protecting their own pets, but simply look after the just
claims of Kent's Hole; and, as Mr. Pennington's assertion
occurs in the latter part of his volume, devoted exclusively
to Palaeolithic man, it is not necessary to direct attention to
objects belonging to less ancient eras, in which Kent's Cavern
is rich.

Perhaps the readiest way of showing the products of the
Devonshire and Derbyshire Caves will be to give tabidar
lists of both their Mammalian relics and their Human Indus-
trial remains. In doing this the Creswell data will be those
supplied by a paper On the Mammal Fauna of the Caves of
Creswell Crags, By Professor W. Boyd JDawkins, JEsq., M.A,^
FMJS., F.G.S,, FS.A,, Professor of Geology and PalceorUology
in the Owens College. Eead April 11, 1877. (See QtuirL
Joivm. Geol. Soc. Loud. Vol. 33, pp. 589-611.) In following
this course I am drawing from the fountain head, as Prof.
Dawkins was not only one of the Superintendents of the
Exploration, but the Secretary of the Committee under whose
auspices the work was carried on, as well as the palaeonto-
logist who identified the remains. {Ihid, p. 579.) It may be
added, as a further recommendation, that in the first Table
the Kent's Cavern data {Machairodus latidens alone excepted)
are those contained in a Eeport, also by Prof. Dawkins,
assisted by Mr. Ayshford Sanford, presented to the British
Association in 1869, and published by that body in their
volume for that year. (See Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1869, pp. 206-8.)
It should be added, however, that, whilst all the remains
found in Creswell Crags appear to have passed a full and
final examination, not more than one-twentieth of the Kent's
Cavern specimens have been carefully inspected.

AND PALAEONTOLOGY OF DBVONSHIB

Table I. Showing the infra-human Mamma
by the remains found in Kent's Cavern, Devo
the Caverns in Creswell Crags, Derbyshire —

!•

jaucniiiTCKitis Kmacns . .

ijion .....

Q
O,

VV UU v/ab • • . • •

Leopard .....

Lyux

. . .

o
0.

ir olecat .....

Hyssna .....

Q
O.

Woli .....

J? OX ......

1 A

Gctfiis isdtis ....

• • *

11.

(jrlutton .....

1 9
112.

Badger .....

. . .

1 Q

lo.

Oave bear ....

• • •

1 i<
14.

■ _ _1 _ T>_

(jrnzzly ±>ear ....

1 K

ID.

X> ______ ■

xJrown ±>ear ....

lo.

Mammotn ....

17.

Rhinoceros tickorhintts

18.

Horse ." « .

19!

wndBuu' .* ! ! !

20.

Bison

21.

Gigantic Irish Deer .

22.

Red Deer

23.

Reindeer

24.

Hare

25.

Cave Pika ....

26.

Water Vole ....

27.

Field Vole ....

28.

Bank Vole ....

29.

Beaver

622

NOTES ON BECBNT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY

Table IL Showing the Industrial Remains of Palseolithic
Man found in Kent's Cavem, Devonshire, and in the Caverns
in Creswell Crags, Derbyshire —

Incised figure of Horse

o
z.

Incised bone ....

o
O.

Bone awl

Bone needle ....

Bone harpoons ....

a
0.

Notched lamina of bone :

...

Kod of antler ....

...

Bone pin

...

Jrerioratea tootn

...

10.

Pointed antler-tips

...

11.

Rounded spear-head .

12.

Flint flakes, chips, cores, and tools
Chert flakes and tools

13.

1 A

Quartzite flakes, chips, and tools .

15.

Ironstone tool and fragments

16.

Hammer stone ....

17.

"Whetstones"

18.

" Dead " pecten shells

19.

Burnt bones ....

20.

Burnt wood ....

It must be needless to explain that the letters C. and K.,
heading the two columns on the right of the names in each
Table, stand for Creswell Crags and KervCs Hole respectively ;
and that the presence or absence of asterisks denotes the
presence or absence of the animal or article named on the
same horizontal line.

The note of interrogation, used four times, indicates some
uncertfidnty respecting the animed or article named. Thus : —

Lyrvx i (Tab. I) : Professor Boyd Dawkins says, " A single
canine from the Cave-earth indicates an animal of the size of
Lyrix cervaria!' {Rep. Brit. Assoc., 1869, p. 206.)

WUd Cat ? (I) : The same author says, " A lumbar vertebra

624 NOTES ON RECENT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY

In short, whilst it must be admitted that there is undoubted
evidence that the Derbyshire Palaeolithic men practised what
must be called the fine arts, and whilst it must also be
acknowledged that no indication of anything of the kind has
been found amongst the relics of their contemporaries in
Devonshire, we see no other sign of the " greater variety of
evidence " spoken of. It does not appear that the objects
made or utilized by the northern man were more varied, or
of a higher type or finish than those of the southern, and we
cannot but decline to admit that " no caverns in this country
have furnished such a variety of evidence as to ancient man"
as have those of Creswell Crags.

The Palaeolithic men of Kent's Cavern contemplated in
the foregoing remarks, are those of the Cave-earth period,
not their remote predecessors of the Breccia or pre-hyaenine
era, who left behind them massive rude tools made out of
nodules — not flakes — of flint and chert, but no other relics
whatever. Of such men there appear to be no indications in
in the caves of Creswell Crags, for the lowest deposits there
have yielded, not only industrial remains of man, but remains
of the hysena also. In fine, so far as the evidence goes,
Devonshire was occupied by pre-hy{enine men, but Derbyshire
was not.

2. With regard to Machairodus latidem, it can scarcely be
possible for any one unacquainted with the facts to arrive at
any other conclusions on reading the second quotation from
Mr. Pennington's book than,

(A.) That the remains of this species found at Creswell
Crags were more numerous than those met with in Kent's
Hole.

(B.) That there was a general suspicion that those yielded
by the Devonshire cave had been dislodged from a more
ancient bed and redeposited in a less ancient one.

(C.) That had this dislodgement and redeposition been
established facts they would have destroyed all proof of the
contemporaneity of Man and Machairodus.

Let us devote a few minutes to each of these hypothetical
conclusions.

(A.) The number of remains of Machairodus latidens found
in Kent's Hole and at Creswell Crags: — I have elsewhere
directed attention to the facts that the Rev. J. Mac Enery
found five canine teeth of the species in question in January,
1826 {Trans. Devon, Assoc., vol. iii. pp. 486-9), in that part

AND PALiEONTOLOGY OF DEVONSHIRE.

of Kent's Cavem known as the Wolfs Cave; t
sequently found an incisor tooth of the same s]
unspecified part of the same Cavern {Ihid, p. 481
on 29 July, 1872, the Committee exploring the C
the auspices of the British Association, found an<
{Ibid, vol. V. p. 179. See also Rep. Brit. Assoi
46, 47). These, up to the present, are the oi
Machairodus Kent's Hole is known to have y
Mr. Pennington is justified in speaking of th
scanty remains there found," if his intention be
their number with that of many other species f
same Cavern, but not if, as most persons wou
suppose, he is speaking of them in comparisc
remains of the same species found in Derbys
Creswell Crags no more than a solitary canine
speak correctly, crown of a canine, has been met w
the seven teeth in Kent's Hole, Devonshire, i
tooth in Eobin Hood Cave, Derbyshire, are the o
Machairodus latidens yet disinterred anywhere
Cave.

(B.) The suspected dislodgement aTid redeposition
Cavern relics of Machairodus : — Mr. Pennington
rect, literally, in stating that " it has been dout
or not the scanty remains [of Machairodus foui
Hole] had not belonged to some older cave dep(
one in which they were ultimately found;" but,
should be led to suppose that this doubt had be(
may add that no one ever held this doubt but Pn
Dawkins ; and that it was held by him, not on ac
fact attending their discovery, but on account of i.
afi&nities of the species. I have elsewhere stat
doubt appeared to be unreasonable. {Trans, Devo7<
v., pp. 173-8. See also Quart. Joum. Sci,, vol.
212-6.) So far as I can ascertain there was not
ing the discovery of the Derbyshire specimen
degree more conclusive as to its era than there
case of the Torquay specimen. Be this as it mi
Dawkins seems to be now convinced that Machair
was, in Derbyshire, as Mac Enery said in 182
Devonshire, a contemporary of " Rhinoceros, Elep
Ox, Elk, Deer, Hyaena, Bear, Wolf, Fox, &c."*

* On 17th August 1878, about a fortnight after this p
Professor Boyd Dawkins made his "recantation" on this
addressing the (Jeological Section of the British Association in

626 NOTES ON RECENT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY

(C.) The C07ite7iiporan€ity of Man and Machairodtts : — The
Kent's Hole remains of Machairodus were all found in the
deposit known as the Cave-earth. The Cavern, however,
contains two distinct deposits of much higher antiquity, and
Professor Boyd Dawkins suspected that the oldest of these —
that termed the Breccia — was that in which the relics in
question had been primarily embedded, and to the era of
which they belonged. As already stated, it does not appear
to me that this suspicion is a reasonable one ; but waiving
this, the Breccia, though it yielded to the explorers no trace
of Mstchairodus, did furnish them with a considerable number
of rude and massive flint and chert tools; so that* as Sir
Charles Lyell remarked when speaking of Machairodus
latidenSf whilst discussing this very question, " Man was still
equally its contemporary in that earlier period." {Antiquity
of Man, 4th ed., p. 108, 1873.) It was not necessary, there-
fore, to wait until the discovery in Derbyshire was made to
be enabled to say "the natural conclusion is probably the
right one : the Machairodus was a contemporary of man."

3. When Mr. Pennington states that "the PalsBolithic
Cave-dweller of France and England was an inlander," he
appears to have forgotten that Kent's Hole is at present in a
small peninsula, and that on all sides of it, from due north,
through east, to south-west, the sea is nowhere more than
1*25, and at one place not more than 25 mile from it; and
that the near proximity of the Palaeolithic sea also is be-
tokened by the harpoons or fish-spears, as well as by the
utilized " dead " pecten shells found in the Cavern.

m. THE "WATERING PLACES OF THE SOUTH OF ENGLAND"
ON KENT*S CAVERN. 1877.

A Woman lost in Kent's Cavern:— In The Watering
Plac^ of the South of England ( JVith Part of the West). 1877.
London : Eyre Bros., to which Mr. J. T. White, of Torquay,
has been so good as to direct my attention, the following
statement occurs in a description of Kent's Cavern : — " Once
when caution was probably not so much exercised as now, a
woman who had entered the cavern lost her way, and, never
regaining it, died a death nearly as honible as that from
which the five miners of Pontypridd so recently but just
escaped. The skeleton of the uiibrtunate creature was found
some years ago." pp. 584-5.

AND PALiEONTOLOGY OF DEVONSHIKK

Being unacquainted with the address of the Ec
Watering Places, I wrote the publishers, Messrs. Ey
on 4th December, 1877, directing their attention t
and stating that I should be much obliged if t
Editor of the work, would be so good as to tell m
was obtained. They replied by return of post
**We will hand your letter to our editor, whose
may expect in course of a few days." I am so:
to add that up to this time (June 1878) no furth
information on the question, has reached me fron
or any other person.*

For stories belonging to the same category,
Devon. Assoc., voL iii p. 238, and x. p. 146.

IV. "cockrem's tourist's guide" on brixham

A small volume entitled Cockrem's Tourist'
Torquay and its NeigKbourhood, without date un
contains the following paragraph (pp. 97-8):—
brated Brixhsmi Caves (1) are situated at some
from the town, on the side nearest (3) Torquay. 1
generally speaking, resemble those of Kent's Cav(
Orestone (4) Caves, near Plymouth. The arrange
different deposits has created great interest; an
contents have been purchased (5) by the Geolog;
of London, who have paid the expense (6) of th(
tion."

The numerals introduced into the paragraph, I
is unnecessary to say are not in the original, marl
requiring correction or comment.

(1) For "Caves" read "Cave." The only "celel
ham Cave" is that on Windmill Hill, discovered i
explored in that and the following year.

(2) For " at some distance from " read " in."
situated in the north-west angle of the hill, at the
the two principal streets of the town, and its chi
is 75 feet above the level of the streets, which it a
hangs. The Cavern is actually and vertically uni
the Brixham cottages.

(3) For "nearest" read "most remote fix)ra."
line from the Cavern to Torquay passes across t
part of the town of Lower Brixham.

(4) For "Orestone" read "Oreston."

628 NOTES ON RECENT NOTICES OF THE GEOLOGY

(5) The "fossil contents have [not] been purchased" by
any one, but have been presented to the British Museunu

(6) " The Geological Society of London have [not] paid the
expense of their exhumation," nor contributed so much as one
farthing towards it.

The work was undertaken at the instance of the Geological
Society, by a Committee appointed by the Council of that
body and consisting entirely of Fellows of the Society. The
expense, it may be said, was mainly borne by the nation ; for
" the Council of the Geological Society, not having at their
disposal funds for undertaking such a work, addressed a letter
to the President and Council of the Royal Society" for a
portion of the annual grant of £1000, which, under the name
of the Donation Fund, is placed at the disposal of the Royal
Society to be devoted to scientific research. From this Fund,
two grants of £100 each were voted "on the understanding
that any specimens obtained should be eventually deposited
in the British Museum." Private subscriptions in aid of the
work were received from the Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Sir J.
K Shuttleworth, and Mr. R Arthington. (See Fhil. Trans,,
vol. clxiii., 1873, pp. 475-6 ; or Trans, Devon. Assoc., voL vL
p. 790.)

On the completion of the exploration all the specimens
were sent to the Geological Society of London, by whom
they were forwarded to the British Museum when the Cavern
Committee had sent in their Report to the Royal Society.

v. MR. PENGELLY ON CAVERN EXPLORATION IN DEVONSHIRE.

In an Address which I had the pleasure of reading to the
Geological Section of the British Association, at Plymouth,
16th August, 1877, the following passages occur : —

1. "Oreston is distinguished as the only known British
Cavern which has yielded remains of Rhinoceros leptorhinus"
(p. 9.)

2. "Kent's Hole is the only known British Cave which
has yielded remains of Beaver." (p. 9.)

Each of the passages contains an error, which I am anxious
to correct ; especially as the Address was printed in extenso
and verbatim in the Geological Magazine (Decade 2, voL iv.,
pp. 419-31), in Nature (vol. xvi., pp. 318-23), and in Ths
Zoologist (Series 3, vol. i., pp. 361-79).

The errors will not appear in the Address as printed in the
volume of the British Association for 1877.

Digitized by

AND PALiEONTOLOQY OP DEVONSHIRE.

1. Oreston : — When claiming for Oreston the c
being the only known British Cave which had yie
of Rhinoceros leptarhinus^ I had overlooked the
their Third Report, presented to the British Ai
1875, the Committee appointed by that body "foi
of assisting in the Exploration of the Settle Caves
leptorhinm amongst the species whose remains wc
to the Lower Bed " of Victoria Cave. They ad<
"not been found before [that year] in the C
presence is well established now by teeth and
171-2.)

2. Kent's Hole:— Sox is Kent's Hole "the
British Cave which has yielded remains of Bea
Eev. W. S. Symonds stated in 1872, when wri
Bannerman's Cave on the banks of the River W;
the upper cUhris of this Cave was found a perfe(
of a beaver, probably one of the last of those i
frequented the banks of the Wye." {Records of
353.)

The error in this instance, though as clearly ej
scarcely so grave as that in the former case.
Hole Beaver, like the leptorhine Rhinoceros of
of Settle, belonged to Pleistocene times; but
reason to suppose that the Beaver whose relics w
the Wye cavern could lay claim to any such anti

REMAINS OF WHALES FOUND ON THE COAST
OF DEVONSHIRE.

Part IL

BT W. PBNGBLLT, F.B.8., F.G.&, ETO.
(Bead at Paignton, Angust, 1878.)

At the Tiverton meeting of this Association, in June, 1865,
I had the pleasure of reading a short paper on Cetacean
Remains washed ashore at Babbacorribe, South Devon. (See
Trans, Devon, Assoc., voL L part iv. pp. 86-9.) As these
remains have been mentioned elsewhere — not, however,
without a few errors — and as, since the date just mentioned,
other Cetacean relics have been found on, or near, the coast
of this county, it has appeared desirable to re-introduce the
subject on this occasion, especially as most of the "finds"
have been met with near the spot in which we are now
assembled.

The remains mentioned in my former paper were two
cervical vertebrae, the first found on Babbacombe beach, near
Torquay, and the second on the almost adjacent Petitor beach.

On 10th January, 1865, the late Dr. J. E. Gray read to the
Zoological Society of London, a paper on the Babbacombe, or
first, specimen, entitled Notice of a new Whalebone Whale
from the coast of Devonshire^ proposed to be called EschrichtiAis
robustus, which was printed in the Annals and Magcudne of
Natural History, 3rd Series, voL xv. (= No. 90, June, 1865),
pp. 492-5, but which I had not seen when my former paper
was written. The following abridgement contains the prin-
cipal points of this communication : —

" Mr. Pengelly has kindly brought to me one of the middle
cervical vertebrae of a Finner "Whale, which was washed
ashore at Babbacombe Bay ... on the coast of Devonshire,
on the 24th of November, 1861. It is so different in its form
and proportions from the cervical vertebrae of any of the
species of British Whales which I described in my paper on

Digitized by Google

BEMAINS OF WHALES.

631

those animals (printed in the 'Proceedings' of the [Zoological]
Society for 1864), that I lose no time in bringing a description
of it before the Society. . . . ,

" In this case, though as yet we only know a single bone,
there cannot be any doubt — 1, that the body of the vertebra
dififers in its form and thickness from the vertebrse of any
Finner Whale yet described; 2, that the thickness of the
lateral processes is exceedingly difiTerent from that of those
parts in any other knowi! species ; 3, that the size, or rather
width, of the canal of the spine, as compared with the size of
the body of the vertebra, differs from the width found in cuiy
whale yet examined.

" On comparing the vertebra with the drawing of the cervical
vertebrse of BaUmoptera roimsta, described by Professor Lillje-
borg in his very excellent paper on the Scandinavian Whales
.... I was induced to believe that the bone sent by Mr.
Pengelly might belong to that species; but, for greater

certainty I sent a tracing of the bone to Upsal, and

the Professor has replied that he believes it belongs to the
species he described. He has also sent me a drawing of one
of the cervical vertebrae of his species, which certainly agrees
with the one from Babbacombe in every particular, except in
being a trifle larger in all its parts.

The addition of this animal to our marine fauna, and the
procuring of the remains of a second specimen of a species
which only rested on the description of an imperfect skeleton
found imbedded in the sand on the coast of Sweden, is im-
portant

"The body of the cervical vertebra of K rohustm from
Babbacombe is very thick, and of a nearly uniform thick-
ness; front and hinder surfaces nearly flat; the sides are
nearly straight, the lower one being the widest and most
arched out. The upper and lower lateral processes are strong ;
the upper one subtrigonal, slightly bent down, and nearly on
a level with the articulating surfaces of the body ; the lower
one rather compressed above, broader and somewhat flattened
on the lower edge. The width of the body 7*5 [inches], the
height 6 inches. The upper process 375, and the lower 4 5
inches long ; but they are evidently broken and sea-worn at
the end.

" This vertebra appears to be the fourth or fifth cervical, as
the lateral processes are nearly on the same plane as the
articulating surface; while in the anterior and posterior
cervicals they are usually either bent forwards or backwards.

632

REMAINS OF WHALES

It diflfers from other cervical vertebrae i» the squareness of
its form, the straightness of the sides, the smallness of the
size, and the very great and equal thickness of the body. It
is evidently the bone of an adult animal, as the epiphyses
are completely united to the body of the vertebra,"

Dr. Gray's statements appear to have been used by Mr.
"W. S. M. D'Urban, F.L.S., when drawing up A Sketch of the
Natural History of South Devon, which forms an Appendix
to Mr. Besley's Hand Book of South Devon, for (p. xxvii.) he
says : The 5th cervical vertebra of a very rare, and probably
extinct. Whale called Eschrichtivs robmtus, was cast ashore at
Babbicombe, 24th November 1861." Mr. Parfitt, speaking of
the same bone, in his Fauna of Devon — Mammalia, says :
" The date when this vertebra was cast ashore is November
24th, 1861 " {Trans, Devon. Assoc, voL ix. p. 330).

With regard to the date when the Babbacombe specimen
was found, Mr. D'Urban and Mr. Parfitt have followed Dr.
Gray ; but why he says it was the 24th November, 1861, 1 am
at a loss to understand. As stated in my former paper, I
bought the specimen "a few years ago, but the exact date has
escaped me."

It may be as well to observe, perhaps, that whilst Dr. Gray
speaks of the specimen as the "fourth or fifth" cervical
vertebra, Mr. D*Urban uses the definite number, " the 5th."
He does not state, however, on what authority he does so.

In the paper of 1865 I mentioned that early in May that
year my second specimen had been found on Petitor beach,
about half a mile east of Babbacombe. It has undergone
much rougher usage, and is considerably less perfect, than
the former, which it closely resembles, however, with the
possible exception of being very slightly smaller. There can
be no doubt that it belonged to the same species, if not the
same individual.

So far as I am aware no other specimen was met with until
1867; but in his Sketch, already mentioned, Mr. D'lTrban
says another was found at Babbacombe in June, 1865 ; and
this is quoted by Mr. Parfitt. (See Trans, Devon. Assoc., voL
ix. p. 330.) In reply to an enquiry, Mr. D'Urban wrote me,
as below, on 12th January, 1878: — "The following extract
from Dr. J. E. Gray's Catalogue of Seals and Whales in the
British Museum, p. 373, will give you all the information I
possess about 'the second cervical vertebra' you make en-
quiries about : — * Mr. Pengelly has kindly informed me that a
second cervical vertebra of this whale [JEschrichtius rcbusttis"]

FOUND ON THK COAST OF DEVONSHIRE.

633

was picked up, washed ashore at Babbicombe Bay, early in
June, 1865/ W. S. M. D'U." I find that I wrote Dr. Gray
on 15th May, 1865, informing him of the second "find," and
stating that the "new specimen was picked up last week,'^
that is, not earlier than the 7th nor later than the 13th May.
He acknowledged on 17th May, 1865, receipt of my letter.
It may therefore be concluded that the May specimen was
really that said to have been found in June.

On 28th December, 1867, I purchased a third cervical
vertebra, which, the person who sold it stated, had been
found that day, and, like the second, on Petitor beach. It is
less perfect than the first, but has escaped with less ill usage
than the second. Though it, no doubt, belongs to the same
species, it is not the homologue of either of the others, as the
articulating surfaces, instead of being very nearly flat, are
one of them decidedly concave, and the other correspondingly
convex. Moreover, its upper and lower sides are not so
nearly equal, and all its dimensions are, perhaps, a little
gi'eater.

During the meeting of the British Association at Exeter,
in 1869, I laid a brief communication respecting the three
foregoing vertebrae before the Biological Section, when all
the specimens were exhibited. (See Rep. Brit, Assoc, 1869.
Trans, of Sections, p. 116.)

There seems no reason to suppose that any other remains
of E, rolmtus have been found in Devonshire up to this time.

It may be well to add that certain remains of Whale found
at Pentewan, near St. Austell, Cornwall, and mentioned by
the late Mr. J. "W. Colenso in 1829 (see Traits, Royal Geol.
Soe, Com., vol. iv. p. 574), were lodged in the Museum of the
Royal Geological Society of Cornwall, at Penzance, and, after
the lapse of upwards of forty years, were identified by Professor
W. H. Flower, F.R.S., in 1872, as the right ramus of the lower
jaw, a lumbar vertebra, a humerus, a radius, and two meta-
cai-pals or phalanges of this species — K robustus. (See Ann.
and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 4th S., vol. ix., or Trans, Royal Oeol.
Soc. Cornwall, vol. ix. part 1, pp. 114-121.)

In October, 1870, two bones of whale, one a dorsal vertebra,
the other a humerus, were taken up in a trawl off Berry Head,
and now form part of the collection of the Torquay Natural
History Society.

The following are the dimensions of the vertebra, which

VOL. X. 2 R

634

REMAINS OF WHALES

is nearly flat at each end or articulating surface, one of which
is very slightly larger than the other : —

Antero-posterior length of the body . 11.75 ii^ches.

Max. and min. diameters of laiger end 13 x 11. 5 „

Length of dorsal process or spine . .18 „

Length of least injured latend process . 4.25

The humerus, which is also greatly worn, answers well to
the following description of that bone of a whale given in the
Fenny Cyclopcedia, voL xviii p. 282, col. 2 : — " The humerus

is stout and short Its tuberosity does not reach

beyond the head in front ; this last is hemisphericaL

The lower head is divided into two slightly inclined planes."

Its dimensions are —

Extreme length of body . . . 1 9.1 inches.

Girth of proximal head . • • 36 „

Do. distal do. . . . 27.1 „

Do. body, where least . . .22 „

Length of longer plane on distal head . 6.25 „

Do. shorter do. . . 4.25 „

Breadth of distal head (tolerably uniform). 4 „

Each of the planes of the lower head is slightly concave,
and this feature is most marked on the smaller plane.

On 9th January, 1874, I purchased the entire vertebrae of
the neck of a whale, of a fisherman named David Chalice,
who furnished me with the following memorandum : —

"Taken up in a seine, 10th May, 1873, shot in about 20
feet of water, and drawn up on the beach in Elbury Cove,
Torbay, in my presence and, in part, with my assistance.

(Signed) David Chauce."

This relic belonged to a different species of whale, as all
the vertebrae are anchylosed. Their exposed surfaces are very
concave, and the dimensions betoken a much larger animal.
This specimen has undergone considerable abrasion, but the
neural arch is well preserved.

It may not be out of place to remark here that remains of
whales belonging to the era of our Eaised Beaches, appear to
have been met with some years ago at Plymouth. Thus, a
writer in the Monthly Magazine (vol. xxvi. ]). 191) says,
when describing relics taken out of a bed of sand on Plymouth
Hoe, fifty leet above high-water mark, in 1808, " A joint of
back bone was discovered of an amazing size^ being in diametjer

FOUND ON THE COAST OF DEVONSHIRE.

635

nine inches and a quarter by four and a half deep. There is
no perpendicular hole for the spine." There can be little or
no doubt that this was a remnant of a whale, and, unless the
neural arch had been removed by friction, that it was a caudal
vertebra. (See Tram. Devon. Assoc., vol. ix. p. 428.)

The late Dr. Edward Moore, writing in 1841 on the Raised
Beach on the Hoe, mentions, in one place " caudal vertebrte
of the whale" amongst the remains which had been met with ;
and in another, ''the vertebrae of a whale much rounded."
lUd, pp. 426, 7.)

2 R 2

LIST OF MEMBERS.

* Indicates life Members.

t ladioateB Honorary Members.

t Indicates Oorresponding Members.
The Names of Members of the Council are printed in small capitals.
Notice of changes of Besidenoe and of Decease of Members should be sent to the
General Seoretaryy Ber. W. Harpley, Olayhanger Bectoiy, TiTerton.

Year of
Election.

1872tAdams, John Couch, M.A., d.cl., p.r.8., f.r.a.8., Director of
Observatory and Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and
Greometry in the University of Cambridge, The Obser-
vatory, Cambridge.

1876 Adams, George, Buckyett, Little Hempston, Totnes.
1875 Adams, James, m.d., Ashburton.

1877 Adams, James, jun., Kingsbridge.

1878 Alexander, James, m.d., Paignton.

1874 Alsop, R, Teignmouth Bank, Teignmoutk
1877 Amery, Jasper, Glena, Kingsbridge.
1869 Ambry, J. S., Druid, Ashburton.

1869 Ambry, P. F. S., Druid, Ashburton.
1875*Andrbw, T., p.g.b., Southemhay, Exeter.

1877 Andrews, R, Modbuiy.

1863 Applbton, Edward, p.i.b.a., Cotswold, Torquay.

1878 Armstrong, James, 2, Gterston Terrace, Paignton.

1870 Arnold, G., Dolton.

1878 Arnold, T., West of England Bank, Paignton.

1877 Arthur, Edward, Slade House, Kingsbridge.
1868 Ash, F., Dartmouth.

1868 Ashley, J., Honiton.

1874 Ayerst, J. S. A., M.D., 2, Belgrave Terrace, Torquay.

1878 Baebr, Sir Samuel White, m.a., p.r.8., p.r.o.s. (President),

Sandford Orleigh, Newton Abbot.
1877 Balkwill, S., Park, Kingsbridge.
1877 Balkwill^ B., Devon and Cornwall Bank, Kingsbridge.

1871 Bangham, Joseph, Torrington.

1862 Barnes, Eev. Preb., M.A., The Vicarage, Heavitree, Exeter.
1877 Bartlett, Rev. J. M., Manor House, Ludbrooke, Modbury,
Ivybridge.

imiiip

638

LIST OF MEBIBERS.

1876 Bastard, B. J. P., Kitley, Yealmpton, South Devon.

1862 Bate, C. Spenob, p.rs., &c., 8, Mulgrave Place, Plymouth.

1872 Bate, James J. R, Bamptou Street, Tiverton.
1876 Bate, D. C, Bampton Street, Tiverton.

1873 Batten, J. Hallet, F.R.O.S., M.R.A.S., 2, Manston Terrace, Exeter.
1866 Bayly, John, Seven Trees, PlymoutL

1871*Bayly, Robert, Torr Grove, PlymoutL

1868 Bayley, W. R, m.a., Cotford House, Sidbury, Sidmouth.

1876 Beal, Rev. S., B.A., Professor of Chinese, University CoU^^

London, Hexham, Northumberland.
1876 Beame, Lewis E., Collin wood, Newton Abbot

1876 Beatty, W., Buckfastleigh.

1875 Bedford, Captain R L, r.n., Faiilawn, Plaignton.

1877 Beer, Captain W. R, Quay House, Kingsbridge.

1877 Beer, W., jun., Kingsbridge.

1878 Benbow, V., Torbay Mount, Paignton.

1875 Bennett, C, 5, Victoria Terrace, Mount Radford, Exeter.
1877 Bennett, K Gasking, Woodland Teirace, Plymoutti.

1877 Berry, J., 18, Belgrave Terrace, Torquay.

1878 Berthon, Claude, Southcombe, Paignton.

1876 Bickford, J., Bank, Ashburton.

1868 Bidder, George P., as., Ravensbury, Dartmouth.

1877 Birdwood, Major-Gen., Woodcot, Sakombe, Kingsbridge.

1876 Bishop, E., 23, Soho Square, London. W.

1877 Blackler, J., Kingsbridge.

1878 Blackmore, Rev. R, m.a., Probus, Cornwall

1872 Borlase, W. C, P.8.A., Castle Homeck, Penzance.
1876 Bovey, Edward, Baddaford, Staverton, Buckfastleigh.

1874 Bowring, Lady, 7, Baring Crescent, Exeter.

1873 Bowring, L. B., as.!., lAvrockbeare, Torquay.
1878 BradfoiS, J., Devonia, Paignton.

1876tBray, Mrs., 40, Brompton Crescent, South Kensington.

1869 Brendon, William, George Street, Plymouth.

1872 Brent, F., 19, Clarendon Place, PlymoutL

1873 Brewin, R., Bearsden, Ide, Exeter.

1872 Bridges, W. T., d.o.l., Torwood, Torquay.
1878 Bridgman, G., Soudon, Torquay.

1870 Briggs, T. R A., f.l.8., 4, Richmond Villas, Saltash Road,

PlymoutL

1872 Brodrick, W., Littlehill, Chudleigh.

1873*Brown, Mrs., 1, Stratton Street, Piccadilly, London.

1876 Brown, M. G., Stanmore House, Dawlish.
1878 Brown, James, Goodrington House, Paignton.
1878 Brown, H., Greystone, Teignmouth.

1872 Buckingham, W., 12, Southemhay, Exeter.

1874 Bidteel, C, p.r.o.8., Dumford Street, Stonehouse.

1877 Bunker, R, Kingsbridge.

1871 Burch, Arthur, 5, Baring Crescent, Exeter.

Digitized by Google

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

639

1873*Burdett-Coutt8, Eight Hon. Baroness, 1, Sttatton Street,
Piccadilly, London.

1878 Campbell, Gordon, Femdale, Paignton.
1862 Cann, William, 9, Southemliay, Exeter.

1874 Carew, W. H. Pole, Antony, Torpoint
1866*Carpenter<jamier, J., icp., Mount Tavy, Tavistock.

1877 Carpenter, John S., Kingsbridge.

1878 Cary, R S. S., J.P., Tor Abbey, Torquay.

1873*Cavb, Eight Hon. S., m.p., 36, Wilton Place, London. S.W.
1866*Champbrnownb, A., m.a., p.g.s., Partington House, Totnea

1876 Champemowne, Eev. R, m.a., Dartington, Totnes.
1866 Chanter, J. R, Fort Hill, Barnstaple.

1875 Chappie, K, Well Street, Torrington.

1877 Chaplin, R P., Earlham, Torquay.

1871 Chaklewood, Admiral E. P., B.N., Porthill, Northam, Bideford.
1876*Chatto, W. P., The Daison, St. Mary Church, Torquay.
1873 Chick, S., Sidmouth.

1878 Chinnock, F., Paignton.
1869*Clark, R A., Wentworth, Torquay.

1871 Clements, Eev. H. G. J., m.a.. Vicarage, Sidmouth.

1872 Cliflford, Col. Morgan, St Eonan's, Torquay.

1873 Clifford, Eight Hon. Lord, Ugbrooke, Chudleigh.

1875 Clinton, Eight Hon. Lord, Heanton Satchville, Beaford.
1878 Codner, T., Gerston Hotel, Paignton.

1874 Coffin, J. R Pine, Portledge, Bideford.

1870 Cofl&n, T., Grove Cottage, Clarence Eoad, Clapton, London.
1873 Coleridge, W. E., Salston, Ottery St. Mary.
1868*Colebidoe, Eight Hon. Lord, M.A., 1, Sussex Square, London.

1876 Collier, Eight Hon. Sir R, M.A. (President Elec3t), Bigod's

Hall, Dunmoor, Essex.

1866 CoLUER, W. F., Woodtown, Horrabridge.

1871 Cook, Eev. Precentor, m.a.. The Close, Exeter.

1876 Cornish, F. S., Kingsbridge.

1877 Cornish, J., Stancombe^ Kingsbridge.

1867 Cotton, R W., Woodleigh, Newton Abbot.

1866 Cotton, W., p.&a., Elms House, Alphington Eoad, Exeter.

1878 Couldrey, W. G., Winner Street, Paignton.

1870 Crabbe, William Eichard, P.8.A., East Wonford, Heavitree,
Exeter.

1878 Cranford, R, Directory Office, Dartmouth.
1866 Creed, J., Whiddon, Newton Abbot.
1877 Crimp, W. A., Bongsbridge.

1877 Cubitt, W., j.p., Fallapit Mounts, Kingsbridge.

1878 Dallaway, H., Hawthomden, Torquay.

1875 David, Eev. W., CoUeton Crescent, Exeter.
1875 Davidson, J. B., Secktor House, Axminster.

1
I

Digitized by Google

640

LIST OF MEMBEBS.

1877 Davies, W., Kingsbridge.

1878 Davson, F. A., m.d., Dartmouth.
1878 Davy, A. J., Fleet Street, Torquay.

1870 De Larue, P. F., M.B.O.S., 40, Ker Street, Devonport
1878 Deller, Edwin, Paignton.

1878 Dendy, A. H., m.a , Paignton.

1873 Devon, Eight Hon. the Earl of; Powderham Castle, Exeter.

1862 Divett, John, m.a., Bovey Tracey.

1867 Dob, G., Castle Street, Great Torrington.

1869*Douglas, Rev. R, ila., Manaton, Moretonhampstead.

1873*Dowie, J. M., Wetstones, West Kirby, Birkenhead

1876 DowNBS, Eev. W., Kentisbeare, CoUumpton.

1876 Drake, T. E., Manor House, Widdecombe, Ashburton.

1877 Drew, J., Kingsbridge.

1878 Drummond, r., m.d., Belgrave, Sidmouth.
1877 Dumbleton, Rev. E. N., m.a., Exeter.

1871 Dymond, F. W., 3, Manston Terrace, Exeter.

1872 Dymond, R, p.8.a., Bampfylde House, Exeter.

1877 Eady, Mrs., Coombe Royal, Kingsbridge.

1876 Eablb, Venerable Archdeacon, West Alvington, Kingsbridga

1877 Eddy, H, Kingsbridge.

1878 Edgeland, F., Teignmouth.

1873 Ellacombe, Rev. H. T., F* 8. A. , A* , Clyst St. George.
1877 Elliot, J., Tresillian, Kingsbridge.

1877 Elliot, R. L., Tresillian, Kingsbridge.

1878 Ellis, W. W., Winner Street, Paignton.

1878 El worthy, F. T., Foxdown, Wellington, Somersetshire.
1869*Evans, J., p.r.8., p.8.a., f.g.s., Nash Mills, Hemel Hemp-
stead, Herts.

1877 Evans, J. L., Moreton House, TyndaU's Park, BristoL
1871*ExETER, Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of, the Palace, Exeter.

1872 Falkner, Rev. Thomas Felton, B. A. , F. 8. A. , F. BC< S. , St. Thomas's

College, Colombo. (Care of J. E. Price, Esq., f.&a.,

60, Albion Road, Stoke Newington.)
1869 Farley, H. W., as., 3, Behnont Villas, Newton Abbot.
1864 Finch, T., p.r.a.8., m.d., Westville, St. Mary Church, Torquay.
1875 Firth, F. H, Cator Court, Ashburton.

1873 Fisher, Edward, Blackmore Hall, Sidmouth.

1875 Fisher, G., High Street, Torrington.

1876 Fisher, Thomas, m.d.. Bilberry Hill, Buckfastleigh.
1876 Fleming, J., Bigadon, BuckfastleigL

1876 Foaden, J. H., Ashburton.

1876 Follett, C. J., Polsloe House, Exeter.

1867 Fortescue, Right Hon. Earl, Castle Hill, Southmolton.

1867*Foster, Rev. J. P., M.A., Dartmouth.

1878 Foster, Samuel, Abergeldie, Torquay.

Digitized by Google

LIST OF MEMBERS.

641

1876 Fouracro, J. T., Chapel Street, Stonehouse, Plymouth.
1876 Fowler, C, Yilla Mentone, Torre, Torquay.
1876*Fowler, Rev. W. W., Repton, Burton-on-Trent

1876 Fox, Charles, Kingsbridge.

1877 Fox, Greorge, Kingsbridge.

1863 Fox, S. B., 7, Southemhay, Exeter.
1874tFroude, J. A., M.A., 5, Onslow Gardens, London.
1868 Froude, W., M.A., ll.d., p.r.8., m.i.o.b., Chelston Cross,
Torquay.

1876 Fulford, Rev. F. D., Exmouth.
1872 Fursdon, Rev. E., Fursdon, Tiverton.

1876 Gadd, Henry, Branscombe House, Exeter.
1872 Galton, J. C, 6, Dix's Field, Exeter.
1862 Gamlbn, W. H., Brampford Speke, Exeter.

1877 Gay, W. R., Hill Side, Kingsbridge.

1876 Gaye, Henry S., m.d., 3, Courtenay Terrace, Newton Abbot,

1872*Geare, J. G., Exeter.

1871*Gervis, W. S., m.d., f.g.s., Ashburton.

1872 Gidley, Bartholomew C, M.A., 2, Bamtield Crescent, Exeter.
1865 GiLi^ H. S., Exe Yilla, Tiverton.

1876 Gillow, W., Stapleton, Torquay.

1875 Glubb, P. R, Potacre Street, Torrington.
l877*Glyde, E. E, f.m.8., Kirkham, Babbacombe, Torquay.
1868*Gold8mid, Sir Julian, Bart., M.A., m.p., 105, Piccadilly,

London, W.

1876 Goodrick, G., 11, George Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

1878 Goodridge, J. T., m.r.c.s., Paignton.

1868 Grainger, Rev. G. Watts, m.a., Luppit Vicarage, Honiton.

1878 Greenfield, James, HoUacombe, near Torquay.

1878 Greenfield, J., jun., HoUacombe, near Torquay.

1878 Gregory, A. (Hon. Local Treasurer), Bank, Paignton.

1878 Gregory, Rev. E. L, m.a., Halberton Vicarage, Tiverton.

1877 Gretton, Rev. W. H., m.a., Alvanley, Torquay.

1875 Groser, A., 3, North Devon Place, Plymouth.

1873 Grundy, T., Beetlands, Sidmouth.

1878 Grundy, Rev. T. R, Elbury Lodge, Newton Abbot

1876 Guenett, Rev. J. F., Point-in-View, Lympstone, Exeter.
1875 Guille, Rev. G. de Carteret, Rectory, Little Torrington.

1874 Gulson, J. R, East CliflE; Teignmouth.
1873*Guyer, J. B., f.o.s., 1, Lisbume Cottages, Torquay.

1870 Haddy, Rev. J. P., 8, Home Park, Stoke, Devonport
1873 Hall, J. Sparkes, 308, R^ent Street, London.
1878 Hall, Rev. Preb., m.a., Kingshurst, Paignton.
1867*Hall, Townshend M., f.o.s., Pilton, Barnstaple.
1873*Halliday, W. H, m.a., GlentJiorn, Lynmouth, Barnstapla

Digitized by Google

642

LIST OF MEMBERS.

1862 Hamilton, A. H. A., m. a., President of the Exeter KaturalistB'

Club, Fairfield Lodge, Exeter.
1878 Hamlyn, W. R, 4, Abbey Crescent, Torquay.
1873*Hanbury, S., Bishopstowe, Torquay.
1878 Hardie, Capt, Penquit, Torquay.

1870 Harding, Col,, p.a.s., Upcot House, Pilton, Barnstaple.

1868 Harper, J., L.R.O.P., Bear Street, Barnstaple.

1874 Harpley, R R, Greatham, West HartlepooL

1862 Harpley, Rev. W., m.a., p.cp.s. (Hon. General Secretary),
Clayhanger Rectory, Tiverton.

1877 Harris, Rev. S. G., M.A., Highweek, Newton Abbot
1873*Harvey, J. T., Aberfeldie, Torquay.

1875 Hatt-Cook, Herbert, Hartford HaU, Cheshire.

1869 Hawker, Rev. Treasurer, m.a., Berrynarbor Rectory, Hfica-

combe.

1878 Hawley, F., The Wigwam, Paignton.

1869 Hayne, C. Seale, Kingswear Castle, Dartmouth.
1872 Hayward, P., Castle Yard, Exeter.
1862 Hearder, G. E., Torwood Street, Torquay.
1877 Hearder, Miss, Roland House, Brent, Devon.
1865 Hearder, W., Rocombe, Torquay.

1868*Heberden, Rev. W., m.a., 14, Gloucester Place, Portman
Square, London.

1875 Hedgeland, Rev. Preb., M.A., Penzance.

1871 Hkinbkbn, N. S., Sidmouth.

1876 Hill, H S., Cornish Telegraph, Penzance.

1872 Hill, J., J.P., Moretonhampstead, Exeter.

1862 HiNB, J. E., P.LRA., 7, Mulgrave Place, Plymouth.

1877 Hingston, P. 0., Kbigsbridge.
1869 Hingston, R., Dartmouth.

1876 Hingston, Rev. A. N., M.A., Kingsbridge.

1877 Hirtzel, G., Highlands, Bamlield, Exeter.
1875 Hockin, Edward, Poughill, Stratton, ComwalL

1873 Hodge, B. T., M.D., High Street, Sidmouth.

1867 Hodgson, W. B., Professor, liuD., Bonaly Tower, Colinton,
Scotland.

1877 Holdsworth, A. F., Widdecombe House, Kingsbridge.

1877 Holt, Major, Ogbeare HaU, Holsworthy, Devon.
1875 Hoi will, Frederick, South Street, Torrington.
1872 Hooper, B., Boumbrook, Torquay.

1878 Hooper, J., Kingsbridge.
1877 Home, Mik, Adwell, Torquay.

1872 Homiman, W. H, Coombe Cliff House, Croydon, Surrey.
1871 Hounsell, H S., m.d.. The Larches, Torquay.

1871 How, John, Bideford.

1872 Hughes, MajoivGeneral, W. T., o.a, Egland, Honiton.
1868*HuNT, A. R, M.A., P.G.8., Southwood, Warb^y Road

Middle, Torquay.

Digitized by Google

LIST OF MBMBEBS.

643

1878 Hunt, J. Lyde, Bamshill, Paignton,

1878 Hunton, T., b.a^ Bronshill, Torquay.

1877 HuRRELL, A, W., B.A., The Knowle, Kingsbridge.

1877 Hurrell, Henry, LL.a, 1, New Court, Middle Temple, London.

1876 HuRRBLL, J. S., Buttville, Kingsbridge.

1876 Huirell, R, The Knowle, Kingsbridge.

1873 Hutchins, Rev. H., m.a., The Clintons, Teignmouth.

1868 Hutchinson, P. O., SidinoutL

1877 liberty Rev. P. A., m.a., Thurlestone Rectory, Kingsbridge.
1877 Ilbert, W. R, Bowringsleigh, Kingsbridge.

1869 Inskip, Rev. R M., M.A., rn., o.b., 1, Houndiscombe Place,

Plymouth.

1877 Jackson, G., f.r.c.8., St. George's Terrace, Plymouth.
1877 Jane, Rev. J., 12, E^erton Park, Exeter.
1877 Jarvis, W. A., Bolberry, ELingsbridge.

1875 Jones, C. K, m.d., m.r.o.8.. Castle House, Torrington.
1862 Jones, Winslow, St Loyes, Heavitree, Exeter.

1871 Jordan, W. R R, Bitton Street, Teignmouth.

1874 Karkeek, p. Q., 1, Matlock Terrace, Torquay.

1877 KeUock, T. C, Totnes.

1872*Kennaway, Sir John H, Bart, m.a., m.p., Escot> Ottery St.
Mary.

1876 King, H. J., 21, George Street, Swansea.
1874 King, Richard J., m.a., The Limes, Crediton.
1868 Kingdon, A. S., m.d., Combmartin, Hfracombe.

1878 Kitson, R, m.a., Hengrave, Torquay.

1865*Kitson, W. H., Hemsworth, Barton Road, Torre, Torquay.

1869*Laidley, Rev. W., M.A., West Lawn, Teignmouth.

1871 Lake, W. C, m.d., f.m.s., 2, West Cliff Terrace, Teignmouth.

1878 Langworthy, W. Froude, Brooke House, Modbury.

1873 Lavers, W., Upton Leigh, Torre, Torquay.

1871 Lee, Gijdfrey Robert, Fore Street, Teignmouth.

1872 Lbb, J. E., F.G.S., P.8.A., President Torquay Natural History

Society, Villa Syracusa, Torquay.

1873 Lethaby, R, Market Place, Sidmouth.
1878 Lewis, J., Winner Street, Paignton.

1877 Lidstone, J., Kingsbridge.

1872 Linford, W., Elstow, Old Tiverton Road, Exeter.

1873 Lister, C., Brunstath House, Bournemouth, Hants.

1872 Lloyd, Horace G., 9, Baring Place, Mount Radford, Exeter.

1873 Lovbband, M. R, Torrington.

1877 Loveband, M. T., Pilton Abbey, Bamst^la
1877 Luscombe, John, Coombe Royal, Kingsbridge, and Alvington,
Torquay.

Digitized by Google

644

LIST OF MEMBERS.

L877 Luskey, J., Vine Terrace, Kingsbridge.
1869 Luttrell, G. F., Dunster Castle, Somerset.
l863*Lyte, F. Maxwell, Berry Head House, Brixham,

L874 Macartney, Rev. S. P., Yicarage, Chudleigh.
1878 McCormack, W. J., Woodbine Cottage, Paignton.
1865 Mackenzie, F., p.r.o.8., Tiverton.
[877 Mallock, R, Cockington Court, Torquay.
1871 Marshall, W., 12, Cornwall Street, Plymouth.
[873 Marsh-Dunn, R M., Carlton Lodge, TeignmoutL
L871*Martin, John Mat, o.b., f.ils.. Lower Musgrave House,
Exeter.

[870 May, J., m.r.o.8., j.p., 1, Nelson Villas, Devonport
[867*Merrifield, J., ll.d., F.R.A.S., Gascoigne Place, Plymouth.
[862 MHes, W., Dix's Field, Exeter.
870 Mogg, W., Stafford's Hill, Devonport.

[873 Mogridge, Robert Palk, Withycombe House, Wiveliscombe^,
Somerset.

[862 Moore, W. F., The Friary, Plymouth.
[872 Mortimer, W., 14, Bedford Circus, Exeter.
[874*Mount-Edgcumbe, Right Hon. Earl of, Mount-Edgcumbe,
Devonport.

[864 Nankivell, C. B., B£.d., Layton House, Torquay.
[876 Nosworthy, W., Ford, Manaton, Moretonhampstead.
[872 Nuthall, M^joi^Greneial, BeUair, Torquay.

862 Ormkbod, G. W., m.a., f.g.s., Woodway, TeignmoutL
[876 Orpen, Rev. E. C, m.a., Mamhead Rectory, Exeter.

.878 Paige, W., Conway House, Paignton.
.872 Paige-Browne, J. B., m.a.. Great Engleboume, Harberton,
South Devon.

.862 Palk, Sir Lawrence, Bart., M.P., Haldon House, Exeter,
878 Palk, F., Winner Street, Paignton.
869*Pannell, C, f.g.s., Walton Lodge, Torquay.
.862 Parfitt, Edward, Devon and Exeter Listitution, Exeter.
872 Parker, C. E., 13, Scarborough Terrace, Torquay.
872tPeach, Charles W., A.8.L., 30, Haddington Place, Leith Walk,
Edinburgh.

877 Pearce, F. D., Brook House, Kingsbridge.

876 Pearse, W. E. G., m.d., 24, Bessborough Gardens, London. S. W.
874 Pearse, W. H., m.d., 1, Alfred Place, Plymouth.
872*Peek, Sir H. W., Bart., m.p., Rousdon, Lyme, Dorset

878 PengeUy, A., Lamoma, Torquay.

862 Pbngellt, W., F.R.a, f.g.s., <fec., Lamoma, Torquay.

878 Perrett, C, Southfield Road, Paignton.

872 Pershouse, F. , j un. , Tor-Mohun House, Newton Road, Torquay,

Digitized by Google

LIST OF MEMBERS.

645

1864 Phillips, J., Devon Square, Newton Abbot.

1867 Pick, Joseph Peyton, Castle Street, Barnstaple.

1875 Pidgeon, H. H., South Street, Torrington.

1876 Pitt-Lewis, J., 1, Ehn Court, Temple, London. XC.
1862 Pollard, W., m.r.c.b., Southland House, Torquay.

1877 Port, J., Albion Hotel, Kingsbridge.

1868 Porter, W., m.a., Hembury Fort, Honiton.

1878 Powell, W., M.a, p.r.c.8.. Hill Garden, Torquay.
1876 Power, Rev. J., m.a., Dodbrooke, Kingsbridge.
1876 Powning, Rev. J., B.D., Totnes.

1875 Price, W. E., South Street, Torrington.

1878 Pridham, C. W., F.R.C.S., L.R.O.P., 1, Bishop's Place, Paignton.

1878 Pring, James H, Ehnfield, Taunton.

1874 Proctor, W., Elmhurst, Torquay.

1867 Prowse, A. P., Mannamead, Plymouth.

1878 Pulliblank, Rev. J., m.a., St. Mary's Lane, Walton-on-the-

Hill, Liverpool
1862 Ptoropt, G., m.r.c.8, p.o.s., Kenton, Exeter.

1872 Raby, S., Cranleigh, near Guildford, Surrey.
1869*Radford, L C.

1868*Radford, W. T., m.b., p.ra.s., Sidmount, Sidmouth.

1876 Radford, Rev. W. F. A., Down St. Mary Rectory, Bow,

North Devon.
1872 Ramsay, H., M.D., Duncan House, Torquay.
1873*Rathbone, T., m.a., Backwood, Neston, Cheshire.

1877 Rayer, W. C, Holcombe Court, Wellington.

1872 Reichel, Rev. Oswald J., rcl., Sparsholt, Wantage, Berks.

1873 Remfry, G. F., Firsleigh, Torquay.

1872 Reynolds, W., 26, Torwood Street, Torquay.

1869 Ridgway, Lieut.-Colonel, Shepl^h Court, Blackawton, South

Devon.

1869 Ridgway, S. R, lld., m.a., 27, Dix's Field, Exeter.
1862 Risk, Rev. J. E., m.a., St. Andrew's Chapelry, Plymouth.

1877 Roberts, L, f.g.s., 26, Rodk-Park, Rock-Ferry, Cheshire.

1871 Robin, John, Bishopsteignton, Teignmouth.

1867 Rock, W. F., Hyde Cliff, Wellington Grove, Blackheath.

1878 Rodd, — , Grenham, Paignton.

1870 R0D3T0N, G. T., M.R.a8., Stoke, Devonport
1878 Rooker, W. S., Bideford.

1872 Roesall, J. H., m.a., Lonsdale, York Road, Exeter.
1878 Rossiter, W., Femham, Paignton.

1878 Rossiter, W. H., Town Mills, Paignton.

1865 Row, W. K, Cove, Tiverton.

1862 RowB, J. Brooking, P.S.A., P.Xi.S., Lockyer Street, Plymouth.

1866 Russell, Lord Arthur J. E., m.p., 10, South Audley Street,

London.

1869*RydBr, J. W. W., j.p., 5, Tamar Terrace, Stoke, Devonport.

Digitized by

646

LIST OF MEMBERS.

1869 Saiiford,W. A., p.a.s., Nynehead Coiirt,Welliiigton, Somerset.
1877*Saiinder8, J. Symes, M.R, Devon County Asylum, Exminster.
1874 Schuster, Herbert L., Belton Lodge, Torquay.
1876 Scott, T. A. Sommers, 17, New Street, Spring Gardens,

London. S.W.
1865 SooTT, W. B., Chudleigh.

1876 Sharman, Rev. W., 20, Headland Park, Plymouth.

1878 Sheriff; G., Winner Street, Paignton.

1868 Sidmouth, Right Hon. Viscount, Upottery Manor, Honiton.

1876 Sinclair, J. B., Stratford Lodge, Torquay.
1869*Sivewright, J., The Grove, Torquay.

1878 Slade, S. H., Simla, Groodrington, Paignton.

1874 Smith, K, p.o.s.. Strand, Torquay.

1873*Sole, Major W. H., Hareston, Torquay.

1874*Somer8et, His Grace the Duke of. Stover, Newton BusheL

1864 Spragge, F. H., The Quarry, Paignton.

1874*Spragge, F. P., The Quarry, Paignton.

1877 Square, J. Harris, Barnfield, Kio^l»idge.

1878 Square, W., p.r.o.8., Plymouth.

1874 Standerwick, R, Chagford.

1868 Stebbino, Rev. T. R R., M.A., Warberry House, Bkhopsdown

Park, Tunbridge Wells, Kent.
1876 Steele, H., Place, Ashburton.
1876 Stevens, H., Hazeldene, Ashburton.

1876 Stentiford, C. D., Western Morning News Oflfice, Plymouth.
1872*Stewart-Savile, Rev. F. A., M.A., Axdmore, Torquay.

1877 Stileing, T. W., Aveton Giffbrd, Kingsbridge.

1878 Stokes, Adrian, m.d., Balsters, Sidmouth.

1876 Stone, J., Leusdon Lodge, Ashburton.

1877 Stooke, T. S., Hilly House, KingskerswelL

1875 Strangways, Rev. H, Fox, Silverton Rectory, Collumpton.

1869 Studdy, H., Waddeton Court, Brixham.

1878 Style, Sidney, 223, High Street, Exeter.
1875*Sidivan, Miss, Broom House, Fulham.
1878 Synge, Captain, R.N., Ardhekt, Paignton.

1876 Tanner, £. Feamley, Highgrove, Ashburton.

1877 Taylor, H., m.d., Ellerton, Torre, Torquay.
1876*Templar, J. G. J., M.A., lindridge, Teignmouth.
1877 Thomas, Henry Drew, Dix's Field, Exeter.
1872 Thomas, J. L, New Hayes, St Thomas, Exeter.
1877 Thomas, W. J., Mill Street, Kingsbridge.
1872 Thomson, Spencer, m.d., Ashton, Torquay.

1868 Thornton, Rev. J. H., B.A., North Bovey Rectory, Moreton-
hampstead.

1877 Timewell, S. W., Bell House, Dodbrooke, Kingsbridge.

1878 Tippett, G. E., Dumford Street, Stonehouse.
1878 Tomlinson, Rev. J. P., Rooklands^ Torquay.

Digitized by Google

LIST OF MEMBERS.

647

869 Tothill, W., Stoke Bishop, BristoL

872 Tozer, Henry, Ashburton.
876 Tozer, J., Ashburton.

873 Tozer, J. H., Glendaragh, Teignmouth.
.876 Tozer, Solomon, East Street, Ashburton.
876 Trehane, J., Wanbro', Torquay.

871 Trevelyan, Sir Walter C, Bart, M.A., p.o.s., Wallington,

Newcastle-on-Tyne.
878 Trevithick, F. H., Parkhill, Paignton.

872 Tucker, C, P.8.A., Marlands, Exeter.
.876 Tucker, Edwin, Ashburton.

876 Tucker, Lewis, Natsworthy Manor, Widdecombe, Ashburton.
.876 Tucker, R C, Ashburton.

.878 Tucker, W. Edward (Hon. Local Secretary), Paignton.
[872 Tumbull, Lieut-CoL J. R, The Priory, Torquay.
[877 Turner, Miss, Coombe Eoyal, Kingsbridge.

[876 Ubsdell, H., Buckfastleigh.

876 UssHBR, W. A. E., f.g.s., 28, Jermyn Street, London. S.W.

L870 Vallack, C, 5, St MichaeUs Terrace, Stoke, Devonport
[872 Yarwbll, p., Alphington Street, St Thomas, Exeter.
[862*YiCARY, W., F.G.8., The Priory, Colleton Crescent, Exeter.
[862 YiviAN, E., M.A. (General Treasurer), Woodfield, Torquay.

1878 Wallis, A. J., Totnes.

L878 Warner, Eev. G. T., M.A., The College, Newton Abbot
L878 Watkins, Rev. W., Bridgetown, Totnea
[878 Waycott, A., Winner Street, Paignton.

877 Webb, W. H., M.R.a8., Albion Hotel, Kingsbridge.
[864 Weeks, C, 83, Union Street, Torquay.

[877 Wells, Rev. T. B., m.a., Portiemouth, Kingsbridge.

1877 Were, H. B., Bradninch.

l870*Were, T. K., m.a., Cotlands, Sidmouth.

l866*Weymouth, R F., d. lit./ m.a.. Mill Hill, Middlesex. N.W.

1877 Weymouth, T. W., Woolston House, Kii^gsbridge.

1878 Whidbome, G. F., m.a., p.g.s., Charante, Torquay.
l872tWhitaker, W., B.A., p.g.s.. Geological Survey Office, 28,

Jermyn Street, London. S.W.
1876 White, G. T., Glenthome, St Mary Church, Torquay.
1864 White, J. T., Cleveland Road, Torquay.
1867 White, Richard, Instow, Barnstaple.
1878 Whiteford, Hamilton, Tothill, Plymouth.
L875 White-Thomson, Col., Broomford Manor, Exboume, North

Devon.

1871 Whiteway, J. H., Brookfield, TeignmoutL

1870 Whitley, N., Penarth, Truro.

L872 Wilkinson, R C, Bradninch House, Exeter.

Digitized by

648

UST OF MEMBERS.

1878 Wilks, G. F. A., M.D., Rather Glen, Torquay.
1877 Williams, F., Watennouth Castle, Ilfracombe.
1876 Williams, Rev. J., m.a., Widdecombe, Ashburton.

1876 Willan, L., m.d., The Library, Pen^ttnce.
1877*Wilcocks, G."W., A.I.C.E., 34, Great George Street, West-
minster [Teignmouth],

1872 WiUcocks, H., Spurbame, St. Leonard's, Exeter.

1877 Wilcocks, Rev. E. J., M.A., Orford, Warrington, Lancashire.
1877*Wilcocks, R H., ll.b., 34, Great George Street, West-

minsterTTeignmouth].
1876* Wilcocks, W. K, m.a., 52, Scarsdale Villas, Kensington,

London. W. [Teignmouth].
1871 Willett, J. S., Monkleigh, Torrmgton.

1871 Wills, Joseph, West Quarter, Exetto.

1875 Wiltshire, Rev. T., m.a., p.G.a, F.L.S., p.ra.8., Hon. Sec.

GreoL and Palseont Societies, 25, Granville Park,
Lewisham, London. S.W.

1875 WiNDBATT, Edward, Totnes.

1866 Windeatt, John, Woodland House, Plymouth.

1872 Windeatt, T. W., Totnes.

1872*Winwood, Rev. H. H., m.a., p.g.s., 11, Cavendish Crescent,
Bath.

1878 Wolfe, Rev. Preb., m.a., Arthington, Torquay.
1872 Worth, R N., f.g.s., 3, Patna Place, Plymouth.

1876 Worthy, Charles, Ashburton.
1870 Wren, A. B., Lenwood, Bideford.

1876 Wright, W. H. K, 7, Headlands Park, Plymouth.

The following Table tliowt the progroM and present state of the Assoeiatioa
with respeot to the number of Members.

Hon&nry.

Oonesponding.

life.

Total.

July 27th, 1877....

462

604

8inoe deoeased ....

Since withdrawn . .

108

102

August 2nd, 1878 . .

411

471

Digitized by Google

INDEX

TO TENTH VOLUME OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION
FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, LITERATURE, AND ART.

-ffithelgar, Bishop of Croditon, 237,
245.

JGthelstan, 241.

Amberley Estates, 61.

Amery, J. 8., Obituary Notice of, 61.

Amy Robsart, 264, 403.

Andrew, T., p.o s., Notes on a Carved

Stone Head found in the Parish of

Whitstone, 3 plates, 388.
Aplysia, 40 oances, 612.
Aplysia, one-sixth of a grain, 614.
AplysisB in Torbay, 611.
ArchsBological Mems., 76.
ArchflBological Discovery in Exeter,

335.

Archroological Discovery in London,
338.

Armour-plating, 86.

Arms of Grocers' CJompany, 386.

Arms of Mercers' Company, 386.

Art, Works of, 134.

Bael-fyr = Funeral fire, 285.

Baker, Sir 8.,Kt.,M A.,F.R.B.,]r b o.s ;

his Presidential Address, 29.
Baker, Sir S., points out the Spirit

of Progress, 30.
Baker, Sir S., defines the Pre-lucifer

Period, 80.
Baker, Sir S., fixes the PoHce Peflod,

30.

Baker, Sir S., speaks of Railway

Enterprise, 32.
Baker, Sir S., cites first Ooean

Steamer, 83.
Baker, Sir S., describes Sue? Canal,

34.

Baker, Sir 8., quotes this as the Age

of Iron, 36.
Baker, Sir 8., names Photography,

42.

Baker, ^ S., notices the Telegraph,
48.

Baker, Sir 8., extols the Press, 49.
Bastard Family, 402.

VOL. X. 2

Bead from Kenf s Cavern, 165, 180.

Bear Inn, Exeter, 336. ' "

Beekites, 205, 206. ,

Beer, bear, here, &o.» 293, 298.

Beggars' Fare in 1617, 317. -

Bftl-ringiEg, 216.

Bessemer, 37.

Bible, Coverdale's, -210.
* BiUe,* Kennicolt's, 220.

Bishop's Palace at Paignton, 209.

Blakd, Admiral ; where buried, 267.

Blighting Wind, 87.
TBozun Family, 393.

Bronze Statues, 136, 139.

Bruthude, 241, 250.

Buckingham, Duke of, assassinated,
321.

Budleigh Pebbles, 207.

Busts, 138. >

Butterflies, 4J11, 419.

Butterflies survive Winter, 419, 420,
425. \

Butterfly, Pugnacious, 429. ^

Butterfly's Enemy, 421.

By, the Danish termination, 293, 298.

Bye-Laws and Standing Orders, 17.

Calais, Siege of, 268.

Castle Field, Whitstone, 388.

Catalogue of Insects, 419.

Catalogue. (See List.) ^

Caverift, Eent*8, 141.

Cavern at Chudleigh, 167.

Caves at Oreston, 404.

Charde, T., Abbot of Ford, 366.,

Charles I.'s Visit to Devon. 228, 319.

Charles 1. in Devonshire, 232.

Charles I. at Ford, 232, 234, 286;

Charles I. at Totnes, 233.'

Charles I. at Plymwth. 238 " '

Charles I.'bppOBed by certain Devon-
shire Families, 311.

Charles I^'s First Parliament, 318.

Cheverston ^*amily, 393.

Chilled-shot, 37.

Digitized by Google

650 INI

Cisteroiwi HouBes of Devon, ¥1.
Ford. By J. Brooking Bo we,

P.8.A., P.L.8., 349.

avil War Items, 324.
Cnut— king:, 239, 261.
Cockles in Torbay, 182, 186.
CockiM, Weight of, in Water, 188.
Coins found at Sidmouth, 96.
Coins, English, in Sweden, 693.
Coins imnted in Devon, 689.
Coins, short cross, 698.
Cold-Harbour, 300.
Collectanea Curiosa Devoniensia. By

P. Q. Earkeek, 399.
Contents, 3.

Coryphoena pompilos = Blackfish,

Cot, 297, 306.

Courtenay Property, 393.

Coverdale, 209

Coverdale's Bible, 210.

Coverdale* 8 History, 211, 213.

Coverdale* 8 Death, 213.

Crediton Minster, On some Ancient

Documents relating to. By. J. B.

Davidson, m a., 237.
Crediton, Map of, 263.
Crocker Family, 286.
Croyland AbbOT, 247.
Culm Measure Fossils, 380.
Culver =s a pigeon, 301.
Cures and Charms, 101.
Cwm =B coombe» 290.
Danegeld, 693.
Dartmoor, 110.
Dartmoor Names, 282.
Dartmoor Tors, 284.
Dartmouth, 266, 267.
Davidson, J. B., ma., on some

Ancient Documents relating to

Crediton Minster, 237.
Davidson, J. B., quotes several, 237,

240, 246.

Davidson, J. B., examines them

critically, 244.
Dawlish Geology, 377, 380.
Dawlish, Derivation of, Note, 262.
Derivation of Crockem Tor, 286.
Derivations, 276.

Derivations of Names of Small

Streams, 281, 286.
Derivations of Names of Places,

287.

Devonshire Tokens. Part TV. By

H. S. Gill, 384.
Downes, Rev. W., The Fossils of the

Culm Measure Limestones around

Holcombe Rogus, 330.
Drake, Sir F., 260.
Drake, Sir F., knighted, 262.

Drake, Sir F., brought Water to

Plymouth, 263.
Dorant, R , Obituary Notice of, 62.
Eastern Position, Ongin of, 337.
Ellis, H S., Obituary Notice of, 62.
Elm at Tor Abbey, 90.
Exe River, 377, 380.
Exe River Outlet, 381.
Exeter, Archseological Discoveries in,

336.

Exeter, Samian Ware found at, 339.

Exeter Mint, 689, 699.

Exhibition of 1861,40.

Faults, Geological, near the Exe, 377.

Fauna of Devon, Lepidoptera. By
E. Parfitt.

Fen, in Place Names, 298.

Flint Weapons, 154, 166-8, 163-4,
173, 179. 180

Flotsam, Jetsam, Lagan, 396.

Foale, R., Obituary Notice of, 64.

Folk-Lore, 99.

Ford Abbey, 349.

Ford Abbey acquires land, 357.

Ford Abbey surrendered, 366.

Ford Abbey leased and sold, 366.

Ford Abbey described, 367.

Ford Abbey, Arms of, 369.

Ford Abbey, Seals of, 369.

Ford House, 232, 234, 236.

Forme of Land : What? 327

Fort Charles, 401.

Fortescue, Sir E., 269.

Fossil Insect in Devon ; only one, 411.

Fossils of the Culm Measure Lime-
stones around Holoombe Rogus.
By Rev. W. Downes, 330.

Fowler, H., Obituary Notice of, 65.

Frobisher, 267.

Froude, W., 29.

Geology of the North-eastern Coast
of Paignton. By W. Pengelly,
F R 8., &c., 196.

(Jeology of Paignton. By W. A.
E. Ussher, f o b., 203.

G^logy near the River Exe, 377.

Geology at Bovey, 411.

G^eolog^ and Palsdontology of Devon-
shire. Part v., 618.

Gill, H. S., Devonshire Tokens.
Part IV., 385.

Gill, H. 8., on Silver Rend Money
Coined in Devonshire Mints, 689.

Gneiss, 389.

Gravel Deposit near Dawlish, 378.
Great Elm at Tor Abbey, 90.
Gun-cotton, 40.
Gunpowder, 39.
Guns, 38.

Ham, in composition, 303, 306, 307.

Digitized by Google

Hamilton, A. H. A., m.a., The
Justices of the Peace for the
County of Devon under Charles I.
and Oliver Cromwell, 309.

Hamlyn, J., Obituary Notice of, 65.

Hannibal, 260.

Hawker, Rev. Treasurer, m.a., Myles

Coverdale, 209.
Hawker, Rev. Treasurer, North and

South Devon in contrast, 269.
Hawkins, Sir J., and his Crest.
Hay, haves, hayne, 298, 306.
Hen and Hem, 283. 301.
Herpath » high-road, 239. Note.
Herrick, 267, 274.
Herring, Hermaphrodite, 77.
Hoe, 294, 405.

Horderisgeld, hordarii geldom, 371.
Hunt, A.R., M.A., P.O.S., Notes on

Torbay, 182.
Hunt, A.R., on the Growth of

Aplysise in Torbay, 611.
Hurrell, A. W., B.A., Wreckage; and

Lord Devon's Rights to the same

on the South Devon Coast, 392.
Hurrell, A. W., shows extent of

Claim, 393.
Hurrell, A. W., quotes Charge in a

Court of Admiralty, 396-6.
HurreU, A. W., dtes I.«tter of G.

Taylor, 397.
Hyena's Skull, 144, 108.
Idoua — gedon = a copy, 240, 264.
Hton Castle, 393.
Impressment of Soldiers, 224.
India-rubber, 41.
Indulgences, 238, 241, 246, 251.
Indulgences, First known Grant of,

248.

Ing — pratum b a meadow, 291.

Insect Fossils, 411.

Insects on Lundy Island, 686.

Ireland, 241, 261.

Iron Age, 36.

Justices of the Peace for the County
of Devon under Charles I. and
Oliver Cromwell. By A. H. A.
Hamilton, m.a., j.p., 309.

Karkeek, P. Q., The First Vint of
Charles I. to Devon (1626), 223.

Karkeek, P. Q., gives list of soldiers
impressed, 226.

Karkeek, P. Q., shows how im-
pressed, 228.

Karkeek, P. Q., quotes Shakespere
on it, 229.

Karkeek, P. Q., Extracts from a
Memorandum Book belonging to
Thomas Roberts and Family, of
StuckleyPomeroy,l62l to 1644,315.

>EX. 651

Karkeek, P. Q., Collectanea Curiosa
Devon iensia, 399.

Keltic Names, 302.

Kendall, W., Obituary Notice of, 66.

Kennicbtt, Benjamin, d.d. By £.
Windeatt, 216.

Kennicott's, B., Education, 215.

Kennicott's, B., Candlestick, 216.

Kennicott's, B., Rules for the Ring-
ers, 216.

Kennicott's, B., Poems, 218.

Kennicott's, B., Writings, 219, 220,
222.

Kennicott's, B., Fig-tree, 221.

Kent's Cavern, 141.

Kenf s Cavern, No line of fractorO
in roof of, 172.

Kent's Cavern, and Order of De-
posits, 167

Kent's Cavern, Derivation of Name
of, 160.

Kent's Cavern, Latin verses on, 161.

Kent's Cavern, Report of Sub-Com-
mittee on, 162.

Kent's Cavern, 190 feet above mean
tide, 177.

Kent's Cavern, Charcoal streak in,
163, 177.

Kent's Cavern, Section of, 163.

Kent's Cavern, Objects found in,
166, 178.

Keuper : Its bottom limit, 377.

King's-evil, 236.

Lawsuit, Gib v. Roberts, 316, 317.
Lawsuit, Gaufridus v. Abbot of Ford,
361.

Lawsuit, Claricia v. Ab. Ford, 351.
Lawsuit, John de Ford p, Ab. Ford,
362.

Lawsuit, Symon de Pylesdone v. Ab.,
36!2.

Lawsuit, Ab. de Ford v, Ric. de

Laya, 363.
Lawsuit, Ab. de Ford v. Hugh

Peverel, 364.
Lawsuit, Radulf de Trewurtheth v,

Ab., 364.

Lawsuit, Thomas de Wymundeham

V. Ab., 364.
Lawsuit, Cattle stolen from Abbot,

358.

Lawsuit, Ab. i^. Adam Hodeforde, 360
Lawsuit, Ab. v. Robt. Comu Chiualer,
361.

Lawsuit, Ab. v. T. Kemere et al., 36 1.
Lawsuit, Ab. v, T. Stremynges, 361.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. Laurence Aj'chere,362.
Lawsuit, V. G. Crukerne et al., 362.
Lawsuit, Ab v, G. Knyf et al., 362.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. J. Craweleghe, 362.

Digitized by Google

652 IN]

LawBuit, Ab. v. J. Atte Wille, 368.
Lawsuit, Ed. Osbornei^. Ab. et al., 363.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. T. Splent (bis), 364.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. J. Smyth et al., 364.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. G. Pyper, 366.
Lawsuit, Ab. v. W. Colbroke, 366.
Lawsuit, Ab. v, E. Gammelle, 366.
Lawsuit, Rex. v. Ab. of Newenham,

371, 873.
Lea, leigb, ley, 291.
Lepidoptera, 411, 419, 486.
Limeetone near Plymouth, 407.
List of 64 Justices in 1630, 309.
List of 79 Justices in 1647, 310, 312.
of 74 Justices in 1663, 811, 813.
of Abbots of Ford, 370.
List of Coins, 343, 600.
List of Insects, 687.
List of Members, 637.
Literature of Kent's Cavern, Pt. lY.,
141.

Lizard, Green, 97.

London in 1626, 320.

Lundy Island Insects, 41 1, 419, 686.

Lydford, 690.

lUcEnery, Rev. J., 143, 168, 167.
Machairodus latidens, 168, 169, 619.
Mackintosh, 41.
Mark of Gold, 264.
Mayflower, 268.

Memorandum Book of 1621, 316.

Meteor, 91.

Meteorology, 63.

Mexican Deities, 389.

Mint in Exeter, 689, 600.

Mint at Teignmouth, 690.

Mint at Bideford, 691.

Money, Silver, coined in Devonshire.

By H. S. Gill, 689.
Mons Jovis:=Mounte8 Mougeus, 238,

260, and Note.
Moore, A., Obituary, Notice o^ 67.
Moth, 431.

Moth, three years in pupa, 437.
Moth taken at sugar,** 448, $t
passim.

Moth with head downwards, 626.
Myles Coverdale. By Rev. Treasurer

Hawker, m.a., 209.
Names of Places, 276.
Newenham Abbey, 371.
Newton St. Cyres, 262, 263.
North and South Devon in contrast.

By Rev. Treasurer Hawker, m.a.,

269.

Notes on Torbay. By A. R. Hunt,
M.A., P.O 8., 182.

Notes on the Historical Connections
of Devonshire Plaoe-Names. By
R. N. Worth, P.O.8., &o., 276.

Nuremberg Tokens, 96.

Nymet = intake, 296.

Obituary Notices, 61.

Officers of the Association, 6.

Old Custom — money paid on the east

gate, 317.
Orientation, 337.
Pacific Ocean Discovered, 261.
Paignton, Geology of, 203.
Palaeozoic Rocks near Paignton, 207.
Palliser, Sir W., 37.
Pardons by Charles II., 312.
Parfitt, E., The Fauna of Devon.

Lepidoptera, 411.
Parfitt, E., gives earliest Insect

Geology, 414.
Parfitt, £., suggests Insect Education

for Children, 416.
Parfitt, £., quotes SuperstitionB, 416.
Parfitt, E., explains Markings on

Bramble Leaves, 416.
Parfitt, E., mentions an Insect be-
come Extinct, 417.
Parfitt, E., states Number of Species.

417.

Parfitt, £., gives Catalogue, 419.
Parfitt, E.. shows how to Destroy

Insects, 646.
Parfitt, E., flirmshes List from Lundy

Island, 686.
Parfitt, £., Archaeological Discoveries

in Exeter made during April and

May, 1878, 336.
Parfitt, E., names the Bear Inn, 336.
Parfitt, E., explains Orientation, 337.
Parfitt, E., alludes to Bodies Lying

Crossed, 338.
Parfitt, E., describee Samian and

other Ware, 339.
Parfitt, £., enumerates Bronze Arti-
cles, 342.
Parfitt, £., dtee Charcoal, 343.
Parfitt, £., supplies List of Coins,

343, 346.
Paupers' Fare in 1632, 317.
Paxs on Coins, 606.
Pebble Powder for Guns, 40.
Pengelly, W., p.b,s.,&c, The Litma-

ture of Kent's Cavern. Pt.IV.,141.
Pengelly, W., mentions earliest date

of, 141, 166.
Pengelly, W., gives letter of Mr.

MacEnery, 143.
Pengelly, W., points to Monthly

Magazine, 142.
PengSly, W., extracts from Enoyo.

Lond., 148.
Pengelly, W., cites Edin. Ph. Jour.,

143.

Pengelly,W., refers to Dr. Beeke, 14.5.

List
list

Digitized by Google

Pengelly, W., names Sir W. Tre-

velyan, 145.
Pengelly, W., quotes Mr. Stirling,

146.

Pengelly, W., adduces the Athenaum,
146.

Pengelly, W., produces the account

of Mr. Kennck, 163.
Pengelly, W., induces a letter of

Mr. Minifie, 159.
Pengelly, W., reduces Torquay

Directory to scrutiny, 161.
PengeUy, W., The Geology of the

North-eastern (Doast of Paignton,

196.

Pengelly, W., enumerates Faults in
the Cliff, 206.

Pengelly, W., Notes on Slips con-
nected with Devonshire. Part II.,
255.

Pengelly, W., Notes on Recent
Notices of the C^eology and Pal89-
ontology of Devonshire. Part V.,
618.

Pengelly, W., reviews Mr. H. Wood-
ward on Pteraspides, 618.

Pengelly, W., notices Mr. Pennington
on Kent's Cavern, 619.

Pengelly, W., supplies Table of Ob-
jects found, 621, 622.

Pengelly, W., meets assertion on
Man and Machairodus, 624.

Pengelly, W., specifies seven teeth
of Machairodus in Kent's Cavern,
626.

Pengelly, W., alludes to story of a
woman lost, 626.

Pengelly, W., denounces other mis-
statements, 627.

Pengelly, W., corrects a lapsus, 628.

Pengelly, W., Remains of Whales
found on the Coast of Devonshire,
630.

Penitential, 242, 261.
Pennies, Silver, coined at Exeter,
589.

Penny, First, at Exeter, 691.
Permian or Triassic, 196.
Pilgrim Fathers, 267, 268.
Plymouth, 266.
Portrait of Charles IT., 135.
Portrait of James II., 136.
Portrait of Sir F. Drake, 136.
Portraits of others, 136.
Posidonomya of Holoombe Rogus,
331.

Posidonomya of large size, 333.
Post: " Paid in post,'* what? 321.
Potter's Mark, car, 339.
Potter's Mark, elsiant, m, 840.

2X. 653

President's Address, 29.
Property of the Association, 26.
Provincialisms, 112.
Pullibank, J., Obituary Notice of;
68.

Rainbow Cutting, 104.

Raised Beaches, 201, 202.

Raised Beach or Cave-earth oldest P

406, 408, 409.
Raleigh in the Tower, 266,
Razor, 76.

Report of Council, 21.
Report of Treasurer, 25.
Report of Committee on Meteorology,
63.

Report on Scientific Memoranda, 74.
Report on Folk-Lore, 99.
Report on Devonshire Celebrities.
108.

Report on Dartmoor, 1 10.
Report on Verbal Provincialisms, 1 1 2.
Report on Works of Art, 134.
Report of Sub-Committee on Kent's

Cavern, 162.
Resolutions appointing Committees,

27.
Rifles, 39.

River from Dartmoor to the Hoe.

407, 408 *
Roberts's Mem. Book, 316.

Rocks in Torbay, 194.

Rowe, J. B., F s A., F.L 8., The Cis-
tercian Houses of Devon, VI
Ford, 349.

Rowe, J . B., quotes Finalis concordia,
and others, 351.

Rowe, J. B., mentions Ford once in
Devon, now in Dorset, 349.

Rowe, J. B., cites Quo warranto.
355.

Rowe, J. B., copies Grant of Market

and Fair, 356.
Rowe, J. B., gives Confirmation of

Charter, 366.
Rowe, J. B., shows grant of land,

366.

Rowe, J. B., adduces Quare capiant

averia, 368.
Rowe, J . B., enumerates others, 368

et seq,

Rowe, J. B., details possessions of

Ford, 366.
Rowe, J. B, supplies descriptive

account, 366.
Rowe, J. B., produces list of Abbots.

870. '
Royal Society Donation Fund, 628.
Rules, 13.

Rushworth, and the Expedition from
Plymouth in 1626, 318.

Digitized by Google

654 IN

Roflsell, Earl, Obitaary Notice oi, 58.
Salvage, 396.

Samian Ware at Exeter, 339.
Bamian Ware studded with qnartz

grains, 340.
Sand grains in Torbay, 192.
Satellites of Mars, 42.
Saxon documents, 237.
Saxon documents translated, 240,

245.

Saxon documents critically con-
sidered, 244.

Schokebrokes Ford, Grediton, 239,
242, 252.

Sea-hare in Torbay, 611.

Secta et servicium, 371*

Sheriff, and old customs, 822.

Ship Money, 328.

Ships, 38.

Skittles, skeals, keels, nine-pins, 822.
Slips of the Pen, 255.
Sneezing, 105.
Soldiers at Plymouth, 225.
Soldiers' Pay, 281.
Soldiers* Fare, 231.
Spindle- whorl, 181.
Spinning-stones, or Malacates, 890.
Stalagmite Floor, 163, 178.
Stalagmite, Objects in, 178.
Steam Vessels, 33.
Steel, 36

Stone Head, 388.

Storm in 1625, 819.

Street, as a place-name, 800.

Stye in the eye, 106.

Submerged Forests, 193, 202, 203,

280.
Surnames, 595.

Surrey and Sussex united, 828.
Swallow, White, 97.
Table showing progress of the Asso-
ciation, 648.
Table showing pkoes of meeting, 6.
Taxes in 1628, 321.
Telegraph, 48.

Tetley, Dr., Obituary Notice of, 62.
Tetzel, John, 248.
Thurleeton Rocks, 207.
Tburlston Manor, 394.
Tin Trade, 344.

Tiverton and the Storm of 1625,
319.

Tiverton and the Assizes, 820.
Tiverton and the Civil War, 826.
Token of Avtry, 387.
Tokens, 95, 384.

Tokens of Co-operative Stores, 387.
Tokens never authorized, 589.
Tooth-ache, Old cure for, 322.
Totnes derived, 299.

Torbay, Notes on. By A. R. Hunt,

M A. 182.
Torbay, De^th of, 187.
Torbay, Bottom of, 187.
Torbay, Dredging in, 189.
Torbay and iU Waves, 191.
Torbay and Submerged Forest, 193.
Torbay and The Pit, 194.
Torbay, Geolo^cal Facts, 195, 197.
Torrington besieged, 399.
Toum, tumum, Tisitation, 87 1»

374-6.
Trap Fragments, 197.
Tre»tun»a place, 292, 304.
Treasurer's Report, 25
Treasurer's Tax = horderisgdd, hor-

darii geldum, 37 1> 376.
Trias at Torbay, 196, 208-4, 207.
Trias Outliers, 206-7.
Umber Barrel, visible at sea, 896.
Ussher, W. A. E., p.o.s., The Geology

of Paignton, 208.
Ussher, W. A. E., On the Mouth of

the River Exe, 877.
Yen and Fen, 298.
Waghom, Lieut, 34.
Walla-brooks, 283.
Wale-lond, 241, 250.
Warren at Exmouth, 381.
Wave Disturbance, 191.
Weather Rhymes, 264.
Weight : Leod-gewihte, Husting's

Weight Note, 239.
Whales in Devon^iire. W.Pengelly,

630.

Whitley and Fort Charles, 401.
Whitstone, 388.
Whitworth. Sir J., 37.
Windeatt, £., Benjamin Kennicott^
215.

Wolcot on Sir Jos. Banks, 415.

Worth, R. N., F.O.8., &c.. Notes
on the Historical Connections of
Devonshire Place-Names, 276.

Worth, R. N., characterizes deriva-
tions, 276.

Worth, R. N., on the names of
rivers, 278.

Worth, R. N., shows the uncertainty
of derivations, 280.

Worth, R. N., declares smaller
streams mostly Saxon, 281, 284,
286.

Worth, R N., adduces names of

W places, 287, 289.
orth, R. N , cites tun, ton, dun,
don, stock, 287, 297.
Worth, R. N , adds stowe, stead,
worthy, bury, ham, cot, week,
wiU, well, 288-9, 296.

Digitized by

Worth, E. N., gives names of trees,
292, 293.

Worth, R. N., quotes beer, here,
&c., 293.

Worth, R. N., Instances personal

names, 294.
Worth, R. N., enumerates Keltic

names, 302.
Worth, R. N., sums up the evidence,

806.

Worth, R. N., On the Origin of the
Ossiferous deposits in the Oreston
Caves, 404.

X 655

Worth, R. N., reviews Cave-earth
and Plymouth Hoe dmosits, 406.

Worth, R. N., contends fbr fluviaUle
agency, 407.

Worth, R. N., mentions Drake and
Plymouth Water Supply, 268.

Wreckage, and Lord Devon's rights
to the same on the South Devon
Coast. By A. W. Hurrell, b.a.,
392.

Wreckage : laws and customs, 326.
Wreckage at Thurlston, 397.

Digitized by Google

LIST OF CX)REECTIONS REQUIRED IN "TRANSACTIONS OP
THE DEVONSHIRE ASSOCIATION/' VOL. X.

Page 4, line I, for ** Regia " read «« Rogus "

„ 11 „ 16 for *• Carey" read" Cai^'*

„ 26, under " Rbcbipts," for " £194 Os. 6d." read ** £194 Os. Od."

„ 34, line 20, for " toute read " route "

„ 34 „ 21 for "rimes'* read "times"

„ 62 „ 3 for " Hill " read " HaU "

„ 104 „ 28 insert " away " after " keep

„ 123 „ 11 for " Widdeoombe " read Widecombe "

„ 161 „ 43 for ** pin" read "pins"

„ 170 „ 24 insert " of" after " variety "

„ 172 „ 40 insert " first " before " tenanted "

„ 190 „ 40 for •< Mactia" read Mactra "

„ 206 „ 16 for " Ho " read " House "

„ 229 „ 21 for "I'm" read "I am"

„ 229 „ 29 for "toats-and-butter" read "toasts and butter "

„ 274 „ 38 for "T." read " P."

„ 289 „ 23 and 24 )

„ 296 „ 6 } for "Karslake" read "Kerslake"

„ 303 „ 43 I

„ 310 „ 3 for "Elias" read "Elize"

„ 343 „ 23 for "to" read "of"

„ 843 „ 28 for " Mills " read " Millee "

„ 886 „ 82 after "R." cancel "b."; and for "Barnstople"

read "Barnstable"

„ 389 „ 11 for " Carril" read " Caril"

„ 420 „ 27, and elsewhere throughout this paper, for "Mathews'
read"Mathew"

„ 421 „ 6)

„ 421 „ 34 I for " Babbington " read " Babbacombe "

„ 442 „ 40 )

„ 436 „ 32 for "a sort of border-land between Devon and'*

read " in south-east "

„ 495 „ 20 insert " Cornwall " after " Head "

„ 663 „ 4 for "capured" read "captured"

„ 692 „ 39 for " 987 " read " 978 "

„ 639 „ 30 for "Dunmoor" read "Dunmow"

„ 642 „ 18 for "Castle" read "Cathedral"

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